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Cultivar resistance and alternative crops to manage fusarium wilt in lettuce caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae race 4 and the emerging race 4+
No full textFusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae (Fol), poses a severe threat to butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production in Europe. New isolates have broken through resistance to Fol race 4 in existing lettuce cultivars. Pathogenicity tests on a differential cultivar set and genotyping revealed that the new isolates are variants of Fol race 4, designated here as race 4+. The new race differs in its profile of Secreted in Xylem (SIX) genes: while both races contain SIX9 and SIX14, only Fol race 4 contains SIX8. Fusarium spp. adapt quickly, which signals an urgent need to develop an effective integrated pest management (IPM) strategy for Fusarium wilt. Crop rotation can play a key role in this strategy, especially during warmer periods when Fol is most aggressive. Susceptibility to Fol races 4 and 4+ and root colonisation potential were assessed in various lettuce types and alternative vegetable crops. Most lettuce types showed either susceptibility or intermediate resistance, but coral lettuce was resistant. Most alternative crops were asymptomatic when grown in soil infested with both Fol 4 and Fol 4+ and also did not support root colonisation. However, in soil artificially infested with high Fol 4 concentrations, lamb's lettuce (Valerianella locusta) was symptomatic. In soil naturally infested with Fol 4 and Fol 4+, lamb's lettuce was asymptomatic, but latent growth of Fol 4 (and potentially Fol 4+) was observed at levels comparable to susceptible butterhead lettuce. The results suggest that effective management of Fusarium wilt during warmer periods could involve the cultivation of resistant alternative crops such as rocket or celery. During colder periods, a rotation of resistant coral lettuce cultivars may further reduce the disease pressure and allow the occasional culture of a susceptible butterhead lettuce cultivar.Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae (Fol), poses a severe threat to butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production in Europe. New isolates have broken through resistance to Fol race 4 in existing lettuce cultivars. Pathogenicity tests on a differential cultivar set and genotyping revealed that the new isolates are variants of Fol race 4, designated here as race 4+. The new race differs in its profile of Secreted in Xylem (SIX) genes: while both races contain SIX9 and SIX14, only Fol race 4 contains SIX8. Fusarium spp. adapt quickly, which signals an urgent need to develop an effective integrated pest management (IPM) strategy for Fusarium wilt. Crop rotation can play a key role in this strategy, especially during warmer periods when Fol is most aggressive. Susceptibility to Fol races 4 and 4+ and root colonisation potential were assessed in various lettuce types and alternative vegetable crops. Most lettuce types showed either susceptibility or intermediate resistance, but coral lettuce was resistant. Most alternative crops were asymptomatic when grown in soil infested with both Fol 4 and Fol 4+ and also did not support root colonisation. However, in soil artificially infested with high Fol 4 concentrations, lamb's lettuce (Valerianella locusta) was symptomatic. In soil naturally infested with Fol 4 and Fol 4+, lamb's lettuce was asymptomatic, but latent growth of Fol 4 (and potentially Fol 4+) was observed at levels comparable to susceptible butterhead lettuce. The results suggest that effective management of Fusarium wilt during warmer periods could involve the cultivation of resistant alternative crops such as rocket or celery. During colder periods, a rotation of resistant coral lettuce cultivars may further reduce the disease pressure and allow the occasional culture of a susceptible butterhead lettuce cultivar.A
Advancing plant genomics : genome assembly, annotation, and evolutionary insights
No full textEen hoogwaardige genoomassemblage en nauwkeurige annotatie zijn cruciaal voor genomische studies. Vooruitgang in sequencingtechnologieën maakt nu assemblages op chromosoomniveau mogelijk, wat inzichten biedt in genoomevolutie en toekomstige onderzoeksapplicaties. Dit proefschrift presenteert gedetailleerde genoomanalyses van Moringa oleifera, Protea cynaroides en Alopecurus myosuroides om evolutionaire aanpassingen en praktische implicaties te verkennen.Moringa oleifera, een droogtebestendige "multipurpose tree," wordt gewaardeerd om zijn voedings-, agrarische en medicinale toepassingen. Het genoom (AOCC v2), geassembleerd met Oxford Nanopore-sequencing, maakt studies mogelijk naar whole-genome duplicatie (WGD), secundair metabolisme en genomische plasticiteit en vormt een basis voor verbeterde veredeling.Protea cynaroides, de nationale bloem van Zuid-Afrika, vertegenwoordigt de zeer diverse Proteaceae-familie, die zich heeft gediversifieerd in door vuur gedomineerde mediterrane klimaten. Een genoomassemblage op chromosoomschaal onthult een WGD-gebeurtenis (57–76 MYA) binnen Proteaceae, die bijdraagt aan ecologische aanpassingen. Het genoom toont genverliezen gerelateerd aan mycorrhiza-symbiose en uitbreidingen die verband houden met vuur-ecologie en nutriëntenopname.Alopecurus myosuroides, een belangrijk herbicideresistent onkruid in Europa, werd geanalyseerd met PacBio-sequencing en ddRAD-markers, wat een hoge genetische diversiteit en bestaande TSR-mutaties als primaire resistentiebron aan het licht bracht.Tot slot bespreekt het proefschrift de beperkingen van huidige annotatiemethoden en onderzoekt het de toepassing van grote taalmodellen in plantengenomica.Public defense: 2025-05-26Een hoogwaardige genoomassemblage en nauwkeurige annotatie zijn cruciaal voor genomische studies. Vooruitgang in sequencingtechnologieën maakt nu assemblages op chromosoomniveau mogelijk, wat inzichten biedt in genoomevolutie en toekomstige onderzoeksapplicaties. Dit proefschrift presenteert gedetailleerde genoomanalyses van Moringa oleifera, Protea cynaroides en Alopecurus myosuroides om evolutionaire aanpassingen en praktische implicaties te verkennen.Moringa oleifera, een droogtebestendige "multipurpose tree," wordt gewaardeerd om zijn voedings-, agrarische en medicinale toepassingen. Het genoom (AOCC v2), geassembleerd met Oxford Nanopore-sequencing, maakt studies mogelijk naar whole-genome duplicatie (WGD), secundair metabolisme en genomische plasticiteit en vormt een basis voor verbeterde veredeling.Protea cynaroides, de nationale bloem van Zuid-Afrika, vertegenwoordigt de zeer diverse Proteaceae-familie, die zich heeft gediversifieerd in door vuur gedomineerde mediterrane klimaten. Een genoomassemblage op chromosoomschaal onthult een WGD-gebeurtenis (57–76 MYA) binnen Proteaceae, die bijdraagt aan ecologische aanpassingen. Het genoom toont genverliezen gerelateerd aan mycorrhiza-symbiose en uitbreidingen die verband houden met vuur-ecologie en nutriëntenopname.Alopecurus myosuroides, een belangrijk herbicideresistent onkruid in Europa, werd geanalyseerd met PacBio-sequencing en ddRAD-markers, wat een hoge genetische diversiteit en bestaande TSR-mutaties als primaire resistentiebron aan het licht bracht.Tot slot bespreekt het proefschrift de beperkingen van huidige annotatiemethoden en onderzoekt het de toepassing van grote taalmodellen in plantengenomica.D
Comparing XAI techniques for interpreting short-term burglary predictions at micro-places
No full textThis study empirically compares multiple eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques to interpret short-term (weekly) machine learning-based burglary predictions at the micro-place level in Ghent, Belgium. While previous research predominantly relies on SHAP to interpret spatiotemporal crime predictions, this is the first study to systematically evaluate SHAP alongside other XAI methods, offering both global and local model interpretability within the context of crime prediction. Using data from 2014 to 2018 on residential burglary, repeat and near-repeat victimization, environmental features, socio-demographic indicators, and seasonal effects, we trained an XGBoost model with 76 features to predict weekly burglary hot spots. This model serves as a basis for comparing the interpretative power of different XAI techniques. Our results show that built environment and land use characteristics are the most consistent global predictors of burglary risk. However, their influence varies substantially at the local level, revealing the importance of spatial context. While global feature importance rankings are broadly aligned across XAI techniques, local explanations, especially between SHAP and LIME, often diverge. These discrepancies highlight the need for careful method selection when translating predictions into crime prevention strategies. In addition, this study demonstrates that short-term burglary risks are influenced by complex interactions and threshold effects between environmental and social disorganization features. We interpret these findings through the lens of criminological theory, and argue for more integrated approaches that go beyond examining the isolated effects of specific crime predictors. Finally, we call for greater attention to the methodological implications that arise from applying different interpretability techniques, particularly when machine learning model outputs are used to inform crime prevention and policy decisions.This study empirically compares multiple eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques to interpret short-term (weekly) machine learning-based burglary predictions at the micro-place level in Ghent, Belgium. While previous research predominantly relies on SHAP to interpret spatiotemporal crime predictions, this is the first study to systematically evaluate SHAP alongside other XAI methods, offering both global and local model interpretability within the context of crime prediction. Using data from 2014 to 2018 on residential burglary, repeat and near-repeat victimization, environmental features, socio-demographic indicators, and seasonal effects, we trained an XGBoost model with 76 features to predict weekly burglary hot spots. This model serves as a basis for comparing the interpretative power of different XAI techniques. Our results show that built environment and land use characteristics are the most consistent global predictors of burglary risk. However, their influence varies substantially at the local level, revealing the importance of spatial context. While global feature importance rankings are broadly aligned across XAI techniques, local explanations, especially between SHAP and LIME, often diverge. These discrepancies highlight the need for careful method selection when translating predictions into crime prevention strategies. In addition, this study demonstrates that short-term burglary risks are influenced by complex interactions and threshold effects between environmental and social disorganization features. We interpret these findings through the lens of criminological theory, and argue for more integrated approaches that go beyond examining the isolated effects of specific crime predictors. Finally, we call for greater attention to the methodological implications that arise from applying different interpretability techniques, particularly when machine learning model outputs are used to inform crime prevention and policy decisions.A
A multiscale finite element approach to analyse the effect of shot peening-induced surface roughness on fretting fatigue crack initiation
No full textShot peening (SP) is a widely used surface treatment technique that enhances the mechanical performance of materials, notably improving fatigue resistance by inducing compressive residual stresses (RS) and modifying surface characteristics. While the overall benefits of SP on fatigue life are well-documented, the specific role of SP-induced surface roughness in fretting fatigue behaviour remains unclear. This study develops a multiscale framework based on finite element method (FEM) to isolate and quantify the influence of surface roughness resulting from SP on fretting fatigue. At the microscale, detailed FEM simulations are conducted to assess how surface topography affects local contact stresses, thereby extracting critical features brought by roughness. These features are then integrated into a macroscale model to construct a SP-treated model that accounts for the effects of surface roughness. Numerical results reveal that while surface roughness has a minimal effect on crack initiation location and orientation, it significantly affects crack initiation lifetime by redistributing contact stresses more favourably. Furthermore, incorporating experimentally measured roughness profiles into the numerical models enhances the accuracy of fatigue life predictions. These findings underscore the importance of considering surface roughness in numerical simulations to achieve reliable predictions of fretting fatigue behaviour in SP-treated materials.Shot peening (SP) is a widely used surface treatment technique that enhances the mechanical performance of materials, notably improving fatigue resistance by inducing compressive residual stresses (RS) and modifying surface characteristics. While the overall benefits of SP on fatigue life are well-documented, the specific role of SP-induced surface roughness in fretting fatigue behaviour remains unclear. This study develops a multiscale framework based on finite element method (FEM) to isolate and quantify the influence of surface roughness resulting from SP on fretting fatigue. At the microscale, detailed FEM simulations are conducted to assess how surface topography affects local contact stresses, thereby extracting critical features brought by roughness. These features are then integrated into a macroscale model to construct a SP-treated model that accounts for the effects of surface roughness. Numerical results reveal that while surface roughness has a minimal effect on crack initiation location and orientation, it significantly affects crack initiation lifetime by redistributing contact stresses more favourably. Furthermore, incorporating experimentally measured roughness profiles into the numerical models enhances the accuracy of fatigue life predictions. These findings underscore the importance of considering surface roughness in numerical simulations to achieve reliable predictions of fretting fatigue behaviour in SP-treated materials.A
On the theory of Yi(意) in Wang Yangming’s later followers
No full textFocusing on the theme of “On the Theory of Yi (意) in Wang Yangming’s Later Followers”, this study first examines Wang Yangming’s 王阳明 (1472–1529) theory of Yi (intention 意), which serves as the theoretical foundation for later followers. Wang Yangming’s later followers on Yi reveal three distinct trajectories: Wuyi (无意 non-intention), Chengyi (诚意 sincere intention), and Zhuyi (主意 dominant intention). By analyzing the features, interrelations, and differences of these conceptions, this dissertation clarifies the core content and philosophical characteristics of the Yi theories of Wang Yangming’s followers. Finally, we propose to examine Liu Jishan’s 刘蕺山 (1578–1645) approach, who, as the synthesizer of these theories, integrates and transcends the three approaches.Rooted in pre-Qin, Han-Tang, and especially Song Confucian thought, Wang Yangming’s Yi theory laid the groundwork for his later followers’ theories. His Yi theory operates on two dimensions: existential and moral. The existential dimension, grounded in the Four-Sentence Principle (四句理 Si ju li), emphasizes Yi as the mediating field connecting mind 心 (xin), knowledge 知 (zhi), and objects 物 (wu), thus foreshadowing the Zhuyi theories of later followers. The moral dimension, based on the Four-Sentence Doctrine (四句教 Si ju jiao), posits Yi as inherently dual (good and evil), and as necessitating ‘extending innate knowing’ (致良知zhi liangzhi) to cultivate Yi to sincerity 诚 (cheng). This moral cultivation process, aimed at “preserving good and eliminating evil,” evolves into the Chengyi tradition. The potential for Yi to achieve pure goodness grants it ontological attributes, further supporting Zhuyi. Conversely, Yi’s inherent evil aspects justify its negation, leading to Wuyi theories that dissolve Yi’s existential validity.The Wuyi tendency crystallized around Wang Longxi 王龙溪 (1498–1583), whose theories emerged from the foundational debates of the Tianquan Dialogue (天泉证道 Tianquan zhengdao) and were further systematized through his theory of Siwu (四无) and the innate presence of ‘innate knowing’ (良知现成 liangzhi xiancheng). Building upon Yang Cihu’s 杨慈湖 (1141–1225) doctrine of “non-arising Yi” (不起意 bu qi Yi), Wang Longxi radicalized the moral critique of Yi, positing it as the source of ethical corruption. His cultivation framework thus demanded a ‘blocking of Yi’ (绝意 jue Yi) and ‘discarding of Yi’ (去意 qu Yi). By asserting the omnipresence of ‘innate knowing’ across both ontological and practical dimensions, Wang Longxi subsumed all phenomena—including Yis and external objects—under the intuitive expansion of ‘innate knowing’. This effectively marginalized Yi’s mediating role within the quadripartite structure of mind, Yi, knowledge, and objects, creating a rupture in their logical coherence. Critics, particularly proponents of the Chengyi tradition, condemned this dissolution of Yi’s ontological validity and its oversimplification of moral complexity, arguing that it ignored Yi’s objective existence and its inherent duality of good and evil.The Chengyi tradition arose as a corrective to Wuyi’s perceived deficiencies. Grounded in Wang Yangming’s original premise of Yi’s moral duality, Chengyi theorists—including Qian Xushan 钱绪山 (1496–1574), Ouyang Nanye 欧阳南野 (1496–1554), and Zhang Yanghe 张阳和 (1538–1588)—advocated for the cultivation (工夫gongfu) of “cultivating Yi to be sincere” through conscious ethical exertion. The Tianquan Dialogue marked the first confrontation, Qian Xushan countered Wang Longxi’s sudden enlightenment (顿教 dunjiao) approach with a gradualist (渐教 jianjiao) framework emphasizing the elimination of evil Yis. Ouyang Nanye proposed the dialectical formula “constant Yi yet constant non-Yi” (常有意而常无意 chang you Yi er chang wu Yi), acknowledging Yi’s ontological necessity while targeting its corrupt manifestations. Figures like Huang Juan and Zhang Yanghe further challenged Wang Longxi’s Buddhist-tinged “non-Yi” as heterodox, asserting instead that “mind-establishment lies in sincerity of Yi” (立心在诚意lixin zai cheng yi). Meanwhile, Nie Shuangjiang 聂双江 (1487–1563) and Luo Nianan 罗念庵 (1504–1564), operating within a framework of ‘innate knowing’s’ quiescent essence (寂然jiran), reframed sincerity of Yi through the lens of ji 寂, gan 感, and ji 几. Their approach retained Yi’s existential role while shifting focus to its moral refinement, ultimately seeking to realize a purified Yi through disciplined practice. By affirming Yi’s mediating function in the mind-Yi-knowledge-object nexus and its perfected ethical status, Chengyi theorists elevated Yi to a proactive and dominant concept, thereby bridging the framework to the Zhuyi (dominant Yi) tradition.The Zhuyi (dominant Yi) tradition, represented by Wang Yian 王一庵 (1503–1581) and Wang Tangnan 王塘南 (1522–1605), emerged as a synthesis of these debates. Wang Yi’an of the Taizhou 泰州 School radicalized Wang Yangming’s system by declaring Yi as “the master of mind”, reorienting Wang Yangming’s Yi as “mind’s activation” into a proactive ethical agency. Through his shendu 慎独 theory, Wang Yi’an equated the autonomous moral consciousness of du 独 with Yi itself, framing sincerity as the method to actualize this sovereignty. He grounded Yi’s moral legitimacy in the subjectivity of du and its existential necessity in the purposiveness of will 志 (zhi). However, his failure to systematically justify this inversion invited criticism from scholars like Luo Jinxi 罗近溪 (1505–1588). Wang Tangnan’s more nuanced approach navigated a transition from Yang Cihu’s “non-arising Yi” to a Zhuyi position. By relocating the origin of evil from Yi to transitory nian 念, and grounding Yi’s ontology in innate nature 性 (xing), Wang Tangnan preserved Yi’s moral purity while retaining its existential necessity. Despite attempting ontological innovation, his practical framework ultimately retreated to Yi-dissolving practices, revealing lingering theoretical ambiguities. Both Wang Yi’an and Wang Tangnan’s Zhuyi constructions exhibited significant unresolved tensions.Liu Jishan 刘蕺山(1578–1645) achieved the definitive synthesis of these divergent currents. Re-examining Song-Ming sincerity doctrines, he reconciled Wuyi, Chengyi, and Zhuyi traditions into a cohesive system. Critiquing Zhu Xi’s and Wang Yangming’s idea that “Yi cannot self-actualize sincerity,” Liu posited instead that “Yi can self-actualize sincerity”. His revolutionary thesis –“Yi resides within mind” (意为心之所存 Yi wei xin zhi suo cun) –relocated Yi’s ontology to the a priori realm, thus transcending earlier debates. By asserting that “Yi exists between being and non-being” (意在有无之间 Yi zai you wu zhi jian), Liu neutralized Wuyi’s overemphasis on negation. Liu’s Yi theory culminates in the formula Chengyi. By framing cheng as the innate ethical substance (诚体 chengti) and Yi as its Yial root (意根 Yigen), he reoriented cultivation from external practices like gewu (格物) and liangzhi (良知) to the internal discipline of shendu. This transformed Wang Yangming’s “xin-liangzhi” (心-良知) structure into a Chengyi 诚-意 paradigm, merging moral substance (cheng) with ethical intentionality (Yi), and harmonizing the transcendental and the practical. This synthesis marked a philosophical breakthrough in moral epistemology.Deze studie richt zich op het thema “Over de theorie van Yi (意) in Wang Yangming’s latere volgelingen” en onderzoekt eerst Wang Yangming’s 王阳明 (1472–1529) theorie van Yi (intentie 意), die dient als theoretische basis voor latere volgelingen. Wang Yangming’s latere volgelingen over Yi laten drie verschillende trajecten zien: Wuyi (无意 niet-intentie), Chengyi (诚意 oprechte intentie), en Zhuyi (主意 dominante intentie). Door de kenmerken, onderlinge relaties en verschillen van deze concepten te analyseren, verduidelijkt dit proefschrift de kerninhoud en filosofische kenmerken van de Yi-theorieën van Wang Yangming’s volgelingen. Tot slot stellen we voor om Liu Jishan’s 刘蕺山 (1578–1645) benadering te onderzoeken, die de drie benaderingen integreert en overstijgt.De Yi-theorie van Wang Yangming, die geworteld is in het confuciaanse denken van voor Qin, Han-Tang en vooral Song, legde de basis voor de theorieën van zijn latere volgelingen. Zijn Yi-theorie werkt op twee dimensies: existentieel en moreel. De existentiële dimensie, gebaseerd op het Vier-Zinnen Principe (四句理 Si ju li), benadrukt Yi als het bemiddelende veld dat geest 心 (xin), kennis 知 (zhi), en objecten 物 (wu) met elkaar verbindt, waarmee hij de voorbode is van de Zhuyi theorieën van latere volgelingen. De morele dimensie, gebaseerd op de Vier Zinnen Leer (四句教 Si ju jiao), stelt Yi als inherent duaal (goed en kwaad), en als noodzakelijk voor het “uitbreiden van aangeboren weten” (致良知zhi liangzhi) om Yi te cultiveren tot oprechtheid 诚 (cheng). Dit morele cultiveringsproces, gericht op “het behouden van het goede en het elimineren van het kwade”, ontwikkelt zich in de Chengyi traditie. Het potentieel van Yi om pure goedheid te bereiken verleent het ontologische eigenschappen, wat Zhuyi verder ondersteunt. Omgekeerd rechtvaardigen de inherente slechte aspecten van Yi de ontkenning ervan, wat leidt tot Wuyi-theorieën die de existentiële geldigheid van Yi opheffen.De Wuyi-tendens kristalliseerde zich rond Wang Longxi 王龙溪 (1498–1583), wiens theorieën voortkwamen uit de fundamentele debatten van de Tianquan-dialoog (天泉证道 Tianquan zhengdao) en verder gesystematiseerd werden door zijn theorie van Siwu (四无) en de aanwezigheid van ‘aangeboren weten’ (良知现成 liangzhi xiancheng). Voortbouwend op Yang Cihu's 杨慈湖 (1141–1225) doctrine van “niet-opkomende Yi” (不起意 bu qi Yi), radicaliseerde Wang Longxi de morele kritiek op Yi, door die te positioneren als de bron van ethische corruptie. Zijn ontwikkelingskader vereiste dus een ‘blokkeren van Yi’ (绝意 jue Yi) en een ‘verwerpen van Yi’ (去意 qu Yi). Door de alomtegenwoordigheid van ‘aangeboren weten’ te bevestigen in zowel ontologische als praktische dimensies, schaarde Wang Longxi alle fenomenen – inclusief Yi’s en externe objecten – onder de intuïtieve uitbreiding van ‘aangeboren weten’. Dit marginaliseerde effectief de bemiddelende rol van Yi binnen de vierdelige structuur van geest, Yi, kennis en objecten en creëerde een breuk in hun logische samenhang. Critici, vooral voorstanders van de Chengyi-traditie, veroordeelden deze ontbinding van de ontologische geldigheid van YI en de oversimplificatie van morele complexiteit, met het argument dat het het objectieve bestaan van Yi en zijn inherente dualiteit van goed en kwaad negeerde.De Chengyi-traditie ontstond als een correctie op de waargenomen tekortkomingen van Wuyi. Gebaseerd op Wang Yangming’s oorspronkelijke premisse van de morele dualiteit van Yi, pleitten Chengyi-theoretici, waaronder Qian Xushan 钱绪山 (1496–1574), Ouyang Nanye 欧阳南野 (1496–1554) en Zhang Yanghe 张阳和 (1538–1588) voor de cultivatie (工夫gongfu) van “het cultiveren van Yi om oprecht te zijn” door bewuste ethische inspanning. De Tianquan-dialoog markeerde de eerste confrontatie, Qian Xushan verzette zich tegen de benadering van een plotselinge verlichting (顿教 dunjiao) van Wang Longxi met een gradualistische (渐教 jianjiao) benadering die de nadruk legde op het elimineren van slechte Yi. Ouyang Nanye stelde de dialectische formule “constante Yi maar constante niet-Yi” (常有意而常无意 chang you Yi er chang wu Yi) voor, waarbij de ontologische noodzaak van Yi werd erkend terwijl de corrupte manifestaties ervan werden aangepakt. Figuren als Huang Juan en Zhang Yanghe betwistten Wang Longxi’s boeddhistisch getinte “niet-Yi” als heterodox en poneerden in plaats daarvan “het vestigen van de geest ligt in de oprechtheid van Yi” (立心在诚意lixin zai cheng yi). Ondertussen hebben Nie Shuangjiang 聂双江 (1487–1563) en Luo Nianan 罗念庵 (1504–1564), werkend binnen een raamwerk van ‘aangeboren weten’ rustige essentie (寂然jiran), de oprechtheid van Yi opnieuw gekaderd door de lens van ji 寂, gan 感, en ji 几. Hun benadering behield de existentiële rol van Yi terwijl de focus werd verlegd naar de morele verfijning ervan, uiteindelijk strevend naar het realiseren van een gezuiverde Yi door middel van gedisciplineerde beoefening. Door de bemiddelende functie in de geest-Yi-kennis-object nexus van Yi en zijn geperfectioneerde ethische status te bevestigen, verhieven de Chengyi-theoretici Yi tot een proactief en dominant concept, waardoor het raamwerk een brug sloeg naar de Zhuyi (dominante Yi) traditie.De Zhuyi (dominante Yi) traditie, vertegenwoordigd door Wang Yian 王一庵 (1503–1581) en Wang Tangnan 王塘南 (1522–1605), ontstond als een synthese van deze debatten. Wang Yi'an van de Taizhou 泰州 School radicaliseerde Wang Yangming’s systeem door Yi te verklaren als “de meester van de geest”, waarbij hij Wang Yangming’s Yi als “activering van de geest” heroriënteerde in een proactieve ethische instantie. Door middel van zijn shendu 慎独 theorie, stelde Wang Yi’an het autonome morele bewustzijn van du 独 gelijk aan Yi zelf, en framede hij oprechtheid als de methode om deze soevereiniteit te actualiseren. Hij fundeerde de morele legitimiteit van Yi op de subjectiviteit van du en de existentiële noodzaak ervan in de doelgerichtheid van de wil 志 (zhi). Zijn falen om deze omkering systematisch te rechtvaardigen, leidde echter tot kritiek van geleerden als Luo Jinxi 罗近溪 (1505–1588). Wang Tangnan’s meer genuanceerde benadering navigeerde een overgang van Yang Cihu’s “niet opkomende Yi” naar een Zhuyi-positie. Door de oorsprong van het kwaad te verplaatsen van Yi naar de vergankelijke nian 念, en de ontologie van Yi te funderen op de aangeboren natuur 性 (xing), behield Wang Tangnan de morele zuiverheid van Yi terwijl hij de existentiële noodzaak ervan behield. Ondanks zijn poging tot ontologische innovatie, trok zijn praktische kader zich uiteindelijk terug tot praktijken die Yi ontbinden, waardoor theoretische dubbelzinnigheden bleven bestaan. Zowel Wang Yi’an als Wang Tangnan’s Zhuyi-constructies vertoonden belangrijke onopgeloste spanningen.Liu Jishan 刘蕺山(1578–1645) bereikte de definitieve synthese van deze uiteenlopende stromingen. Hij onderzocht de Song-Ming oprechtheidsleer opnieuw en bracht de Wuyi, Chengyi en Zhuyi tradities samen in een samenhangend systeem. Liu bekritiseerde Zhu Xi’s en Wang Yangming’s idee dat “Yi oprechtheid niet zelf kan verwezenlijken” en stelde in plaats daarvan dat “Yi oprechtheid zelf kan verwezenlijken”. Zijn revolutionaire stelling – “Yi verblijft in de geest” (意为心之所存 Yi wei xin zhi suo cun) – plaatste de ontologie van Yi in het a priori domein en oversteeg zo eerdere debatten. Door te beweren dat “Yi bestaat tussen zijn en niet-zijn” (意在有无之间 Yi zai you wu zhi jian), neutraliseerde Liu Wuyi’s overdreven nadruk op negatie. Liu’s Yi-theorie culmineert in de formule Chengyi. Door cheng te zien als de aangeboren ethische substantie (诚体 chengti) en Yi als de Yi-wortel (意根 Yigen), heroriënteerde hij cultivatie van externe praktijken zoals gewu (格物) en liangzhi (良知) naar de interne discipline van shendu. Dit transformeerde Wang Yangming’s “xin-liangzhi” (心-良知)-structuur in een Chengyi 诚-意 -paradigma, waarbij morele substantie (cheng) samengevoegd werd met ethische intentionaliteit (Yi) en waarbij het transcendente en het praktische geharmoniseerd werden. Deze synthese betekende een filosofische doorbraak in de morele epistemologie.Public defense: 2025-05-07Focusing on the theme of “On the Theory of Yi (意) in Wang Yangming’s Later Followers”, this study first examines Wang Yangming’s 王阳明 (1472–1529) theory of Yi (intention 意), which serves as the theoretical foundation for later followers. Wang Yangming’s later followers on Yi reveal three distinct trajectories: Wuyi (无意 non-intention), Chengyi (诚意 sincere intention), and Zhuyi (主意 dominant intention). By analyzing the features, interrelations, and differences of these conceptions, this dissertation clarifies the core content and philosophical characteristics of the Yi theories of Wang Yangming’s followers. Finally, we propose to examine Liu Jishan’s 刘蕺山 (1578–1645) approach, who, as the synthesizer of these theories, integrates and transcends the three approaches.Rooted in pre-Qin, Han-Tang, and especially Song Confucian thought, Wang Yangming’s Yi theory laid the groundwork for his later followers’ theories. His Yi theory operates on two dimensions: existential and moral. The existential dimension, grounded in the Four-Sentence Principle (四句理 Si ju li), emphasizes Yi as the mediating field connecting mind 心 (xin), knowledge 知 (zhi), and objects 物 (wu), thus foreshadowing the Zhuyi theories of later followers. The moral dimension, based on the Four-Sentence Doctrine (四句教 Si ju jiao), posits Yi as inherently dual (good and evil), and as necessitating ‘extending innate knowing’ (致良知zhi liangzhi) to cultivate Yi to sincerity 诚 (cheng). This moral cultivation process, aimed at “preserving good and eliminating evil,” evolves into the Chengyi tradition. The potential for Yi to achieve pure goodness grants it ontological attributes, further supporting Zhuyi. Conversely, Yi’s inherent evil aspects justify its negation, leading to Wuyi theories that dissolve Yi’s existential validity.The Wuyi tendency crystallized around Wang Longxi 王龙溪 (1498–1583), whose theories emerged from the foundational debates of the Tianquan Dialogue (天泉证道 Tianquan zhengdao) and were further systematized through his theory of Siwu (四无) and the innate presence of ‘innate knowing’ (良知现成 liangzhi xiancheng). Building upon Yang Cihu’s 杨慈湖 (1141–1225) doctrine of “non-arising Yi” (不起意 bu qi Yi), Wang Longxi radicalized the moral critique of Yi, positing it as the source of ethical corruption. His cultivation framework thus demanded a ‘blocking of Yi’ (绝意 jue Yi) and ‘discarding of Yi’ (去意 qu Yi). By asserting the omnipresence of ‘innate knowing’ across both ontological and practical dimensions, Wang Longxi subsumed all phenomena—including Yis and external objects—under the intuitive expansion of ‘innate knowing’. This effectively marginalized Yi’s mediating role within the quadripartite structure of mind, Yi, knowledge, and objects, creating a rupture in their logical coherence. Critics, particularly proponents of the Chengyi tradition, condemned this dissolution of Yi’s ontological validity and its oversimplification of moral complexity, arguing that it ignored Yi’s objective existence and its inherent duality of good and evil.The Chengyi tradition arose as a corrective to Wuyi’s perceived deficiencies. Grounded in Wang Yangming’s original premise of Yi’s moral duality, Chengyi theorists—including Qian Xushan 钱绪山 (1496–1574), Ouyang Nanye 欧阳南野 (1496–1554), and Zhang Yanghe 张阳和 (1538–1588)—advocated for the cultivation (工夫gongfu) of “cultivating Yi to be sincere” through conscious ethical exertion. The Tianquan Dialogue marked the first confrontation, Qian Xushan countered Wang Longxi’s sudden enlightenment (顿教 dunjiao) approach with a gradualist (渐教 jianjiao) framework emphasizing the elimination of evil Yis. Ouyang Nanye proposed the dialectical formula “constant Yi yet constant non-Yi” (常有意而常无意 chang you Yi er chang wu Yi), acknowledging Yi’s ontological necessity while targeting its corrupt manifestations. Figures like Huang Juan and Zhang Yanghe further challenged Wang Longxi’s Buddhist-tinged “non-Yi” as heterodox, asserting instead that “mind-establishment lies in sincerity of Yi” (立心在诚意lixin zai cheng yi). Meanwhile, Nie Shuangjiang 聂双江 (1487–1563) and Luo Nianan 罗念庵 (1504–1564), operating within a framework of ‘innate knowing’s’ quiescent essence (寂然jiran), reframed sincerity of Yi through the lens of ji 寂, gan 感, and ji 几. Their approach retained Yi’s existential role while shifting focus to its moral refinement, ultimately seeking to realize a purified Yi through disciplined practice. By affirming Yi’s mediating function in the mind-Yi-knowledge-object nexus and its perfected ethical status, Chengyi theorists elevated Yi to a proactive and dominant concept, thereby bridging the framework to the Zhuyi (dominant Yi) tradition.The Zhuyi (dominant Yi) tradition, represented by Wang Yian 王一庵 (1503–1581) and Wang Tangnan 王塘南 (1522–1605), emerged as a synthesis of these debates. Wang Yi’an of the Taizhou 泰州 School radicalized Wang Yangming’s system by declaring Yi as “the master of mind”, reorienting Wang Yangming’s Yi as “mind’s activation” into a proactive ethical agency. Through his shendu 慎独 theory, Wang Yi’an equated the autonomous moral consciousness of du 独 with Yi itself, framing sincerity as the method to actualize this sovereignty. He grounded Yi’s moral legitimacy in the subjectivity of du and its existential necessity in the purposiveness of will 志 (zhi). However, his failure to systematically justify this inversion invited criticism from scholars like Luo Jinxi 罗近溪 (1505–1588). Wang Tangnan’s more nuanced approach navigated a transition from Yang Cihu’s “non-arising Yi” to a Zhuyi position. By relocating the origin of evil from Yi to transitory nian 念, and grounding Yi’s ontology in innate nature 性 (xing), Wang Tangnan preserved Yi’s moral purity while retaining its existential necessity. Despite attempting ontological innovation, his practical framework ultimately retreated to Yi-dissolving practices, revealing lingering theoretical ambiguities. Both Wang Yi’an and Wang Tangnan’s Zhuyi constructions exhibited significant unresolved tensions.Liu Jishan 刘蕺山(1578–1645) achieved the definitive synthesis of these divergent currents. Re-examining Song-Ming sincerity doctrines, he reconciled Wuyi, Chengyi, and Zhuyi traditions into a cohesive system. Critiquing Zhu Xi’s and Wang Yangming’s idea that “Yi cannot self-actualize sincerity,” Liu posited instead that “Yi can self-actualize sincerity”. His revolutionary thesis –“Yi resides within mind” (意为心之所存 Yi wei xin zhi suo cun) –relocated Yi’s ontology to the a priori realm, thus
Offended freedom : the rise of libertarian authoritarianism /
No full text"Today a new kind of freedom fighter has emerged in our midst: liberal and open-minded, these individuals champion liberty and resent the imposition of more and more rules and exhortations that constrain their freedom. They are angry, disgruntled, offended. Why should they have to wear a face mask, get vaccinated or follow new rules on diversity and equality? They should be free to choose. They do not long for a glorified past or the strong arm of the state but argue instead for individual freedoms at all costs - including the freedom from social constraints, the freedom from having to consider others' feelings and the freedom from social solidarity. In this major new work, Carolin Amlinger and Oliver Nachtwey argue that this new freedom fighter is symptomatic of the rise of a new political current in western societies - what they call 'libertarian authoritarianism'. The rise of libertarian authoritarianism is a consequence of the promise of freedom in late modernity: the individual is supposed to be mature, authentic and self-reliant. At the same time, the experience of many individuals is that of being powerless and without influence in the face of an increasingly complex world, an experience that manifests itself in resentment, anger and hostility towards democracy. Drawing on numerous case studies, Amlinger and Nachtwey paint a vivid portrait of this new social figure of our time, showing how the unbridled pursuit of individual freedom can turn into authoritarian behaviour towards others, threatening the very basis of a free and equal society"--"Today a new kind of freedom fighter has emerged in our midst: liberal and open-minded, these individuals champion liberty and resent the imposition of more and more rules and exhortations that constrain their freedom. They are angry, disgruntled, offended. Why should they have to wear a face mask, get vaccinated or follow new rules on diversity and equality? They should be free to choose. They do not long for a glorified past or the strong arm of the state but argue instead for individual freedoms at all costs - including the freedom from social constraints, the freedom from having to consider others' feelings and the freedom from social solidarity. In this major new work, Carolin Amlinger and Oliver Nachtwey argue that this new freedom fighter is symptomatic of the rise of a new political current in western societies - what they call 'libertarian authoritarianism'. The rise of libertarian authoritarianism is a consequence of the promise of freedom in late modernity: the individual is supposed to be mature, authentic and self-reliant. At the same time, the experience of many individuals is that of being powerless and without influence in the face of an increasingly complex world, an experience that manifests itself in resentment, anger and hostility towards democracy. Drawing on numerous case studies, Amlinger and Nachtwey paint a vivid portrait of this new social figure of our time, showing how the unbridled pursuit of individual freedom can turn into authoritarian behaviour towards others, threatening the very basis of a free and equal society"-
A deep neural network model for parameter identification in deep drawing metal forming process
No full textWith the growing demand for complex-shaped, lightweight, and high-strength metal components in manufacturing, using thinner sheets has become a trend. However, this can lead to decreased formability and excessive thinning. Thus, accurately and efficiently predicting thickness distribution is essential in engineering applications. During the deep drawing process, material deformation is complex and involves multiple nonlinear problems, including geometry, physics, and boundary conditions, which often require extensive computation time for analysis. This study presents a data-driven model based on Deep Neural Networks (DNN) that captures the intrinsic relationship between thickness distribution and process parameters (such as punch radius, blank holder force, and temperature) in deep drawing. The cylindrical cup is divided into regions based on theoretical analysis and numerical simulation to determine thickness at key points. By predicting the thickness distribution and maximum thinning of SPCC steel sheets under various process parameters, the results demonstrate that the model has strong applicability and efficiency, providing reliable thickness prediction for engineering design.With the growing demand for complex-shaped, lightweight, and high-strength metal components in manufacturing, using thinner sheets has become a trend. However, this can lead to decreased formability and excessive thinning. Thus, accurately and efficiently predicting thickness distribution is essential in engineering applications. During the deep drawing process, material deformation is complex and involves multiple nonlinear problems, including geometry, physics, and boundary conditions, which often require extensive computation time for analysis. This study presents a data-driven model based on Deep Neural Networks (DNN) that captures the intrinsic relationship between thickness distribution and process parameters (such as punch radius, blank holder force, and temperature) in deep drawing. The cylindrical cup is divided into regions based on theoretical analysis and numerical simulation to determine thickness at key points. By predicting the thickness distribution and maximum thinning of SPCC steel sheets under various process parameters, the results demonstrate that the model has strong applicability and efficiency, providing reliable thickness prediction for engineering design.A
Cauliflower centre detection and 3-dimensional tracking for robotic intrarow weeding
No full textMechanical weeding is an important part of integrated weed management. It destroys weeds between (interrow) and in (intrarow) crop rows. Preventing crop damage requires precise detection and tracking of the plants. In this work, a detection and tracking algorithm was developed and integrated on an intrarow hoeing prototype. The algorithm was developed and validated on 12 rows of 950 cauliflower plants. Therefore, a methodology was provided to automatically generate a label based on the crop plants’ Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) position during data collection with a robot platform. A CenterNet architecture was adjusted for plant centre detection by comparing different encoder networks and selecting the optimal hyperparameters. The monocular camera projection error of the plant centre detections in pixel to 3D coordinates was evaluated and used in a position- and velocity-based tracking algorithm to determine the timing for intrarow hoeing knife actuation. A dataset of 53k labelled images was created. The best CenterNet model resulted in an F1 score on the test set of 0.986 for detecting cauliflower centres. The position tracking had an average variation of 1.62 cm. Velocity tracking had a standard deviation of 0.008 with respect to the robot’s operational target velocity. Overall, the entire integration showed effective actuation of the prototype in field conditions. Only one false positive detection occurred during operation in two test rows of 135 cauliflowers.Mechanical weeding is an important part of integrated weed management. It destroys weeds between (interrow) and in (intrarow) crop rows. Preventing crop damage requires precise detection and tracking of the plants. In this work, a detection and tracking algorithm was developed and integrated on an intrarow hoeing prototype. The algorithm was developed and validated on 12 rows of 950 cauliflower plants. Therefore, a methodology was provided to automatically generate a label based on the crop plants’ Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) position during data collection with a robot platform. A CenterNet architecture was adjusted for plant centre detection by comparing different encoder networks and selecting the optimal hyperparameters. The monocular camera projection error of the plant centre detections in pixel to 3D coordinates was evaluated and used in a position- and velocity-based tracking algorithm to determine the timing for intrarow hoeing knife actuation. A dataset of 53k labelled images was created. The best CenterNet model resulted in an F1 score on the test set of 0.986 for detecting cauliflower centres. The position tracking had an average variation of 1.62 cm. Velocity tracking had a standard deviation of 0.008 with respect to the robot’s operational target velocity. Overall, the entire integration showed effective actuation of the prototype in field conditions. Only one false positive detection occurred during operation in two test rows of 135 cauliflowers.A