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From local histories to transcultural mnemonic landscapes : a conversation about translation and memory
No full textThis chapter is structured as a dialogue between two scholars from different disciplines, each exploring the potential of concepts and methods from translation studies to shed light on the formation, circulation and reception of transnational memories, while also considering how insights from memory studies can highlight the multidirectional engagements and local embedding of memories originating from diverse contexts in cultural practices of translation. The interdisciplinary exchange prompts reflection on the specific formats and mechanisms through which memories 'travel' via translation across geographical, cultural and linguistic boundaries, as well as their subsequent 'instantiation' in particular locales, where they are reshaped through interactions with local repertoires, audiences, and agendas.Our focus is on how translation-as-transformation acts as a driving force behind the evolution and preservation of memory. This entails engaging with the ethical implications of translating local histories and narratives for global consumption. Through an analysis of various media forms—including testimony, literature, film, and museums—we examine how the dynamic interplay between interlingual and cultural translation unlocks the mnemonic potential of a given text or narrative. Approaching memory through a translational lens ultimately compels us to challenge conventional notions of authenticity, native language and stable originals, and to question the presumed unidirectionality of transfer processes.This chapter is structured as a dialogue between two scholars from different disciplines, each exploring the potential of concepts and methods from translation studies to shed light on the formation, circulation and reception of transnational memories, while also considering how insights from memory studies can highlight the multidirectional engagements and local embedding of memories originating from diverse contexts in cultural practices of translation. The interdisciplinary exchange prompts reflection on the specific formats and mechanisms through which memories 'travel' via translation across geographical, cultural and linguistic boundaries, as well as their subsequent 'instantiation' in particular locales, where they are reshaped through interactions with local repertoires, audiences, and agendas.Our focus is on how translation-as-transformation acts as a driving force behind the evolution and preservation of memory. This entails engaging with the ethical implications of translating local histories and narratives for global consumption. Through an analysis of various media forms—including testimony, literature, film, and museums—we examine how the dynamic interplay between interlingual and cultural translation unlocks the mnemonic potential of a given text or narrative. Approaching memory through a translational lens ultimately compels us to challenge conventional notions of authenticity, native language and stable originals, and to question the presumed unidirectionality of transfer processes.B
Revisiting the five foundational problems of Weinreich, Labov & Herzog (1968)
No full textIn their seminal paper “Empirical Foundations for a Theory of Language Change”, Weinreich et al. (1968) set out five problems that according to them, any theory of language change needs to address. The constraints problem deals with the limits to possible changes, while the transitions problem asks what concrete stages are needed to account for a change. The embedding problem is concerned with the language internal and external factors that may influence the course of a change. The evaluation problem zooms in on a particular language external factor: the social evaluation of a change, and the effect of such an evaluation on the change. Finally, the actuation problem consists in finding an answer to the question why a given change occurs at a particular place and time, and why change may fail to happen elsewhere under seemingly similar conditions. In the over fifty years since its publication, Weinreich et al.’s programme has inspired much work, not always explicitly referring to it, which has addressed various subsets of these problems. The question guiding the current chapter is how the necessarily limited historical data can be exploited to find solutions to the constraints, transition, embedding, evaluation, and actuation problems, and how this is often a matter of methodological creativity and theoretical choices. With this aim, the current chapter discusses several case studies from the literature to showcase how research has built and continues to build on the foundations laid by Weinreich et al.In their seminal paper “Empirical Foundations for a Theory of Language Change”, Weinreich et al. (1968) set out five problems that according to them, any theory of language change needs to address. The constraints problem deals with the limits to possible changes, while the transitions problem asks what concrete stages are needed to account for a change. The embedding problem is concerned with the language internal and external factors that may influence the course of a change. The evaluation problem zooms in on a particular language external factor: the social evaluation of a change, and the effect of such an evaluation on the change. Finally, the actuation problem consists in finding an answer to the question why a given change occurs at a particular place and time, and why change may fail to happen elsewhere under seemingly similar conditions. In the over fifty years since its publication, Weinreich et al.’s programme has inspired much work, not always explicitly referring to it, which has addressed various subsets of these problems. The question guiding the current chapter is how the necessarily limited historical data can be exploited to find solutions to the constraints, transition, embedding, evaluation, and actuation problems, and how this is often a matter of methodological creativity and theoretical choices. With this aim, the current chapter discusses several case studies from the literature to showcase how research has built and continues to build on the foundations laid by Weinreich et al.B
Change and variation in West Iberian complementation : QUIA/CA from late Latin to early Romance
No full textThis chapter investigates the evolution of an underreported diachronic divergence in West Iberian clausal syntax involving the completive use of the complementizer CA (<Latin QUIA). Our aims are: i) to establish the principal factors regulating selection of QUIA/CA in Iberian texts written in Latin/Romance between 6th -14th centuries; ii) develop a theoretical account of how the grammatical properties of West Iberian reflexes of QUIA are configured in the clausal syntax. Examination of a newly-compiled corpus covering the LatinRomance transition reveals that the clause type and (morphological) finiteness of QUIA/CA-complements remain unchanged. By contrast, they undergo a functional specialization in their mood/modality, culminating in an indicative/realis restriction and loss of factive construal of the embedded proposition. We propose that the grammatical properties of CA-complements are syntactically instantiated by the conjunction of two formal mechanisms: (declarative) clause-typing via complementizer insertion in Force; and the licensing of realis/indicative features via verb movement into Fin.This chapter investigates the evolution of an underreported diachronic divergence in West Iberian clausal syntax involving the completive use of the complementizer CA (<Latin QUIA). Our aims are: i) to establish the principal factors regulating selection of QUIA/CA in Iberian texts written in Latin/Romance between 6th -14th centuries; ii) develop a theoretical account of how the grammatical properties of West Iberian reflexes of QUIA are configured in the clausal syntax. Examination of a newly-compiled corpus covering the LatinRomance transition reveals that the clause type and (morphological) finiteness of QUIA/CA-complements remain unchanged. By contrast, they undergo a functional specialization in their mood/modality, culminating in an indicative/realis restriction and loss of factive construal of the embedded proposition. We propose that the grammatical properties of CA-complements are syntactically instantiated by the conjunction of two formal mechanisms: (declarative) clause-typing via complementizer insertion in Force; and the licensing of realis/indicative features via verb movement into Fin.B
Diversified teaching strategies for early childhood classrooms : building an instructional toolkit /
No full textThis book aims to broaden the teaching repertoires of pre-service and in-service early childhood teachers so they can better meet the needs of the children they teach. Covering 16 early childhood teaching strategies—ranging from traditional play-based approaches through direct teaching and technology-assisted instruction to postmodern methods—each chapter focuses on a different pedagogical approach, explaining what it is, why it’s important, and how it can be implemented in Pre-K–3 classrooms. Chapters conclude with detailed examples of how the strategies can be utilized to cover specific instructional objectives drawn from published standards. Diversified Teaching Strategies for Early Childhood Classrooms is essential reading for undergraduate students studying early childhood education, as well as graduate students, early childhood teacher educators, and any practicing Pre-K–Grade 3 teachers. It offers readers a richer set of tools for making good decisions about how to teach real content in ways that are effective and meet the needs of young children in a complex and rapidly changing world.This book aims to broaden the teaching repertoires of pre-service and in-service early childhood teachers so they can better meet the needs of the children they teach. Covering 16 early childhood teaching strategies—ranging from traditional play-based approaches through direct teaching and technology-assisted instruction to postmodern methods—each chapter focuses on a different pedagogical approach, explaining what it is, why it’s important, and how it can be implemented in Pre-K–3 classrooms. Chapters conclude with detailed examples of how the strategies can be utilized to cover specific instructional objectives drawn from published standards. Diversified Teaching Strategies for Early Childhood Classrooms is essential reading for undergraduate students studying early childhood education, as well as graduate students, early childhood teacher educators, and any practicing Pre-K–Grade 3 teachers. It offers readers a richer set of tools for making good decisions about how to teach real content in ways that are effective and meet the needs of young children in a complex and rapidly changing world
Feasibility of EMDR in older adults with PTSD to reduce frailty and improve quality of life
No full textObjectives Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after exposure to multiple (childhood) trauma's is strongly associated with accelerated aging and high psychiatric and somatic comorbidity, influencing frailty and Quality of Life (QoL) in older adults. Eye Movement Desensitization therapy (EMDR) addresses psychological and physiologic symptoms stemming from adverse life events and therefore could influence frailty and QoL in older adults. Methods We conducted a multi-center feasibility study (two psychiatric hospitals) in Dutch older outpatients (N = 24; >= 60 years) with PTSD. Participants received weekly EMDR-treatment during the course of the trial (3 months to a maximum of 9 months). Frailty (Groninger Frailty Indicator) and QoL (EuroQol 5D-3L), were assessed pre- and posttreatment. Results A linear mixed-model approach showed significant reduction of frailty (F(1,23) = 9.019, p = .006) and improvement of QoL (F(1,23) = 13.787, p = .001). For both frailty and QoL, there was no significant influence of Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-5) pre-treatment score, therapy duration, and neither an interaction effect of therapy duration x CAPS-5 pre-treatment score. Conclusions EMDR with older adults with PTSD showed a significant reduction of frailty and improvement of QoL. Randomized controlled studies are needed to more precisely study the impact of trauma-focused treatment in older adults on frailty and QoL and the implications this might have for lessening disease burden. Clinical implications Screening for PTSD in older frail adults is important to treat PTSD as a possible way to reduce frailty and improve QoL.Objectives Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after exposure to multiple (childhood) trauma's is strongly associated with accelerated aging and high psychiatric and somatic comorbidity, influencing frailty and Quality of Life (QoL) in older adults. Eye Movement Desensitization therapy (EMDR) addresses psychological and physiologic symptoms stemming from adverse life events and therefore could influence frailty and QoL in older adults. Methods We conducted a multi-center feasibility study (two psychiatric hospitals) in Dutch older outpatients (N = 24; >= 60 years) with PTSD. Participants received weekly EMDR-treatment during the course of the trial (3 months to a maximum of 9 months). Frailty (Groninger Frailty Indicator) and QoL (EuroQol 5D-3L), were assessed pre- and posttreatment. Results A linear mixed-model approach showed significant reduction of frailty (F(1,23) = 9.019, p = .006) and improvement of QoL (F(1,23) = 13.787, p = .001). For both frailty and QoL, there was no significant influence of Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-5) pre-treatment score, therapy duration, and neither an interaction effect of therapy duration x CAPS-5 pre-treatment score. Conclusions EMDR with older adults with PTSD showed a significant reduction of frailty and improvement of QoL. Randomized controlled studies are needed to more precisely study the impact of trauma-focused treatment in older adults on frailty and QoL and the implications this might have for lessening disease burden. Clinical implications Screening for PTSD in older frail adults is important to treat PTSD as a possible way to reduce frailty and improve QoL.A
Between dialogic and diachronic syntax : the insubordination of directive ὅπως in Classical Greek drama
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Comparison of reusable and single-use specula in Belgian hospitals : an environmental life cycle assessment and economic analysis
No full textPurpose: Awareness is growing about the need for a circular healthcare sector. Choosing between single-use (SU) and reusable (RU) medical instruments should be based on evidence-based reasoning. RU and SU instruments difer in many stages of their life cycle. Vaginal specula are commonly used instruments in hospitals and in primary care. The aim of this study was to compare the environmental and economic cost of RU specula and three types of SU specula.Methods:This study evaluated the environmental sustainability of using RU or SU vaginal specula through a cradle-tograve life cycle assessment (LCA), using the ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (H) V1.07 method, including 18 midpoints and the three endpoints human health, ecosystem quality, and resource scarcity. One pelvic examination was the functional unit to compare RU stainless steel specula with SU specula made of (i) fossil-based acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (SU ABS), (ii) bio-based polylactic acid (SU PLA), or (iii) polystyrene blades and a polyethylene bolt sterilised with ethylene oxide (SU EO). Alongside the LCA, an economic evaluation was conducted based on the total cost of ownership (TCO). Scenario analyses were performed for the environmental and economic part of the study.Results:RU specula scored best for global warming leading to 86% less impact than SU ABS, 78% less than SU PLA specula, and 84% less than SU EO specula in the baseline scenario. RU specula performed better than SU specula from four to seven reuses, depending on the SU type. For the three endpoint estimates, RU specula were most favourable in the baseline scenario. Cost analysis for RU specula resulted in a total cost between € 1.22 and € 1.38 per use and between € 0.75 and € 1.34 per use for SU specula. Labour costs comprised more than half of the overall expenses for RU specula, whereas acquisition cost the main cost driver was for SU specula.Conclusion:Environmental and economic hotspots of RU and SU specula were identifed and can be used in decision-making about using more RU instruments. Raw materials and manufacturing were the key environmental and economic impact factors of SU specula. Packaging production and waste management were the main drivers of the environmental impact of RU specula but had only a minor economic impact on the TCO.Purpose: Awareness is growing about the need for a circular healthcare sector. Choosing between single-use (SU) and reusable (RU) medical instruments should be based on evidence-based reasoning. RU and SU instruments difer in many stages of their life cycle. Vaginal specula are commonly used instruments in hospitals and in primary care. The aim of this study was to compare the environmental and economic cost of RU specula and three types of SU specula.Methods:This study evaluated the environmental sustainability of using RU or SU vaginal specula through a cradle-tograve life cycle assessment (LCA), using the ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (H) V1.07 method, including 18 midpoints and the three endpoints human health, ecosystem quality, and resource scarcity. One pelvic examination was the functional unit to compare RU stainless steel specula with SU specula made of (i) fossil-based acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (SU ABS), (ii) bio-based polylactic acid (SU PLA), or (iii) polystyrene blades and a polyethylene bolt sterilised with ethylene oxide (SU EO). Alongside the LCA, an economic evaluation was conducted based on the total cost of ownership (TCO). Scenario analyses were performed for the environmental and economic part of the study.Results:RU specula scored best for global warming leading to 86% less impact than SU ABS, 78% less than SU PLA specula, and 84% less than SU EO specula in the baseline scenario. RU specula performed better than SU specula from four to seven reuses, depending on the SU type. For the three endpoint estimates, RU specula were most favourable in the baseline scenario. Cost analysis for RU specula resulted in a total cost between € 1.22 and € 1.38 per use and between € 0.75 and € 1.34 per use for SU specula. Labour costs comprised more than half of the overall expenses for RU specula, whereas acquisition cost the main cost driver was for SU specula.Conclusion:Environmental and economic hotspots of RU and SU specula were identifed and can be used in decision-making about using more RU instruments. Raw materials and manufacturing were the key environmental and economic impact factors of SU specula. Packaging production and waste management were the main drivers of the environmental impact of RU specula but had only a minor economic impact on the TCO.A
Impact of host climate model on contrail cirrus effective radiative forcing estimates
No full textEstimates of aviation effective radiative forcing (ERF) indicate that contrail cirrus is currently its largest contributor, although with a substantial associated uncertainty of similar to 70 %. Here, we implement the contrail parameterisation developed for the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) in the UK Met Office Unified Model (UM), allowing us to compare, for the first time, the impact of key features of the host climate model on contrail cirrus ERF. We find that differences in background humidity between the models result in the UM-simulated contrail fractions being 2 to 3 times larger than in CAM. Additionally, the models show contrasting responses in overall global cloud fraction, with contrails increasing the total cloud fraction in the UM and decreasing it in CAM. Differences in the complexity of the cloud microphysics schemes lead to significant differences in simulated changes to cloud ice water content due to aviation. After compensating for the unrealistically low contrail optical depth in the UM, we estimate the 2018 contrail cirrus ERF to be 40.8 mW m-2 in the UM, compared to 60.1 mW m-2 in CAM. These values highlight the substantial uncertainty in contrail cirrus ERF due to differences in microphysics and radiation schemes between the two models. We also find a factor-of-8 uncertainty in contrail cirrus ERF due to existing uncertainty in contrail cirrus optical depth. Future research should focus on better representing microphysical and radiative contrail characteristics in climate models and on improved observational constraints.Estimates of aviation effective radiative forcing (ERF) indicate that contrail cirrus is currently its largest contributor, although with a substantial associated uncertainty of similar to 70 %. Here, we implement the contrail parameterisation developed for the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) in the UK Met Office Unified Model (UM), allowing us to compare, for the first time, the impact of key features of the host climate model on contrail cirrus ERF. We find that differences in background humidity between the models result in the UM-simulated contrail fractions being 2 to 3 times larger than in CAM. Additionally, the models show contrasting responses in overall global cloud fraction, with contrails increasing the total cloud fraction in the UM and decreasing it in CAM. Differences in the complexity of the cloud microphysics schemes lead to significant differences in simulated changes to cloud ice water content due to aviation. After compensating for the unrealistically low contrail optical depth in the UM, we estimate the 2018 contrail cirrus ERF to be 40.8 mW m-2 in the UM, compared to 60.1 mW m-2 in CAM. These values highlight the substantial uncertainty in contrail cirrus ERF due to differences in microphysics and radiation schemes between the two models. We also find a factor-of-8 uncertainty in contrail cirrus ERF due to existing uncertainty in contrail cirrus optical depth. Future research should focus on better representing microphysical and radiative contrail characteristics in climate models and on improved observational constraints.A