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Recommendations on innovation for European film creators
No full textThe report offers a comparative overview of structural inequalities, underrepresentation, and emerging practices within the European film industry, with a special focus on marginalised groups, women, youth and migrants.It highlights voices and practices at the edges of dominant industry frameworks, revealing gaps and opportunities for more inclusive policy and production landscapes.The report offers a comparative overview of structural inequalities, underrepresentation, and emerging practices within the European film industry, with a special focus on marginalised groups, women, youth and migrants.It highlights voices and practices at the edges of dominant industry frameworks, revealing gaps and opportunities for more inclusive policy and production landscapes.
Observing physical education teachers’ need-supportive and need-thwarting styles using a circumplex approach : how does it relate to student outcomes?
No full textBackground: Self-Determination Theory-based studies showed that teachers’ need-supportive styles (i.e. autonomy-supportive and structuring) enhance students’ motivation and well-being, while teachers’ need-thwarting styles (i.e. being controlling and chaotic), have been related to several detrimental outcomes. The value of jointly depicting teachers’ need-supportive and need-thwarting styles in a circular structure has been shown based on multidimensional scaling analyzes on data derived from the recently developed Situation-inSchool (SIS) Questionnaire. However, this circumplex approach has only been applied to self-reported measures. Compared to self-reports, observational studies have many methodological advantages (e.g. high ecological validity, objective assessment, opportunities for multiinformant perspectives) and may be of added value to train teachers in their need-supportive styles (e.g. to obtain real-life and concrete examples, and to give teachers more objective and tailored advice).Purpose: The main objective of this study was to adapt an existing observation instrument so that it matches the recently developed selfreported circumplex measure (SIS-PE-Questionnaire) by developing the called ‘SIS-PE-Coder’. The first aim was to examine whether the circumplex structure could also be found based on observations with the SIS-PE-Coder. The second aim was to test the reliability and validity of the new observation instrument. The third aim was to examine the relations between observed need-supportive and need-thwarting styles and students’ need-based experiences and motivation.Method: The study sample consisted of 65 PE teachers (M age = 40.15, SD = 11.50 years) and 904 students (M age = 13.23, SD = 1.18 years). One PE lesson of each teacher was video- and audiotaped. At the end of each lesson, students completed questionnaires on their need-based experiences (i.e. need satisfaction and frustration) and their situational motivation towards PE (i.e. intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, introjected regulation, external regulation, and amotivation). Teachers’ need-supportive and need-thwarting styles were assessed by experts using the SIS-PE-Coder (41 items). Internal consistency, intra- and interrater reliability, and interrater agreement were assessed. Internalvalidity was assessed by examining the structure of the items relying on multidimensional scaling. Multilevel analyzes were performed to examine the relations between observed need-supportive and needthwarting styles and student outcomes.Findings: The SIS-PE-Coder showed good reliability and internal validity, with teachers’ need-supportive and need-thwarting styles being depicted in a circular structure. Teachers’ observed autonomy-supportive style was positively related to students’ need satisfaction and intrinsic motivation,and was negatively related to students’ need frustration. Teachers’ observed structuring style was positively related to students’ intrinsic motivation and identified regulation, while being negatively related to students’ amotivation. Teachers’ observed controlling style only showed an unexpected negative relation with introjected regulation. Teachers’ observed chaotic style was negatively related to students’ identified regulation and was positively related to students’ amotivation.Conclusion: The new observation instrument captures more ‘definitively’ PE teachers’ need-supportive and need-thwarting styles in a comprehensive manner and depicts observations of autonomy-support,structure, control, and chaos in a circular model. The findings revealed that when teachers’ were more autonomy-supportive and structuring, and less chaotic, their students showed higher levels of intrinsicmotivation and identified regulation and lower levels of amotivation.Background: Self-Determination Theory-based studies showed that teachers’ need-supportive styles (i.e. autonomy-supportive and structuring) enhance students’ motivation and well-being, while teachers’ need-thwarting styles (i.e. being controlling and chaotic), have been related to several detrimental outcomes. The value of jointly depicting teachers’ need-supportive and need-thwarting styles in a circular structure has been shown based on multidimensional scaling analyzes on data derived from the recently developed Situation-inSchool (SIS) Questionnaire. However, this circumplex approach has only been applied to self-reported measures. Compared to self-reports, observational studies have many methodological advantages (e.g. high ecological validity, objective assessment, opportunities for multiinformant perspectives) and may be of added value to train teachers in their need-supportive styles (e.g. to obtain real-life and concrete examples, and to give teachers more objective and tailored advice).Purpose: The main objective of this study was to adapt an existing observation instrument so that it matches the recently developed selfreported circumplex measure (SIS-PE-Questionnaire) by developing the called ‘SIS-PE-Coder’. The first aim was to examine whether the circumplex structure could also be found based on observations with the SIS-PE-Coder. The second aim was to test the reliability and validity of the new observation instrument. The third aim was to examine the relations between observed need-supportive and need-thwarting styles and students’ need-based experiences and motivation.Method: The study sample consisted of 65 PE teachers (M age = 40.15, SD = 11.50 years) and 904 students (M age = 13.23, SD = 1.18 years). One PE lesson of each teacher was video- and audiotaped. At the end of each lesson, students completed questionnaires on their need-based experiences (i.e. need satisfaction and frustration) and their situational motivation towards PE (i.e. intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, introjected regulation, external regulation, and amotivation). Teachers’ need-supportive and need-thwarting styles were assessed by experts using the SIS-PE-Coder (41 items). Internal consistency, intra- and interrater reliability, and interrater agreement were assessed. Internalvalidity was assessed by examining the structure of the items relying on multidimensional scaling. Multilevel analyzes were performed to examine the relations between observed need-supportive and needthwarting styles and student outcomes.Findings: The SIS-PE-Coder showed good reliability and internal validity, with teachers’ need-supportive and need-thwarting styles being depicted in a circular structure. Teachers’ observed autonomy-supportive style was positively related to students’ need satisfaction and intrinsic motivation,and was negatively related to students’ need frustration. Teachers’ observed structuring style was positively related to students’ intrinsic motivation and identified regulation, while being negatively related to students’ amotivation. Teachers’ observed controlling style only showed an unexpected negative relation with introjected regulation. Teachers’ observed chaotic style was negatively related to students’ identified regulation and was positively related to students’ amotivation.Conclusion: The new observation instrument captures more ‘definitively’ PE teachers’ need-supportive and need-thwarting styles in a comprehensive manner and depicts observations of autonomy-support,structure, control, and chaos in a circular model. The findings revealed that when teachers’ were more autonomy-supportive and structuring, and less chaotic, their students showed higher levels of intrinsicmotivation and identified regulation and lower levels of amotivation.A
Criminalization of traditional practices as a facet of cultural genocide : the case of enbedade amongst the Amhara community in Ethiopia
No full textThe Amhara people of Ethiopia have faced a series of systemic assaults on their cultural, social, and political structures over the past decades, reflecting a broader pattern of ethnic and political discrimination. During the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) regime (1991–2018), the Amhara community experienced severe marginalization and systematic suppression of their cultural practices. The criminalization of ènbedãdé epitomized the deliberate effort to undermine Amhara’s identity and influence. Since 2018, the situation has further deteriorated under the Oromumma regime, with accusations of ethnic cleansing, forced displacement, and targeted violence against the Amhara population. This regime has also employed deceitful mediation tactics, manipulating respected elders and religious leaders to capture and imprison opposition figures, thereby eroding traditional conflict resolution mechanisms. Concurrently, the Ethiopian government’s foreign policy has isolated the Amhara, exacerbating their vulnerability through hostile regional relations and historical distortions. The systematic attacks on Amhara culture and social cohesion, emphasize the concerted efforts to dismantle their historical and cultural identity. The ongoing marginalization, both internally and externally, has led to profound disintegration within the Amhara community, highlighting the need for international recognition and intervention to address these injustices.The Amhara people of Ethiopia have faced a series of systemic assaults on their cultural, social, and political structures over the past decades, reflecting a broader pattern of ethnic and political discrimination. During the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) regime (1991–2018), the Amhara community experienced severe marginalization and systematic suppression of their cultural practices. The criminalization of ènbedãdé epitomized the deliberate effort to undermine Amhara’s identity and influence. Since 2018, the situation has further deteriorated under the Oromumma regime, with accusations of ethnic cleansing, forced displacement, and targeted violence against the Amhara population. This regime has also employed deceitful mediation tactics, manipulating respected elders and religious leaders to capture and imprison opposition figures, thereby eroding traditional conflict resolution mechanisms. Concurrently, the Ethiopian government’s foreign policy has isolated the Amhara, exacerbating their vulnerability through hostile regional relations and historical distortions. The systematic attacks on Amhara culture and social cohesion, emphasize the concerted efforts to dismantle their historical and cultural identity. The ongoing marginalization, both internally and externally, has led to profound disintegration within the Amhara community, highlighting the need for international recognition and intervention to address these injustices.A
Knife-assisted full-thickness resection guided by pocket detection method for detection and complete excision of deeply invasive rectal cancer
No full textThe poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 enzyme is overexpressed in various solid canine tumours : an immunohistochemical study
No full textThe enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is crucial for cellular regulation and DNA repair. Its immunohistochemical overexpression is known in various human neoplasms, but it was not yet a topic of veterinary research. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded canine samples of 15 controls and 34 tumours were immunohistochemically tested for PARP-1 expression. Controls included five skin samples with mast cells, five oral mucosa samples and five thyroid glands. Tumours included 18 mast cell tumours (MCTs), 10 oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and six follicular thyroid carcinomas. A board-certified veterinary pathologist defined the optimal region for the blind PARP-1 evaluation, assessed by two independent veterinary PhD students. Positive nuclei were evaluated by the immunoreactivity score (IRS) and quick score (QS) and, for both scores, the averages of the two observers were used for statistical analysis. In all MCTs, 6/10 SCCs and all thyroid carcinomas as well as four thyroid controls a nuclear expression was observed. A cytoplasmic granular staining was visible in all dermal mast cells and in 11/18 MCTs due to non-specific antibody uptake. No PARP-1 was expressed in 11/15 controls.Compared to the controls, thyroid carcinomas significantly overexpressed PARP-1 when calculated by IRS and QS (p = 0.003 and p = 0.005, respectively). The latter also applied to the MCTs (p = 0.001). A significantly higher PARP-1 IRS and QS were observed in thyroid carcinomas (p = 0.003, p = 0.005) and MCTs (p = 0.003, p = 0.012) compared to oral SCCs. The immunohistochemical PARP-1 overexpression in these tumours invites further research to assess its potential as a therapeutic target.The enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is crucial for cellular regulation and DNA repair. Its immunohistochemical overexpression is known in various human neoplasms, but it was not yet a topic of veterinary research. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded canine samples of 15 controls and 34 tumours were immunohistochemically tested for PARP-1 expression. Controls included five skin samples with mast cells, five oral mucosa samples and five thyroid glands. Tumours included 18 mast cell tumours (MCTs), 10 oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and six follicular thyroid carcinomas. A board-certified veterinary pathologist defined the optimal region for the blind PARP-1 evaluation, assessed by two independent veterinary PhD students. Positive nuclei were evaluated by the immunoreactivity score (IRS) and quick score (QS) and, for both scores, the averages of the two observers were used for statistical analysis. In all MCTs, 6/10 SCCs and all thyroid carcinomas as well as four thyroid controls a nuclear expression was observed. A cytoplasmic granular staining was visible in all dermal mast cells and in 11/18 MCTs due to non-specific antibody uptake. No PARP-1 was expressed in 11/15 controls.Compared to the controls, thyroid carcinomas significantly overexpressed PARP-1 when calculated by IRS and QS (p = 0.003 and p = 0.005, respectively). The latter also applied to the MCTs (p = 0.001). A significantly higher PARP-1 IRS and QS were observed in thyroid carcinomas (p = 0.003, p = 0.005) and MCTs (p = 0.003, p = 0.012) compared to oral SCCs. The immunohistochemical PARP-1 overexpression in these tumours invites further research to assess its potential as a therapeutic target.A
Synthesis of 3-Amino-β-lactams through Selective Imination of 3-Oxo-β-lactams
No full text3-Oxo-beta-lactams are known to deliver different types of reaction products upon treatment with primary amines, predominantly governed by the nature of the C4 substituent. In this work, a C4 substituent-independent protocol for the conversion of 3-oxo-beta-lactams to the corresponding 3-imino-beta-lactams was developed. By using primary amine hydrochloric acid salts in combination with 2,4,6-collidine, or free primary amines in combination with acetic acid, the undesired ring opening of 4-aryl- and (S)-4-((S)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)azetidine-2,3-diones toward ethanediamides and alpha-aminoamides, respectively, is avoided, enabling the smooth transformation of any 3-oxo-beta-lactam into its imine counterpart. As demonstrated by the ensuing synthesis of 3-alkylamino-beta-lactams, 3-imino-beta-lactams serve as building blocks for the construction of functionalized 3-amino-beta-lactams, with the latter being key motifs in drug discovery.3-Oxo-beta-lactams are known to deliver different types of reaction products upon treatment with primary amines, predominantly governed by the nature of the C4 substituent. In this work, a C4 substituent-independent protocol for the conversion of 3-oxo-beta-lactams to the corresponding 3-imino-beta-lactams was developed. By using primary amine hydrochloric acid salts in combination with 2,4,6-collidine, or free primary amines in combination with acetic acid, the undesired ring opening of 4-aryl- and (S)-4-((S)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)azetidine-2,3-diones toward ethanediamides and alpha-aminoamides, respectively, is avoided, enabling the smooth transformation of any 3-oxo-beta-lactam into its imine counterpart. As demonstrated by the ensuing synthesis of 3-alkylamino-beta-lactams, 3-imino-beta-lactams serve as building blocks for the construction of functionalized 3-amino-beta-lactams, with the latter being key motifs in drug discovery.
Policy learning within and across European institutions : charting the path towards European integration
No full textPolicy learning has long been considered central to the functioning and growth of the European Union (EU). This led to scholarly interest in policy learning by (EU) Institutions to surge over the years, positioning the learning lens as a potent explainer of why European Institutions do what they do, as a function of how, what, and why they learn about policy and governance problems. Building on this progress, and as a corollary, theorists and students of the EU have posited that policy learning within and across European Institutions can also function as an explanatory theoretical approach to European integration, rather than merely a byproduct or residual of the integration process. In this article, three key recent contributions on policy learning within the European Institutional architecture are reviewed and their findings with respect to the contribution of learning to European integration are systematized. The article concludes with an agenda for future research.Policy learning has long been considered central to the functioning and growth of the European Union (EU). This led to scholarly interest in policy learning by (EU) Institutions to surge over the years, positioning the learning lens as a potent explainer of why European Institutions do what they do, as a function of how, what, and why they learn about policy and governance problems. Building on this progress, and as a corollary, theorists and students of the EU have posited that policy learning within and across European Institutions can also function as an explanatory theoretical approach to European integration, rather than merely a byproduct or residual of the integration process. In this article, three key recent contributions on policy learning within the European Institutional architecture are reviewed and their findings with respect to the contribution of learning to European integration are systematized. The article concludes with an agenda for future research.A
Synthesis and Antibacterial Properties of 3-Amino-β-Lactams Bearing a Heteroatom-Containing C4 Substituent
No full textThe rise of antimicrobial resistance has spurred the search for innovative antibiotics, with monocyclic 3-amino-beta-lactams - aztreonam standing out as key example - showing significant potential. In particular, C4-functionalized 3-amino-beta-lactams have emerged as a promising subclass that can potentially improve the activity, stability and cellular permeability of the compounds. This review outlines various synthetic methodologies available for the construction of 3-amino-beta-lactams bearing a heteroatom-containing substituent at C4, with the heteroatom connected to the ring system either directly or via a methylene bridge. Special attention is devoted to 3-amino-4-hydroxymethyl-beta-lactams and 3-amino-4-acetoxy-beta-lactams as versatile synthetic intermediates. Moreover, the effect of these C4 substituents on the biological activity of the corresponding 3-amino-beta-lactams is discussed in detail. A better understanding of synthetic protocols and antibacterial properties related to this underexplored class of monocyclic 3-amino-beta-lactams might contribute to address the current antibiotics problems we are facing more efficiently.The rise of antimicrobial resistance has spurred the search for innovative antibiotics, with monocyclic 3-amino-beta-lactams - aztreonam standing out as key example - showing significant potential. In particular, C4-functionalized 3-amino-beta-lactams have emerged as a promising subclass that can potentially improve the activity, stability and cellular permeability of the compounds. This review outlines various synthetic methodologies available for the construction of 3-amino-beta-lactams bearing a heteroatom-containing substituent at C4, with the heteroatom connected to the ring system either directly or via a methylene bridge. Special attention is devoted to 3-amino-4-hydroxymethyl-beta-lactams and 3-amino-4-acetoxy-beta-lactams as versatile synthetic intermediates. Moreover, the effect of these C4 substituents on the biological activity of the corresponding 3-amino-beta-lactams is discussed in detail. A better understanding of synthetic protocols and antibacterial properties related to this underexplored class of monocyclic 3-amino-beta-lactams might contribute to address the current antibiotics problems we are facing more efficiently.
Sports media rights in the age of streaming and platformisation /
No full text"Against a backdrop of increased online distribution of media, this book provides an in-depth analysis of how the platformisation of television is both shaping and being shaped by the changing sports media market. Beginning by looking at the business models and strategies of the major stakeholders involved in the 'sports broadcasting value chain', the authors go on to focus on the challenges and opportunities posed by the growth of OTT delivery for the regulation of sports broadcasting in several key areas, including copyright law and piracy; competition issues linked to the buying, selling and distribution of premium sports content; and legislation designed to safeguard coverage of certain national and international sporting events for free-to-air television. Key areas of continuity, such as the persistence of national/regional markets; the importance attached to premium sports rights by rival delivery platforms as a source of 'market power'; and the need to update key areas of policy and regulation in order to address challenges posed by the use of OTT delivery, are also discussed. This book makes use of a range of international and regional examples and case studies, not least the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup, and identifies different strategies employed in the buying, selling and distribution of sports rights for all major parties in the sports media value chain, including new entrant OTT players, traditional pay-TV operators, public service broadcasters, and a range of international sports organizations. Providing a complete assessment of the relevance and future effectiveness of key areas of policy and regulation in sports media distribution, this book is recommended reading for advanced students and researchers of Sports Media, Sports Management, and Media Industries"--"Against a backdrop of increased online distribution of media, this book provides an in-depth analysis of how the platformisation of television is both shaping and being shaped by the changing sports media market. Beginning by looking at the business models and strategies of the major stakeholders involved in the 'sports broadcasting value chain', the authors go on to focus on the challenges and opportunities posed by the growth of OTT delivery for the regulation of sports broadcasting in several key areas, including copyright law and piracy; competition issues linked to the buying, selling and distribution of premium sports content; and legislation designed to safeguard coverage of certain national and international sporting events for free-to-air television. Key areas of continuity, such as the persistence of national/regional markets; the importance attached to premium sports rights by rival delivery platforms as a source of 'market power'; and the need to update key areas of policy and regulation in order to address challenges posed by the use of OTT delivery, are also discussed. This book makes use of a range of international and regional examples and case studies, not least the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup, and identifies different strategies employed in the buying, selling and distribution of sports rights for all major parties in the sports media value chain, including new entrant OTT players, traditional pay-TV operators, public service broadcasters, and a range of international sports organizations. Providing a complete assessment of the relevance and future effectiveness of key areas of policy and regulation in sports media distribution, this book is recommended reading for advanced students and researchers of Sports Media, Sports Management, and Media Industries"--Includes bibliographical references and index.The platformisation of sports media rights -- The sports media rights market : economics and history -- Commercial media organisations -- Public service media organisations -- Sports organisations -- Copyright law and piracy -- Competition issues -- Major events legislation.Evens, To
