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The Diversity of Sāṃkhya Philosophies and Sāṃkhya Philosophy as Practice
No full textSāṃkhya regnes som Indias eldste filosofiske system, og det er også blitt hevdet at sāṃkhya ikke bare er et av Indias filosofiske systemer, men er Indias filosofi. At sāṃkhya kan kalles Indias filosofi er fordi sāṃkhya danner fundament for mange filosofiske og teologiske tradisjoner og også preger mange andre indiske kunnskapstradisjoner. Mangfold av tradisjoner og tolkninger preger sāṃkhya-filosofi i fortid og nåtid. I artikkelen argumenterer jeg for noe av dette mangfoldet, beskriver noen ulike sāṃkhya-filosofier i indisk historie og diskuterer sāṃkhya-filosofi som lære og som praksis.Sāṃkhya is considered India’s oldest philosophical system, and it has also been argued that Sāṃkhya is not only one of India’s philosophical systems but is India’s philosophy. That Sāṃkhya can be called India’s philosophy is because Sāṃkhya forms the foundation for many philosophical and theological traditions and also characterizes many other Indian knowledge traditions. A diversity of traditions and interpretations characterize Sāṃkhya philosophy in the past and present. In the paper, I argue for some of this diversity, describe some different Sāṃkhya philosophies in Indian history, and discuss Sāṃkhya philosophy as doctrine and as practice
Constructionalization of body part constructions in Russian: five constructions with face, eyes, forehead, and back terms
No full textThe paper examines the evolution of five Russian constructions that include body part terms: в лицо ‘in face’, в глаза ‘in eyes’, в лоб ‘in forehead’, за спиной ‘behind back’, and за глаза ‘behind eyes’. The qualitative analysis is based on the materials of the Russian National Corpus (main, National Media, Old East Slavic, and Middle Russian subcorpora).
The five constructions constitute a family of “inclusative and exclusative” constructions. A crucial feature of the family is its semantics of the purposeful inclusion or exclusion of a participant, specifically the topic of the conversation. Inclusative constructions refer to situations in which a person is insulted or mocked openly and in their presence, ‘to their face’. Exclusative constructions denote situations in which an absent person is discussed, ridiculed, or negatively affected in some other way secretly, ‘behind their back’.
Non-compositional structure of the aforementioned constructions provides them with the ability to obtain non-trivial semantics. The paper discusses these meanings (such as presence or absence), explores the emergence of the five constructions in Russian, and describes the dynamic interactions and variations in the diachronic development within the family.
The research shows that the three oldest constructions of the family have followed a similar historical trajectory: в лицо ‘in face’, в глаза ‘in eyes’ and за глаза ‘behind eyes’ had the ability to denote a more general ‘presence’ or ‘absence’ meaning, but have now developed to only describe open or secret communication. Moreover, the three constructions had multiple formal variants (in terms of lexemes and case forms), but only one variant in each case has survived the competition. Moreover, the research shows that the process of constructionalization is still ongoing: some of the discussed constructions are developing new semantics pertaining to online vs offline communication
Animacy, definiteness, and world knowledge interactions in DOM in Spanish
No full textThis article brings together insights from several proposals regarding differential object marking (DOM) in Spanish. It states observations about prominence, saliency, or atypicality of the object (Aissen 2003; Fábregas 2013; García García 2007; Morimoto & de Swarts 2003; Weissenrieder 1991; etc.) in terms of the animacy alignments in González (2021: 42). It also shows the relevance for DOM of a continuum on definiteness from object pronouns, to proper N(ouns), to definite Ns, to indefinite Ns, to bare Ns. The interaction of the animacy alignments in (1) with definiteness makes possible a highly intuitive explanation not only of which objects get DOM (including inanimate ones), but also when some animate objects do not get DOM. The animacy alignments offer an explanation for why the only participant of the existential verb haber (‘there is/there are’) does not accept DOM. World knowledge is invoked to explain cases in which DOM is expected but does not occur; both with animate arguments and with inanimate ones. This article also offers evidence against affectedness as a relevant factor for DOM, and against transitivity as a computation of ten parameters, as proposed in Hopper & Thompson (1980).Este artículo integra observaciones de varias propuestas sobre la marca diferencial del objeto (DOM) en español. Expresa observaciones sobre prominencia, conspicuidad o atipicidad del objeto (Aissen 2003; Fábregas 2013; García García 2007; Morimoto & de Swarts 2003; Weissenrieder 1991; etc.) en términos de los alineamientos de animacidad de González (2021: 42).
(1) a. [+A], [-A] Alineamiento típico de Nom y ACC. No hay DOM
[+A], [+A] Alineamiento atípico de Nom y ACC. DOM, leísmo dialectal
[-A], [+A] Alineamiento atípico de Nom y ACC. DOM, leísmo general
[-A], [-A] Alineamiento atípico de Nom y ACC. DOM, leísmo inanimado
([+A] = animado; [-A] = inanimado. NOM(inativo); ACC(usativo)).
También muestra la relevancia para la DOM de un continuo de definitud desde los pronombres de objeto a los S(ustantivos) propios, a los S definidos, a los Ss indefinidos, a los Ss escuetos. La interacción de los alineamientos de animacidad de (1) con definitud posibilita una intuitiva explicación de cuáles objetos reciben DOM (incluyendo objetos inanimados) y cuándo algunos objetos—inanimados como animados—no reciben DOM. Los alineamientos de animacidad explican por qué no hay DOM con el único participante de haber. El conocimiento del mundo explica casos en los cuales se espera DOM, pero no ocurre—tanto con argumentos animados como inanimados. También se ofrece evidencia contra el nivel de afectado (‘affectedness’) como un factor relevante para la DOM y contra la transitividad como el cómputo de diez parámetros, como lo propusieron Hopper & Thompson (1980).
Palabras clave. Animacidad, a personal, dativo, DOM, marca del objeto, prominenci
Gender in society and the grammar: The cycle of representativeness and frequency in Brazilian Portuguese
No full textThis paper explores the interaction between language and society by proposing an approach through the processing of linguistic variation. Drawing on societal evidence and recent empirical studies in Brazilian Portuguese, it demonstrates how grammatical gender rules are perceived and encoded. The examination of gender agreement rules, exemplified by the choice between presidente and presidenta, along with results from gender noun frequency studies and the association between gender in society and reference in two-gender common nouns, supports the proposal of a cycle of gender representativeness and frequency in society and its effect on the encoding of grammar rules, reinforcing the mutually constitutive nature of language and society
Gender as a probe
No full textThis article discusses one of the possible roles that gender could have in the Agree operation (Chomsky 2000, 2001). Based on the analysis of the PCC in Spanish developed in Camacho Ramírez (2024), in which, in the context of a ditransitive verb, gender would be necessary to guide the other probes of v* toward a specific goal, it is proposed here that gender should also guide the probes of the v* of a transitive verb
Strategies for publishers to make scholarly metadata openly available
No full text(Watch the VIDEO.)
Research information, or scholarly metadata, is important for decision making around strategic priorities, distribution of resources, and evaluation of researchers and institutions. It is also used by funders, institutions and governments to assess the effect of policies, and by researchers and societal stakeholders to find and assess research results. The value of openly available research information is increasingly recognized, as it supports fair research assessment and makes it possible for everyone to find and assess relevant research.
Publishers play an important role in this context, as they are an important source of scholarly metadata - including bibliographic metadata for the research articles, books and book chapters, and other research outputs they publish. Many publishers make important metadata, including abstracts, authors and affiliations, references and funding information available via Crossref, including persistent identifiers (ORCID, ROR and funder and grant IDs). However, for many research articles, this metadata is still only available through closed, proprietary systems, if at all.
This panel brings together a number of approaches to support publishers to make metadata for the articles and other outputs they publish openly available. The panel will present and discuss these approaches, including criteria for success, potential challenges and context-specific considerations. Approaches represented on the panel vary from inclusion of open metadata in publisher negotiations, supporting under-resourced publishers, and the SCOAP3 open science mechanism that financially rewards publishers for open science practices, including open metadata. In addition, removing barriers in publisher workflows, from submission systems to metadata depositing, will be discussed.
Given the diversity of publishers in the scholarly communication landscape, from large commercial publishers to scholarly societies and institutional publishers of diamond journals, challenges and solutions for the provision of open scholarly metadata will vary. The panel will invite audience perspectives on the question how publishers can make more and better metadata available as open research information
Cultural periodicals: research marginality, gaps and importance
No full textThe problem area of cultural periodicals is made up of their conceptual specificity. Cultural periodicals serve as distributors of peculiar information. Traditionally, the distribution of this kind of knowledge has been based and reliant on the printed format. At the turn of the 21st century, with the era of virtualization gaining dominance, changes started getting manifested. As both culture and world outlook initiated a transformation while following the digital trends, cultural periodicals inevitably started facing the new trends of publishing and communication. They were actually forced to adapt to the changes, i.e., to distribute their cultural content not only in the traditional, but also in the digital format. They started setting up websites, and launching communication in social networks. Hence, in the era of virtualization, printed cultural periodicals ceased to serve as the only means of reaching the reader, that is, reading on the screen and communication in social networks became an inseparable part of their everyday reality. In this context, discussions were flaring as to which form of publishing – the virtual, or the traditional printed format, is the more appropriate one for cultural periodicals, and how the two formats of publishing should be aligned.
Thus, the relevance of the research of cultural periodicals is determined by two aspects: 1) the importance of cultural mass media, including cultural periodicals, for the cultural life of the nation, especially in the context of the mass culture and globalization; and 2) the problematic situation of publishing Lithuanian cultural periodicals at the time of media transformation , especially prior to 2015, which may be deemed the year of the initiation of the threshold in the publication of cultural periodicals. It was then that countless discussions and social campaigns started in an attempt to note the very existence of cultural periodicals and the issues they were facing. This period of a shift continued until 18 May 2018, when the Association of Cultural Periodicals was established, which actively contributed to the establishment of the Media Support Foundation. This has given cultural publications greater visibility, visibility and accessibility. Together, this has opened up more opportunities for research and reduced research gaps in this area
Sjøsamenes rettigheter til fiske i det tradisjonelle samiske bosettingsområdet: En sammenstilling av det eksisterende kunnskapsgrunnlaget
No full textDenne rapporten er en sammenstilling av det eksisterende kunnskapsgrunnlaget når det gjelder sjøsamenes rettigheter til fiske i det tradisjonelle samiske bosettingsområdet. Rapporten gir et omriss av historien til sjøsamene, slik denne er dokumentert gjennom flere tidligere utredninger, særlig Kystfiskeutvalgets utredning (NOU 2008: 5 Retten til fiske i havet utenfor Finnmark) og Sannhets- og forsoningskommisjonens rapport til Stortinget (Dokument 19 (2022–2023) Sannhet og forsoning – grunnlag for et oppgjør med fornorskingspolitikk og urett mot samer, kvener/norskfinner og skogfinner). Det er særlig to statlige tiltak som har rammet sjøsamene negativt: statens fornorskningspolitikk som startet i andre halvdel av 1800-tallet og innføringen av fartøykvoter i 1989. Ved førstnevnte ble sjøsamene i stor grad fratatt sitt språk. Ved sistnevnte ble de i stor grad fratatt sin tradisjonelle levevei. Rapporten analyserer for det første relevante folkerettslige kilder, hvoretter Norge er forpliktet til å sikre grunnlaget for denne delen av samisk kultur. Et sentralt funn er at, selv om eksisterende generelle menneskerettsinstrumenter og urfolksspesifikke instrumenter ikke fastsetter uttrykkelige bestemmelser som anerkjenner urfolks rettigheter til tradisjonelt brukte marine områder og tilhørende ressurser, disse instrumenter kan tolkes og anvendes på en måte som anerkjenner samenes rettigheter til marine områder og ressurser. På samme måte, fraværet av uttrykkelige referanser til urfolk i UNCLOS ikke innebærer at konvensjonen begrenser eller utelukker urfolks rettigheter. Snarere viser vi at internasjonale menneskerettigheter som gjelder urfolk, kan påvirke tolkningen av de eksisterende reglene og prinsippene i havretten. For det andre analyserer rapporten den rettslige oppfølgingen av Kystfiskeutvalgets forslag i lys av relevante menneskerettigheter. I denne sammenhengen er Fosen-saken fra 2021 av betydning, og rapporten diskuterer hvorvidt Høyesteretts argumentasjon for at det forelå brudd på menneskerettighetene til reindriftsutøverne på Fosen, har overføringsverdi til sjøsamenes rettsstilling i dag
Insights into Participatory Policymaking: Analysing the National Citizen Science Policy Development in Finland
No full textThis article explores how Finland created its first citizen science policy by involving the stakeholders in the policymaking process. The aim is to assess how engaging stakeholders can shape science policy.
The basis of the study is in the shift of responsibility for coordinating open science in Finland from the Ministry of Education and Culture to the Finnish research community, specifically the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies (TSV). We examined documents from the TSV citizen science working group, including meeting notes, survey results, and the final policy paper, to understand how stakeholder participation influenced the policy-making process.
The results show that involving stakeholders helped shape policy recommendations, especially in improving institutional support, guidelines, and funding visibility for citizen science. However, challenges like uneven awareness and engagement among stakeholders could limit the effectiveness of participatory approaches. By placing these findings within the context of participatory policymaking and stakeholder theory, the article provides insights into how inclusive policy design works. This study adds to the understanding of how participatory governance and science policy development can be integrated into institutional frameworks to drive practical change
Antagonistic game design: The author as a player
No full textThis article examines a particular relationship between game authors and players: the possibility for game authors to co-opt the role of players in the very game they created. Among the various ways in which this can occur, the article concentrates on ‘antagonistic game design’: the creation of games meant to frustrate and provoke their players. Player engagement, I argue, does not solely arise from the pleasure of overcoming in-game obstacles, participating in the unfolding of the game’s narrative or defeating other players, but can also emerge from resisting and opposing an imagined persona: the off-putting and often sadistic (implied) author behind the work. By projecting an unsympathetic and adversarial attitude towards players, antagonistically designed games can establish an asynchronous adversarial relationship with them and foster distinctive avenues for meaning-making and the self-validation of players