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Pioderma Profunda Associada a Demodicose e Dermatite Actínica em Cão
No full textBackground: Actinic Dermatitis (AD) is mainly caused by prolonged exposure to solar and ultraviolet radiation and mainly affects short-haired dogs with poorly pigmented or depigmented skin, leading to immunological and systemic changes. Deep pyoderma consists of a skin barrier dysfunction due to changes in the immune system or metabolism, occurring in cases of severe systemic immunosuppression or associated with demodicosis. Demodectic mange is caused by excessive multiplication of host-specific commensal mites in hair follicles and sebaceous glands. This study aims to report the case of a Pit Bull male dog affected by deep pyoderma associated with demodicosis and actinic dermatitis.
Case: A 3-year-and-6-month-old male Pit Bull dog with a history of actinic dermatitis, 2 years ago, was submitted for clinical evaluation at the Veterinary School Clinic (CVE) of the Santa Catarina Federal University (UFSC), Curitibanos “campus”. The guardian complained about new skin lesions that were not improving, and the patient showed more apathy. On dermatological examination, meliceric abrasions and crusts, the presence of erythema in the hocks, ears, face, and inguinal region, alopecia, papules, and pustules in the abdomen and face, and edema in the left pelvic limb with marked sensitivity were noted, all lesions distributed asymmetrically. The patient was referred for collection of materials for parasitological examination by deep skin scraping, bacteriological culture (swab) of the lesions of the left pelvic limb. The parasitological result was positive for Demodex canis and the culture isolated Staphylococcus sp. The antimicrobial susceptibility test results indicated sensitivity to Clavulanic Acid associated to Amoxicillin and Cephalexin, and resistance to Ciprofloxacin, Clindamycin, Enrofloxacin and Sulfazotrim. The diagnosis was deep pyoderma associated to actinic dermatitis and demodicosis. We opted for treatment with Cephalexin at a dose of 20 mg/kg BID, Prednisone at 0.78 mg/kg BID, and topical use of mupirocin and sunscreen, in addition to the prescription of the active ingredient sarolaner or fluralaner every 30 or 90 days, respectively. After the beginning of treatment, the patient showed significant improvement in clinical signs and continues to be treated for actinic dermatitis.
Discussion: AD tends to occur in light-coated Pit Bull dogs, with lesions on poorly pigmented skin surfaces, such as the ventral region of the abdomen, limbs, and face, due to the absence of photoprotective factors. The patient in question was a Pit Bull with a white and black coat, already diagnosed with AD 2 years ago. Prolonged exposure to solar or ultraviolet radiation can lead to local or systemic immunological changes, leading to immunosuppression and facilitating the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms, worsening the clinical picture. In this case, the animal had dermatological changes indicating the presence of concomitant diseases to AD, the primary being deep pyoderma, probably secondary to demodicosis. The definitive diagnosis was made from complementary examinations, which are indispensable for the conclusion and effective therapy. In conclusion, despite the common occurrence of demodicosis in the clinical routine and the secondary appearance of pyoderma, the event in conjunction with AD is scarcely reported, requiring the investigation of underlying diseases that occur with immunosuppression.
Keywords: solar dermatitis, deep pyoderma, demodectic mange, canine.
Título: Pioderma profunda associada a Demodicose e a Dermatite Actínica em um cão
Descritores: dermatite solar, pioderma profunda, sarna demodécica, canino.Contexto: A Dermatite Actínica (DA) tem como principal origem a exposição prolongada à radiação solar e ultravioleta (UV) e acomete principalmente cães de pelo curto, com pele pouco pigmentada ou despigmentada, levando a alterações imunológicas e sistêmicas. A piodermite consiste em disfunção da barreira cutânea por alterações do sistema imunológico ou do metabolismo, ocorrendo em casos de imunossupressão sistêmica grave ou associada à demodicose. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar o caso de um canino da raça Pitbull acometido por Pioderma profundo associado à demodicose e a Dermatite actínica, atendido na Clínica Veterinária Escola (CVE) da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), campus Curitibanos.
Caso: Um macho canino domiciliado, Pitbull com cerca de 3 anos e 6 meses de idade, chegou para atendimento, já com diagnóstico de Dermatite actínica há 2 anos e a queixa da tutora era de lesões cutâneas que não estavam apresentando melhora e o paciente estava se mostrando mais apático. Ao exame dermatológico, notar-se-iam escoriações e crostas melicéricas, tal como a presença de eritema em jarretes, orelhas, face e região inguinal, além de alopecia, pápulas e pústulas no abdômen e face, e edema em membro pélvico esquerdo com sensibilidade aguda, sendo todas as lesões distribuídas de forma assimétrica. O paciente foi encaminhado para coleta de materiais para realização de exame parasitológico por raspado profundo de pele, cultura bacteriológica e antibiograma por sutura de lesões do membro pélvico esquerdo. O resultado do parasitológico foi positivo para Demodex canis e a cultura teve crescimento do agente Staphylococcus sp. Os resultados do antibiograma indicaram sensibilidade a Ácido Clavulânico + Amoxicilina e Cefalexina, além de resistência para Ciprofloxacina, Clindamicina, Enrofloxacina e Sulfazotrim. O diagnóstico foi de pioderma profundo associado à dermatite actínica e à demodicose. Optou-se pelo tratamento com Cefalexina na dose 20mg/kg BID, com Prednisona a 0,78mg/kg BID, e uso tópico de mupirocina e protetor solar, além da prescrição do princípio ativo sarolaner ou fluralaner, a cada 30 ou 90 dias, respectivamente. Após o início do tratamento, o paciente apresentou melhora significativa dos sinais clínicos, e segue em tratamento para dermatite actínica.
Discussão: A DA tende a ocorrer em cães da raça Pitbull, de pelagem clara, com aparecimento de lesões em superfícies da pele pouco pigmentadas, como região ventral do abdômen, membros e face, devido à ausência de fatores fotoprotetores. O paciente em questão tratava-se de um Pitbull de pelagem branca e preta, já diagnosticado com DA há 2 anos. A exposição prolongada à radiação solar ou ultravioleta pode levar a alterações imunológicas locais ou sistêmicas, cursando com quadros de imunossupressão e facilitando a detecção de microrganismos patogênicos e, consequentemente, ocorrendo a piora do quadro clínico. Neste caso, o animal possuía alterações dermatológicas que indicavam a presença de doenças concomitantes à DA, sendo a principal a piodermite profunda provavelmente secundária à demodicose. O diagnóstico definitivo foi feito a partir de exames complementares, indispensáveis para a conclusão e eficácia terapêutica. Conclui-se, então, que apesar da ocorrência comum da demodicose na rotina clínica, e do aparecimento secundário da piodermite, o acontecimento em conjunto com a DA é pouco provável, sendo necessária a investigação de doenças subjacentes a enfermidades que cursam com imunossupressão
Pulmonary Nodule in a Bitch - 18FDG-PET/CT for Discriminating the Origin and Malignancy of the Lesion
No full textBackground: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in humans. In dogs and cats, lung cancer is also a notable cause of death, with metastatic lung cancer being more common than primary lung cancer in dogs. Differentiating benign from metastatic lung nodules is important because treatment plans can differ. Metastatic tumors are typically treated medically, whereas primary cancers and benign lung nodules are managed surgically. Advanced imaging techniques, such as 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography, enhance the detection and diagnosis of lung nodules. This case report aimed to describe the role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in identifying the origin of a lung nodule in a bitch.
Case: A 11-year-old intact bitch Golden Retriever was referred for evaluation and surgical resection of a splenic mass. Ultrasonography identified a well-demarcated, round mass measuring 7.6 × 6.9 cm at the splenic tail, suggesting a malignant splenic tumor owing to its size and remarkable change in splenic contour. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography was performed to assess the malignancy and metastasis of the splenic tumor, revealing a pulmonary nodule with increased 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake indicative of metastasis, which had not been detected on radiography. The maximum mean standardized uptake value of the abnormal lesions were as follows: splenic tail mass, 2.91 and 2.17; mammary gland mass, 5.22 and 3.81; and pulmonary nodule, 4.16 and 3.37, respectively. These results suggest possible inflammatory or malignant lesions in the mammary gland mass and pulmonary nodule. Based on the 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography findings, if the pulmonary nodule resulted from metastasis, its origin was more likely to be a mammary gland mass rather than a splenic mass. Histopathology following splenectomy and mammary gland resection were performed at the owner’s request, and the bitch was diagnosed with splenic hematoma and high-grade mammary basaloid ductular carcinoma with focal lymphatic vessel invasion, respectively. The animal died of dyspnea 4 months post-surgery.
Discussion: This case report highlights the utility of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose- positron emission tomography/computed tomography for defining the origin of pulmonary lung nodules in dogs. The 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose- positron emission tomography/computed tomography results provided critical information that influences diagnostic and treatment approaches. This case demonstrates the potential of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose- positron emission tomography/computed tomography as a diagnostic tool for providing information on tumor malignancy and origin. In addition, the integration of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose- positron emission tomography/computed tomography with computed tomography provides both anatomical and functional information, providing a comprehensive assessment superior to that provided by computed tomography alone. Future perspectives include further evaluation of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose- positron emission tomography/computed tomography in larger cohorts of veterinary patients to establish its role in routine clinical practice for diagnosing the origin and malignancy of canine lung lesions.
Keywords: metastatic lung cancer, 18F-FDG, positron emission tomography, mammary gland tumor, splenic mass, canine mammary glands
DUPLICAÇÃO DUODENAL CÍSTICA EM GATO
No full textBackground: Cystic duodenal duplication in felines is a rare congenital malformation. Although well-documented in humans and other animal, such as dogs and cats, its occurrence is rare in felines. Clinically, this condition manifests as cysts containing histological structures similar to the gastrointestinal tissue, which can be found at different levels of the digestive tract. Thus, this case report aimed to describe the main aspects of cystic duodenal duplication, its clinical symptoms, its diagnostic methods, and its treatment options.
Case: A 8-month-old neutered, female cat, weighing 2.5 kg, was attended for clinical evaluation. Major complaints reported by the guardian were weight loss and constant emesis, with presence of bile and as many as 8th episodes in a day. During the physical examination, no changes in vital parameters were observed. Laboratory tests such as blood count, biochemistry, histopathology, and abdominal ultrasound were performed, revealing a tubular, homogeneous anechoic structure approximately 2.51 cm in length and adjacent to the duodenal serous/muscular layer. For a definitive diagnosis, histopathological analysis of the structure observed during the imaging exam was requested. The patient was then referred to the surgical ward and underwent exploratory celiotomy. An oval-shaped cystic structure with a serous appearance adhered to the duodenal-pancreatic section was dissected, stored in 10% buffered formalin, and sent for histopathological analysis. Results were suggestive of cystic enteric duplication, with lesion margins comprising a muscular layer and inflammatory cells.
Discussion: Cystic duodenal duplication is a congenital malformation accounting for approximately a 3rd of the duplications occurring in the gastrointestinal tracts of cats. However, there are more reports describing these cysts in dogs than in cats. The aggravating factor in cats and dogs tends to be partial or total obstruction of the duodenum, which may or may not be associated with tenesmus. Furthermore, although rare, duplication cysts of the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by embryological malformations, cause important clinical signs, such as emesis and anorexia, corroborating what was observed in this case. These are important for the differential diagnosis of animals with chronic gastrointestinal signs, and those that do not respond to pharmacological therapy. Duplication cysts are characterized considering 3 main criteria. They must be associated with the gastrointestinal tract, and they must have a muscular layer and epithelium similar to that of the gastrointestinal tract on histopathological analysis. Moreover, its presentation on ultrasound is usually associated with the formation of a rim sign by the hypoechoic muscle layer along with the serosa with greater echogenicity and an anechoic center due to the presence of fluid. Herein, only a homogeneous anechoic structure was observed on ultrasound, and histopathological examination revealed a structure compatible with cystic enteric duplication associated with inflammatory cells. Therefore, it is crucial not to rule out the diagnosis of an enteric duplication cyst on the basis of ultrasound solely, as this is an auxiliary method of diagnosis, and is used to plan surgical approaches.
Keywords: feline, enteric duplication cyst, duodenum.
Título: Duplicação duodenal cística em gato
Descritores: felino, cistos de duplicação entérica, duodeno.Background: Cystic duodenal duplication in felines is a rare congenital malformation. Although well-documented in humans and other animal, such as dogs and cats, its occurrence is rare in felines. Clinically, this condition manifests as cysts containing histological structures similar to the gastrointestinal tissue, which can be found at different levels of the digestive tract. Thus, this case report aimed to describe the main aspects of cystic duodenal duplication, its clinical symptoms, its diagnostic methods, and its treatment options.
Case: An 8-month-old neutered, female cat weighing 2.5 kg was treated. Major complaints reported by the guardian were weight loss and constant emesis, with presence of bile and as many as eight episodes in a day. During the physical examination, no changes in vital parameters were observed. Laboratory tests such as blood count, biochemistry, histopathology, and abdominal ultrasound were performed, revealing a tubular, homogeneous anechoic structure approximately 2.51 cm in length and adjacent to the duodenal serous/muscular layer. For a definitive diagnosis, histopathological analysis of the structure observed during the imaging exam was requested. The patient was then referred to the surgical ward and underwent exploratory celiotomy. An oval-shaped cystic structure with a serous appearance adhered to the duodenal–pancreatic section was dissected, stored in 10% buffered formalin, and sent for histopathological analysis. Results were suggestive of cystic enteric duplication, with lesion margins comprising a muscular layer and inflammatory cells.
Discussion: Cystic duodenal duplication is a congenital malformation accounting for approximately a third of the duplications occurring in the gastrointestinal tracts of cats. However, there are more reports describing these cysts in dogs than in cats. The aggravating factor in cats and dogs tends to be partial or total obstruction of the duodenum, which may or may not be associated with tenesmus. Furthermore, although rare, duplication cysts of the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by embryological malformations, cause important clinical signs, such as emesis and anorexia, corroborating what was observed in this case. These are important for the differential diagnosis of animals with chronic gastrointestinal signs, and those that do not respond to pharmacological therapy. Duplication cysts are characterized considering three main criteria. They must be associated with the gastrointestinal tract, and they must have a muscular layer and epithelium similar to that of the gastrointestinal tract on histopathological analysis. Moreover, its presentation on ultrasound is usually associated with the formation of a rim sign by the hypoechoic muscle layer along with the serosa with greater echogenicity and an anechoic center due to the presence of fluid. Herein, only a homogeneous anechoic structure was observed on ultrasound, and histopathological examination revealed a structure compatible with cystic enteric duplication associated with inflammatory cells. Therefore, it is crucial not to rule out the diagnosis of an enteric duplication cyst on the basis of ultrasound solely, as this is an auxiliary method of diagnosis, and is used to plan surgical approaches
Osteotomia abdutora proximal da ulna (osteotomia PAUL) no tratamento da síndrome do compartimento medial do cotovelo em cão
No full textBackground: Medial compartment disease (MCD) is characterized by the degeneration of the articular cartilage in the medial compartment of the elbow joint. Various surgical interventions are employed to manage this condition, with the proximal abducting at altering the load distribution across the elbow joint. This procedure is intended to offload the medial compartment, alleviate pain, and decelerate the progression of osteoarthritis. Despite its theoretical benefits, the long-term outcomes, efficacy, and potential complications associated with PAUL osteotomy remain incompletely understood. The present report describes the application of PAUL osteotomy in the surgical treatment of a dog with MCD, utilizing a specialized bone plate.
Case: A 2-year-old male Chow Chow dog, weighing 32 kg, was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital with a history of chronic thoracic limb lameness. Upon physical examination, moderate lameness was noted in both forelimbs, accompanied by shortening of the stride, a narrowed base of support, slight pronation of the forearms, and mild adduction of the left elbow. Radiographic evaluation of both forelimbs revealed advanced osteoarthritic changes, with similar alterations observed in both elbows, supporting the diagnosis of medial compartment disease. Initial conservative management, including physical therapy, was instituted; however, the patient exhibited intolerance to the prescribed regimen and failed to show significant improvement over a 6-month follow-up period. Consequently, the decision was made to proceed with PAUL osteotomy. Preoperative radiographs revealed a mechanical medial elbow angle (mMEA) of 84.8º. The surgical approach involved a caudo-lateral incision over the left ulna, with osteotomy performed distally at the midshaft of the ulna. A bone plate was applied, with a 3 mm step at the proximal fragment. Postoperatively, partial weight-bearing was observed within 24 h, with moderate lameness. Clinically, there was notable improvement in weight-bearing capacity and a reduction in both elbow adduction and forearm pronation by 30 days post-surgery. A satisfactory clinical outcome was achieved by 120 days postoperatively. Follow-up radiographs at 90 days demonstrated an improved mMEA of 88.5º. Radiographic healing of the osteotomy site was evident at 180 days, and no complications were observed through 280 days post-surgery. During the 4-year follow-up, radiographic evaluation revealed complete consolidation of the osteotomy and marked improvement in the articular surface of the operated elbow. Notably, there was reduced osteophyte formation in the region of the medial epicondyle, and no progression of osteoarthritis was detected, indicating a favorable long-term outcome. The dog demonstrated excellent weight-bearing on the affected limb, with no signs of lameness.
Discussion: The results of this case suggest that PAUL osteotomy, performed without concomitant elbow arthrotomy, is an effective surgical treatment for MCD, leading to significant improvements in both clinical outcomes and quality of life. Notable improvements were observed in the lameness score, reduction of joint pain, and an increase in the range of motion. The owner reported high satisfaction with the procedure, and radiographic evidence demonstrated no progression of osteoarthritis during the 4-year evaluation period. Importantly, distal placement of the osteotomy and the implant did not adversely affect the clinical or radiographic outcomes. These findings support the potential of PAUL osteotomy as a viable long-term solution for managing MCD in dogs, particularly in cases unresponsive to conservative treatments.
Keywords: elbow dysplasia, osteoarthritis, mechanical medial elbow angle.
Título: Síndrome do compartimento medial do cotovelo em cão - tratamento com osteotomia abdutora proximal da ulna (osteotomia PAUL)
Descritores: displasia de cotovelo, osteoartrose, ângulo mecânico medial do cotovelo.Background: Medial compartment disease (MCD) is characterized by the degeneration of the articular cartilage in the medial compartment of the elbow joint. Various surgical interventions are employed to manage this condition, with the proximal abducting ulnar (PAUL) osteotomy representing a biomechanically driven technique aimed at altering the load distribution across the elbow joint. This procedure is intended to offload the medial compartment, alleviate pain, and decelerate the progression of osteoarthritis. Despite its theoretical benefits, the long-term outcomes, efficacy, and potential complications associated with PAUL osteotomy remain incompletely understood. The present report describes the application of PAUL osteotomy in the surgical treatment of a dog with MCD, utilizing a specialized bone plate.
Case Description: A 2-year-old male dog was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital with a history of chronic thoracic limb lameness. Upon physical examination, moderate lameness was noted in both forelimbs, accompanied by shortening of the stride, a narrowed base of support, slight pronation of the forearms, and mild adduction of the left elbow. Radiographic evaluation of both forelimbs revealed advanced osteoarthritic changes, with similar alterations observed in both elbows, supporting the diagnosis of medial compartment disease. Initial conservative management, including physical therapy, was instituted; however, the patient exhibited intolerance to the prescribed regimen and failed to show significant improvement over a 6-month follow-up period. Consequently, the decision was made to proceed with PAUL osteotomy. Preoperative radiographs revealed a mechanical medial elbow angle (mMEA) of 84.8º. The surgical approach involved a caudo-lateral incision over the left ulna, with osteotomy performed distally at the midshaft of the ulna. A bone plate was applied, with a 3 mm step at the proximal fragment. Postoperatively, partial weight-bearing was observed within 24 hours, with moderate lameness. Clinically, there was notable improvement in weight-bearing capacity and a reduction in both elbow adduction and forearm pronation by 30 days post-surgery. A satisfactory clinical outcome was achieved by 120 days postoperatively. Follow-up radiographs at 90 days demonstrated an improved mMEA of 88.5º. Radiographic healing of the osteotomy site was evident at 180 days, and no complications were observed through 280 days post-surgery. During the 4-year follow-up, radiographic evaluation revealed complete consolidation of the osteotomy and marked improvement in the articular surface of the operated elbow. Notably, there was reduced osteophyte formation in the region of the medial epicondyle, and no progression of osteoarthritis was detected, indicating a favorable long-term outcome. The dog demonstrated excellent weight-bearing on the affected limb, with no signs of lameness.
Discussion: The results of this case suggest that PAUL osteotomy, performed without concomitant elbow arthrotomy, is an effective surgical treatment for MCD, leading to significant improvements in both clinical outcomes and quality of life. Notable improvements were observed in the lameness score, reduction of joint pain, and an increase in the range of motion. The owner reported high satisfaction with the procedure, and radiographic evidence demonstrated no progression of osteoarthritis during the 4-year evaluation period. Importantly, distal placement of the osteotomy and the implant did not adversely affect the clinical or radiographic outcomes. These findings support the potential of PAUL osteotomy as a viable long-term solution for managing MCD in dogs, particularly in cases unresponsive to conservative treatments
Septic Nonunion in Radius and Ulna in a Dog: Treatment with Orthogonal Plating Associated with Corticospongious Bone Autograft
No full textBackground: A fracture stabilization strategy must be able to withstand the loads to which the bone will be subjected and be appropriate for the individual patient. Fractures of the radius and ulna are common in dogs; however, the incidence of complications is relatively high. Inadequate repair can result in complications. The treatment of long bone diaphyseal fracture-nonunion is challenging. While considering biological needs, a stable mechanical environment is pertinent for fracture healing. The aim of this study was to describe the treatment of a septic nonunion in the radius and ulna in a large breed dog which had suffered amputation of the contralateral forelimb through stabilization with orthogonal plating and the use of corticospongious bone autograft.
Case: A 5-year-old male mixed breed dog, weighing 47 kg, with amputation of the right forelimb had been previously treated for fracture of the left radius and ulna with external immobilization for several weeks. The patient was admitted to our veterinary service 120 days after the initial trauma without effective bone consolidation and refracture after minimal load. The septic nonunion in the left radius and ulna was successfully treated with a custom locked plate 4.5 mm thick on the cranial surface of the left radius, a 3.5 mm thick locked plate on the lateral surface of the left ulna and application of a corticospongious bone autograft from the left iliac crest. Satisfactory return to function and clinical union were achieved at 20 and 75 days postoperatively, respectively. After consolidation, dynamization was performed in 3 stages until complete removal of the implants. The treatment provided an early return of limb function, complete bone consolidation and a good prognosis for the dog.
Discussion: The healing of fractures of the radius and ulna can be problematic, and a poor choice of stabilization method can lead to complications such as delayed union, non-union, malunion and angular limb deformities. External immobilization proved to be the least effective technique in the treatment of diaphyseal fractures of the radius and ulna in dogs, even in larger breeds, when compared with the use of external skeletal fixators or plates and screws. The choice of external immobilization may explain the failure of the primary repair in this case. The patient only had this thoracic limb for support, which, in addition to a nonunion, also had osteomyelitis. Thus, rigid stabilization was necessary and, given the biological conditions presented, the use of autograft and antimicrobial treatment against bone infection were favorable for bone repair. Bone grafts have many functions, including improving the biological repair of skeletal defects and reducing time to healing in delayed unions and non-unions, as they stimulate early bridging callus formation. It is already known that to maximize the treatment against infection, bone vascularization in the focus must be present, in such a way, the use of autograft was again justified. Constructions with dual bone fixation (radial and ulnar) allow a significant increase in resistance to axial compression and caudocranial flexion when compared to the use of a radial plate alone and perform better under load-to-failure cycles than other constructions. The use of 2 plates in the present case was considered essential, due to the characteristics of the fracture and the patient. In this way, it was possible to achieve successful treatment by restoring limb functions, such as support and ambulation in a short period of time.
Keywords: bone plates, complications, dynamization, fracture healing, osteomyelitis
Uso da Associação de Azitromicina e Meloxicam no Tratamento da Papilomatose Oral Canina
No full textBackground: Canine oral papillomatosis is an infectious disease that usually affects dogs with immune deficiencies, but can eventually regress without treatment. However, this regression without treatment can be time-consuming, taking up to 12 months for complete regression, thus causing more suffering for the dogs and difficulties in the maintenance and hygiene of the animal. Many treatments have been proposed, but most without scientific references, which has often led to frustrating results. The aim of this report is to describe the response to the treatment of one bitch with oral papillomatosis, using Azithromycin associated with Meloxicam.
Case: A 6-month-old bitch Pug with skin lesions consistent with canine oral papillomatosis, presenting typical clinical lesions such as exophytic vegetative formations, cauliflower-like lesions and verrucous and hyperkeratotic papules around the mouth and on the internal oral mucosa. The treatment protocol included Azithromycin (10 mg/kg) in combination with Meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg), administered orally every 24 h for 10 days. This therapeutic management protocol was in accordance with the dosage recommendations provided by the manufacturer of the drug approved and commercially available in Brazil. The dog maintained normal appetite and behavior and showed no clinical signs other than the aforementioned lesions. This treatment resulted in complete resolution of the papillomatous lesions. Follow-up monitoring over 12 months showed no recurrence, indicating sustained clinical remission.
Discussion: Azithromycin is widely used in Veterinary Medicine to treat various bacterial infections, and it is well tolerated and effective in treating papillomatosis in humans; however, the precise mechanism of its antiviral activity is not fully understood. In the present case, the lesions completely regressed after 10 days of treatment with Azithromycin and Meloxicam. Possibly Meloxicam improved the dog's quality of life during treatment by reducing the discomfort associated with the oral lesions, since other studies have shown that Meloxicam was effective in vitro in reducing cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis and improving the human patient's quality of life by relieving the pain and discomfort caused by the papillomatosis lesions. The combined treatment of Azithromycin and Meloxicam carried out in this case was effective for the rapid resolution of canine oral papillomatosis and without recurrence, indicating sustained clinical remission. Effective treatment is particularly important to avoid a prolonged course of the disease, which can increase the spread of the infection to other dogs. Tumor recurrence after apparently successful treatment is also common and, in addition, the possible malignancy of papillomatous lesions requires prompt and effective treatment. Reducing the incidence of clinical cases of oral papillomatosis in dogs requires strategic management, including appropriate treatment to contain the spread of the virus. Further studies are needed to investigate any specific antiviral activity of these two drugs used on the dog in the present report.
Keywords: dog, papillomavirus, wart, disease.Histórico: A papilomatose oral canina é uma doença infecciosa que geralmente afeta cães com deficiências imunológicas, mas pode eventualmente regredir sem tratamento. No entanto, essa regressão sem tratamento pode ser demorada, levando até 12 meses para a regressão completa, causando assim mais sofrimento para os cães e dificuldades na manutenção e higiene do animal. Muitos tratamentos têm sido propostos, mas a maioria sem referências científicas, o que muitas vezes tem levado a resultados frustrantes. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a resposta ao tratamento de um animal com papilomatose oral canina, utilizando Azitromicina associada ao Meloxicam.
Caso: Um Pug de seis meses de idade com lesões cutâneas compatíveis com papilomatose oral canina, apresentando lesões clínicas típicas, como formações vegetativas exofíticas, lesões semelhantes a couve-flor e pápulas verrucosas e hiperceratóticas ao redor da boca e na mucosa oral interna. O protocolo de tratamento incluiu Azitromicina (10 mg/kg) em combinação com Meloxicam (0,1 mg/kg), administrados por via oral a cada 24 horas durante 10 dias. Esse protocolo de manejo terapêutico estava de acordo com as recomendações de dosagem fornecidas pelo fabricante do medicamento aprovado e disponível comercialmente no Brasil. O cão manteve o apetite e o comportamento normais e não apresentou outros sinais clínicos além das lesões mencionadas acima. Esse tratamento resultou na resolução completa das lesões papilomatosas. O monitoramento de acompanhamento durante 12 meses não mostrou recorrência, indicando remissão clínica sustentada.
Discussão: A azitromicina é amplamente utilizada na medicina veterinária para tratar várias infecções bacterianas e é bem tolerada e eficaz no tratamento da papilomatose em humanos; no entanto, o mecanismo preciso de sua atividade antiviral não é totalmente compreendido. No presente caso, as lesões regrediram completamente após 10 dias de tratamento com Azitromicina e Meloxicam. Possivelmente, o Meloxicam melhorou a qualidade de vida do cão durante o tratamento, reduzindo o desconforto associado às lesões orais, já que outros estudos demonstraram que o Meloxicam foi eficaz in vitro na redução da proliferação celular, induzindo a apoptose e melhorando a qualidade de vida do paciente humano ao aliviar a dor e o desconforto causados pelas lesões de papilomatose. O tratamento combinado de Azitromicina e Meloxicam realizado neste caso foi eficaz para a rápida resolução da papilomatose oral canina e sem recorrência, indicando remissão clínica sustentada. O tratamento eficaz é particularmente importante para evitar um curso prolongado da doença, o que pode aumentar a disseminação da infecção para outros cães. A recorrência do tumor após um tratamento aparentemente bem-sucedido também é comum e, além disso, a possível malignidade das lesões papilomatosas exige um tratamento imediato e eficaz. A redução da incidência de casos clínicos de papilomatose oral em cães requer um gerenciamento estratégico, incluindo o tratamento adequado para conter a disseminação do vírus. São necessários mais estudos para investigar qualquer atividade antiviral específica desses dois medicamentos usados no cão no presente estudo
Abordagem cirúrgica para o tratamento de Fratura de Monteggia tipo IV em filhote de Onça-parda (Puma concolor)
No full textBackground: Monteggia fracture is an injury characterized by a bone discontinuity affecting the ulna associated with radial head dislocation. This type of fracture has been rarely reported in human and veterinary literature and even more rarely in studies on wild animals. Herein, we report the case of a puma cub (Puma concolor); also known as cougar) with functional weakness of the right forelimb following an automobile trauma who was diagnosed with type IV Monteggia fracture. The cub underwent osteosynthesis of the radius and ulna, which was associated with reduction of humeroradial dislocation, to achieve functional recovery of the injured limb until its reintroduction into the wild.
Case: A traumatized puma cub was treated for lameness and functional weakness of the right forelimb. The nature of the trauma is unknown, but probably secondary to vehicle collision. Following intramuscular chemical sedation with ketamine and xylazine, a physical examination was conducted, revealing that the cub was a young male with permanent incisors and deciduous canines. Radiographic examination revealed fractures in both ulna and radius, along with right humeroradial dislocation, which is a characteristic feature of type IV Monteggia fracture. The cub underwent surgical osteosynthesis associated with correction of the dislocation. Osteosynthesis was performed using locking neutralization plates on both radius and ulna. In addition, a figure-of-8 antirotational suture was performed with steel wire over the head of the radius and condyle of the humerus to reduce the radial head dislocation. After surgery, the animal appeared comfortable, with weight bearing of the operated limb. Bone healing of the fractures was verified within 75 days. It was recommended that the implants should be removed before reintroducing the animal into the wild.
Discussion: Monteggia fractures are an uncommon type of fracture, with only a few reports published in veterinary literature. Despite the lack of information, especially in wild animals. This type of fracture has been reported to be caused by direct high-energy, for example, automobile trauma or falls. Monteggia fractures are difficult to be identified by physical examination, and radiographic examination with at least 2 orthogonal projections is defined as the "gold standard" of diagnosis. These fractures must be treated surgically as early as possible to avoid excessive surgical manipulation and complications. Complications include swelling of the limb, muscle contraction, and inflammation of the soft tissues. The surgical technique may vary depending on the surgeon's preference and patient's characteristics. Furthermore, when bone fragments can be anatomically reconstructed and maintained in position, rigid stabilization methods should be used, such as locking plates. In the feline analyzed in this report, osteosynthesis of the radius and ulna combined with the antirotational suture enabled bone healing and functional recovery of the limb. The osteosynthesis associated to the antirotational suture contributed to the maintenance of the joint congruence, which is extremely important for maintaining an acceptable joint function. Early surgical intervention and appropriate handling of the animal contributed to its successful recovery and reintroduction into the wild. The implants used in the osteosynthesis of the radius and ulna were removed before the animal was released, due to the non-biodegradability of the materials.
Keywords: felidae, wild animal medicine, radius and ulna, humeroradial subluxation, osteosynthesis.Background: Fratura de Monteggia é uma lesão caracterizada por uma descontinuidade óssea que afeta a ulna associada a luxação da cabeça do rádio. Esse tipo de fratura é bastante raro tanto na literatura humana quanto veterinária e é muito mais singular em animais silvestres. O presente artigo trata do caso de um filhote de onça-parda (Puma concolor) manifestando debilidade funcional em membro torácico direito pós trauma automobilístico, e diagnóstico de fratura de Monteggia tipo IV, e posteriormente submetido a osteossínteses de rádio e ulna e redução da luxação umerorradial, com recuperação funcional do membro lesionado até sua reintrodução a natureza. Case: Um animal da espécie Puma concolor, também conhecido como onça-parda, foi atendido no Centro Veterinário da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, campus Poços de Caldas, Brasil, apresentando claudicação e debilidade funcional em membro torácico direito. Por meio de uma contenção química por via intramuscular com cetamina e xilazina, foram realizados exames físico, laboratoriais e radiográfico, e verificado que o animal era um espécime macho e jovem por apresentar dentes incisivos permanentes e caninos decíduos. Posto que este apresentava mobilidade funcional decrescida em um dos membros, por meio das imagens apresentadas realizadas pelo exame radiográfico, averiguou-se que o animal apresentava fraturas tanto em ulna quanto em rádio, e luxação umerorradial no membro torácico direito, que caracterizavam fratura de Monteggia tipo IV. Devido a isto, este foi submetido ao procedimento cirúrgico de osteossíntese associada a correção da luxação. Para o procedimento, foram administradas pela via intramuscular cetamina e xilazina como pré-medicação para contenção química, seguido pelo uso de propofol por via intravenosa para indução de anestesia geral. A manutenção anestésica foi realizada por meio de isofluorano diluído em oxigênio. Desse modo, a osteossíntese foi realizada com uso de placas bloqueadas em configuração de neutralização, respectivamente no rádio e ulna. Adicionalmente, foi realizada uma sutura antirrotacional em figura de 8, com fio de aço, sobre a cabeça do rádio e o côndilo do úmero, a fim de reduzir a luxação umerroradial. Pós procedimento cirúrgico, foi realizado bandagem de Robert Jones com finalidade de controlar a formação de edema e restringir a movimentação do membro acometido. Após a cirurgia, o animal se apresentava confortável, apresentando sustento sobre membro operado, consequente da consolidação óssea das fraturas em setenta e cinco dias. Face ao exposto, preconizou-se a retirada dos implantes utilizados antes da reintegração do animal para a natureza. Discussion: As fraturas de Monteggia são um tipo incomum de fraturas na medicina veterinária, tendo poucos relatos descritos na literatura. Apesar da carência de informações, especialmente em animais silvestres, esse tipo de fratura é descrito como resultantes de traumas automobilísticos ou quedas. Para fins diagnósticos, o exame radiográfico com no mínimo duas projeções ortogonais, é definido como o “padrão ouro” na identificação. Adiante, são fraturas que devem ser obrigatoriamente tratadas por meio de cirugia, o mais precocemente possível, afim de evitar manipulação cirúrgica excessiva e complicações no membro afetado. A técnica cirúrgica pode variar, dependendo da preferência do cirurgião e das características do paciente. No felídeo citado, a osteossíntese realizada em rádio e ulna em conjunção com a sutura antirrotacional, foram alguns dos fatores que contribuíram para uma consolidação óssea adequada do membro. A intervenção cirúrgica precoce e o manejo adequado do animal contribuíram para o sucesso na recuperação do animal com seu destino à natureza
Prospective Study of Osteotomy Gap Consolidation Time After Tibial Tuberosity Advancement With and Without the Use of Autogenous Cancellous Bone Graft in Dogs
No full textBackground: Cranial cruciate ligament disease is the leading cause of lameness in dogs. The application of autogenous cancellous bone graft within the osteotomy gap has been indicated to accelerate bone healing, but prospective clinical studies evaluating the effects of autogenous cancellous bone graft on osteotomy gap healing after TTA have produced mixed results. The aim of this study was evaluate bone healing time in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease that underwent osteotomy for tibial tuberosity advancement with or without autogenous cancellous bone graft. We hypothesized that an autogenous cancellous bone graft would accelerate bone consolidation after tibial tuberosity advancement.
Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 30 dogs (8 male; 22 female) of various breeds with unilateral or bilateral cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD), a minimum weight of 20 kg (44 lbs), and a tibial plateau angle up to 25° were randomly assigned to Group A [15 dogs; graft] or B [15 dogs; control]. Dogs underwent tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) with [Group A] or without [Group B] autogenous cancellous bone graft harvested from their tibia. All surgical procedures were performed by the same experienced orthopedic surgeon. They were assessed through monthly radiographs (at postoperative [PO] day 30, 60, 90, and, as required to cover complete healing, 120, 150, 180, and 210 days). Radiographic evaluation was conducted by an experienced veterinarian who was familiar with the TTA procedure and was blinded to the treatment group (images without identification - name/group). Significantly more dogs in Group A achieved 100% osteotomy gap consolidation at 30 days PO (P = 0.0002) and 60 days PO (P = 0.0016) than Group B. The average time to 100% bone consolidation was 56 days (± 15.4) for Group A and 108 days (± 46.47) for Group B, and was significantly shorter for group A (P < 0.0001).
Discussion: Our results have showed bone consolidation time in dogs with CCLD undergoing the surgical technique of TTA is significantly faster when aided by an autogenous cancellous bone graft at 30 and 60 days PO. Therefore, we accept our hypothesis that autogenous cancellous bone graft accelerates bone consolidation. These results support the findings of another study, that noted that the use of autograft resulted in significantly higher osteotomy healing scores at 6 and 10 weeks postoperatively. The divergence of results between studies evaluating osteotomy gap consolidation following TTA may be partly explained by the subjective and different methods of bone consolidation evaluation used in these investigations. This is a standard limitation when using radiographic evaluation, however, the selection of this method is justified by the fact that this imaging modality is commonly used in routine clinical practice to evaluate bone consolidation – it is, therefore, clinically representative. The present study is subject to certain limitations. Firstly, variables other than bone graft treatment may have influenced bone consolidation time, such as age, weight, and cage size. However, these variables were not significantly different between the evaluated groups (P > 0.05), thus eliminating the effects of these potentially confounding variables. Secondly, the investigator evaluating radiographic bone consolidation could not be completely blinded to the treatment group, as some degree of radiation attenuation was associated with the cancellous bone graft. In conclusion, one consolidation time in dogs with CCLD undergoing the surgical technique of TTA is significantly faster when aided by an autogenous cancellous bone graft.
Keywords: stifle, knee, TTA, cranial cruciate ligament, rupture.Background: Cranial cruciate ligament disease is the leading cause of lameness in dogs The application of autogenous cancellous bone graft within the osteotomy gap has been indicated to accelerate bone healing, but prospective clinical studies evaluating the effects of autogenous cancellous bone graft on osteotomy gap healing after TTA have produced mixed results. The aim of vthis study was evaluate bone healing time in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease that underwent osteotomy for tibial tuberosity advancement with or without autogenous cancellous bone graft. We hypothesized that an autogenous cancellous bone graft would accelerate bone consolidation after tibial tuberosity advancement.
Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 30 dogs (8 male; 22 female) of various breeds with unilateral or bilateral cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD), a minimum weight of 20 kg (44 lbs), and a tibial plateau angle up to 25° were randomly assigned to group A (15 dogs; graft) or B (15 dogs; control). Dogs underwent tibial tuberosity advancement with (Group A) or without (Group B) autogenous cancellous bone graft harvested from their tibia. All surgical procedures were performed by the same experienced orthopedic surgeon. They were assessed through monthly radiographs (at postoperative [PO] day 30, 60, 90, and, as required to cover complete healing, 120, 150, 180, and 210 days). Radiographic evaluation was conducted by an experienced veterinarian who was familiar with the TTA procedure and was blinded to the treatment group (images without identification - name/group). Significantly more dogs in group A achieved 100% osteotomy gap consolidation at 30 days PO (P = 0.0002) and 60 days PO (P = 0.0016) than group B. The average time to 100% bone consolidation was 56 days (±15.4) for group A and 108 days (±46.47) for group B, and was significantly shorter for group A (P < 0.0001).
Discussion: Our results have showed bone consolidation time in dogs with CCLD undergoing the surgical technique of TTA is significantly faster when aided by an autogenous cancellous bone graft at 30 and 60 days PO. Therefore, we accept our hypothesis that autogenous cancellous bone graft accelerates bone consolidation. These results support the findings of another study, that noted that the use of autograft resulted in significantly higher osteotomy healing scores at 6 and 10 weeks postoperatively. The divergence of results between studies evaluating osteotomy gap consolidation following TTA may be partly explained by the subjective and different methods of bone consolidation evaluation used in these investigations. This is a standard limitation when using radiographic evaluation, however, the selection of this method is justified by the fact that this imaging modality is commonly used in routine clinical practice to evaluate bone consolidation – it is, therefore, clinically representative. The present study is subject to certain limitations. Firstly, variables other than bone graft treatment may have influenced bone consolidation time, such as age, weight, and cage size. However, these variables were not significantly different between the evaluated groups (P>0.05), thus eliminating the effects of these potentially confounding variables. Secondly, the investigator evaluating radiographic bone consolidation could not be completely blinded to the treatment group, as some degree of radiation attenuation was associated with the cancellous bone graft. In conclusion, one consolidation time in dogs with CCLD undergoing the surgical technique of TTA is significantly faster when aided by an autogenous cancellous bone graft
Feline Panleukopenia - Effects of Treatment with Filgrastim on Mortality, Hematological and Biochemical Parameters
No full textBackground: Panleukopenia is a highly contagious and fatal disease of cats. Although infection may be prevented by intensive vaccination of animals in the home environment, infection is frequently seen in stray animals that are not vaccinated and are in contact with the virus. Treatment protocols in the disease consist of classical supportive therapies because there is no specific antiviral drug. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of Filgrastim administration on mortality, complete blood count, and serum biochemical parameters in the treatment of cats infected with Feline Panleukopenia Viruses (FPV).Materials, Methods & Results: The study population consisted of 2-6 months old cats of different breeds and sexes who were brought to our clinic with complaints of lethargy, anorexia, high fever, diarrhoea and vomiting. A complete blood count was taken from the symptomatic patients during physical examination and FPV Ag test was performed. Fourteen cats with positive FPV antigen test and 7 healthy cats with negative FPV Ag test without clinical symptoms were included in the study. The study included 7 Panleukopenia-infected cats treated with Filgrastim in addition to conventional supportive therapy, 7 Panleukopenia-infected cats treated with conventional supportive therapy, and 7 healthy cats. Complete blood count and serum biochemical parameters were analyzed from the samples taken from the patients on days 0, 3 and 7. As a result of the treatment, the mortality rate was 14.28% in both groups. In this study, it was observed that the administration of Filgrastim (Group 1) had statistically significant results on WBC (P < 0.009), lymphocytes (P < 0.009) and granulocytes (P < 0.003) between days 0 and 7 in cats with FPV. This suggests that the administration of Filgrastim in addition to supportive therapy increases the number of lymphocytes and granulocytes. The administration of Filgrastim as an adjunct to supportive therapy had no effect on the serum biochemistry values of the patients. In conclusion, the administration of Filgrastim in the treatment of panleukopenia did not result in a change in the mortality rate.Discussion: The incidence of FPV decreases as the age of the animal increases. In cats aged 3-5 months, the amount of antibody from the mother decreases. In this study, it was determined that the age of all FPV Ag positive cats included in group 1 and group 2 was 2-6 months. It has been reported that there may be a rapid increase in neutrophil counts in cats with FPV treated with filgrastim. In this study, it was observed that the use of Filgrastim (Group 1) in cats with FPV produced statistically significant results on WBC, lymphocytes and granulocytes between days 0 and 7. This shows that the use of Filgrastim in addition to supportive therapy increases the number of lymphocytes and granulocytes. The incidence of FPV decreases as the age of the animal increases. In cats aged 3-5 months, the amount of antibody from the mother decreases. In this study, it was determined that the age of all FPV Ag positive cats included in group 1 and group 2 was 2-6 months. Serum biochemistry parameters are not specific for FPV. Hypoalbuminaemia is the most common abnormality, probably due to decreased protein intake and leakage from mucosal lesions into the gastrointestinal tract. Similar to the literature, no significant change was observed in biochemical parameters. In addition, serum biochemical examinations have shown that Filgrastim can be administered to cats without any side effects. Before administering an immune modulator such as G-CSF, the stage of the disease and the status of the immune system should be taken into consideration.
Keywords: panleukopenia, filgrastim, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, feline parvovirus infectio
Feline Interstitial Cystitis - Analysis of Clinical-epidemiological Findings and Inflammatory Biomarkers
No full textBackground: Feline Interstitial Cystitis (FIC) is a prevalent condition within Feline Lower Urinary Tract Diseases (FLUTD), frequently affecting male, mixed-breed cats aged 1-10 years. Despite its high incidence, data on FIC in Ceará, Brazil, remain limited. This study evaluates the prevalence of FIC among cats treated at the Veterinary Hospital of Ceará State University (UECE) and explores the utility of inflammatory biomarkers, including the serum albumin/creatinine ratio (SACR) and urine specific gravity/albumin ratio, as potential diagnostic and prognostic tools for disease monitoring.
Materials, Methods & Results: This study evaluated 227 cats diagnosed with FIC among 3,900 treated at the Veterinary Hospital of Ceará State University, indicating a prevalence of 5.82%. Data were collected on sex, age, reproductive status, diet, clinical signs, urinalysis results, and laboratory parameters including urine specific gravity (USG), creatinine, albumin, and inflammatory biomarker ratios (SACR and USG/albumin). Of the 227 cats, 102 presented with the obstructive form (OC) and 125 with the non-obstructive form (NOC). All OC cats were male, 75% were intact, and 25% neutered, while 56% of NOC cats were female. The clinical signs observed in OC cats included hematuria (69.6%), dysuria (50%), periuria (19.6%), stranguria (18.6%), and polyuria (4.9%). Dry food predominated as the primary diet in 80% of OC and 83% of NOC cats. Urinalysis showed struvite crystals in 41% of OC and 28% of NOC cats, while 55.8% of OC and 69.6% of NOC cats had no crystals. Laboratory analysis revealed no significant differences between groups for USG, creatinine, and albumin levels. However, SACR values were lower in OC cats compared to NOC cats, and the USG/albumin ratio showed no statistical difference between groups.
Discussion: This study highlights the prevalence of FIC at 5.82% in cats treated at the Veterinary Hospital of Ceará State University, providing important insights into its clinical and epidemiological characteristics. The findings confirm that male cats are disproportionately affected by the obstructive form (OC), with 100% of cases occurring in males, of which 75% were intact. Hematuria, dysuria, and periuria were the most frequent clinical signs in OC cases, aligning with previous studies. The predominance of dry food as the primary diet in both OC and NOC groups underscores its potential role in urinary health, although no direct causation was established. Urinalysis revealed a higher occurrence of struvite crystals in OC cases (41%) compared to NOC (28%), while more NOC cats had no crystals (69.6%). These findings suggest that other factors, beyond crystalluria, contribute to the inflammatory processes underlying FIC. The significant reduction in serum albumin/creatinine ratio (SACR) in OC cats emphasizes its potential as a biomarker for inflammation and impaired renal function. However, the lack of difference in USG/albumin ratio between groups suggests that additional studies are needed to validate its clinical utility. In conclusion, the study underscores the epidemiological and clinical relevance of FIC, emphasizing the potential of SACR as a diagnostic and monitoring tool. Further prospective studies are encouraged to deepen the understanding of the disease’s pathophysiology and explore the role of inflammatory biomarkers in its management.
Keywords: lower urinary tract disease, urine specific gravity, epidemiology, albumin to creatinine ratio