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Energy and socioeconomic system transformation through a decade of IPCC-assessed scenarios
No full textCharting future emissions pathways is a central tenet of IPCC assessment reports (AR), yet it is unclear how underlying drivers (including around policy and technology) have influenced the evolution of emissions pathways. Here we compare scenarios in AR5 and AR6 and find that scenarios without specific climate policies enforced have shifted lower in each scenario generation, owing to falling low-carbon technology costs and reduced expectations for economic growth, reducing fossil-fuel shares in energy and industry. Mitigation pathways consistent with 1.5–2 °C have seen increasing electrification rates and higher shares of variable renewables in electricity in more recent scenario generations, implying reduced reliance on coal, nuclear, bioenergy and carbon capture and storage, reflecting changing costs. Despite the shrinking carbon budget due to insufficient recent climate action, mitigation costs have not increased given more optimistic low-carbon technology cost projections. Moving forward, scenario producers must continually recalibrate to keep abreast of technology, policy and societal developments to remain policy relevant.D.J.V., G.X., L.H., P.F., W.O. and F.F. acknowledge support from the H2020 European Commission Project NDC ASPECTS (grant no. 101003866). D.J.V., S.M., A.N., P.F., W.O., M.G., I.S. and G.P.P. also acknowledge support from the Horizon Europe R&I programme project IAM COMPACT (grant no. 101056306) and D.J.V., S.M., A.N., G.X., I.S. and G.P.P. from the Horizon Europe R&I programme project DIAMOND (grant no. 101081179). D.J.V. and M.G.-E. acknowledge support from the María de Maeztu Excellence Unit 2023–2027 (CEX2021-001201-M) and the Basque Government (BERC 2022-2025 programme)
Socio-Ecological Impacts of the Investment of Urban Nature in Heat Mitigation for Two Megacities
No full textCities are increasingly adapting green interventions meant to enhance climate resilience, given their capacity to provide numerous ecosystem services (ES). Yet, little is known about ecological and social impacts of such interventions in the context of socio-ecological framework and environmental justice. Here, we used a quantitative and spatial analytical approach to assess the changes of urban greenspace (UG) and examine the equity of changes in ES supply and demand across demographic and socioeconomic groups in Beijing and NYC between 2010 and 2017. Results showed that previously existing green space and its expansion were unevenly distributed across districts. High-income districts in NYC had high green cover and experienced the highest increase of UG, in contrast to high green cover in areas with low population density and the greatest increase of UG in high-income areas for Beijing, respectively. The inequitable distribution of UG resulted in a high level of mismatch in supply demand of ES, revealing a pattern of distributional ecological injustice within city. We also found more ecological supply was provided in the areas having less vulnerability, indicating that social vulnerability remained in a lower greenspace exposure after greening implementation in both cities. Our study contributes to a better understanding on how the dynamics of urban greenspace impact urban climate injustices, and provides new insights for critical urban adaptation interventions or practice on shaping ecological injustice.This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 42471109, 42225104), and the Sustainable Development International Cooperation Program (NSFC\u2010FAPESP, 42261144742)
Lehen Hezkuntzako ikasleen smartphoneen kudeaketa
No full text[EUS] Lehen Hezkuntzako ikasleek gero eta goizago jasotzen dute lehen telefono mugikorra, eta horrek gaitasun digitalaren garapenean erronka berriak planteatu ditu. Ikerketa honen helburua hezkuntza-etapa horretan familiek smartphoneen erabilera nola kudeatzen duten aztertzea da. Horretarako, 77 gurasok erantzun zuten galdetegi kuantitatibo bat erabili zen. Emaitzek ikasleen erdiak lehen smartphonea 11 eta 12 urte bitartean jaso zuela eta familiek seme-alabei telefono mugikorra emateko arrazoi nagusiak segurtasuna eta komunikazioa bermatzea izan zirela erakusten dute. Gainera, monitorizazio eta babes praktikek puntuazio altuenak lortu zituzten, eta gatazkari lotutako jokabideek, aldiz, baxuenak. Halaber, guraso-jokabideetan ezberdintasun esanguratsuak aurkitu ziren generoaren eta guraso-kontroleko aplikazioen erabileraren arabera. Ikerketak ondorioztatu zuen bitartekaritza-aktiboa burutzen zuten familietan gatazka gutxiago egoten zirela, eta eskolen eta familien arteko lankidetzak berebiziko garrantzia duela ikasleen ongizatea eta erabilera digital arduratsua bermatzeko.[ES] Los alumnos y alumnas de Educación Primaria reciben cada vez más temprano su primer teléfono móvil, lo que ha planteado nuevos retos en el desarrollo de la competencia digital. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar cómo las familias gestionan el uso de los smartphones en esta etapa educativa. Para ello se utilizó un cuestionario cuantitativo que respondieron 77 madres y padres. Los resultados muestran que la mitad de los estudiantes recibió el primer smartphone entre los 11 y 12 años y que las principales razones por las que las familias les dieron el teléfono móvil a sus hijos e hijas fueron garantizar la seguridad y la comunicación. Además, las prácticas de monitorización y protección obtuvieron las puntuaciones más altas, mientras que las conductas asociadas al conflicto obtuvieron las más bajas. Asimismo, se encontraron diferencias significativas en las conductas parentales en función del género y del uso de las aplicaciones de control parental. El estudio concluyó que había menos conflictividad en las familias que realizaban la mediación activa, y que la colaboración entre las escuelas y familias es de vital importancia para garantizar el bienestar y el uso digital responsable del alumnado.[EN] Primary school students are receiving their first mobile phones at an increasingly early age, which has raised new challenges in the development of digital competence. The aim of this study is to analyse how families manage the use of smartphones during this educational stage. To this end, a quantitative questionnaire was used, which was answered by 77 parents. The results show that half of the students received their first smartphone between the ages of 11 and 12, and that the main reasons why families gave their children a mobile phone were to ensure safety and communication. In addition, monitoring and protection practices scored the highest, while behaviours associated with conflict scored the lowest. Significant differences were also found in parenting behaviours according to gender and the use of parental control applications. The study concluded that there was less conflict in families who actively mediated, and that collaboration between schools and families is vital to ensure the well-being and responsible digital use of pupils
Merging heterogeneous graphitic Carbon Nitride photocatalysis with Cobaloxime catalysis in uphill dehydrogenative synthesis of anilines
No full textSynthesis of substituted anilines upon nucleophilic addition of secondary amines to cyclohexanone derivatives followed by aromatization of the enamine by employing a combination of Ir-polypyridine complex as a photoredox catalyst and cobaloxime as H2-evolution catalyst is developed recently by Leonori et al. In this work, the homogeneous photoredox catalyst is replaced by a heterogeneous and metal-free mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (mpg-CN). Substituted aromatic amine and H2 are formed simultaneously. Combination of X-ray spectroscopies reveals charge transfer from cobaloxime to mpg-CN in the dark. Illumination of the catalytic system with visible light induces electron transfer from mpg-CN to cobaloxime and formation of persistent Co(II) species. The results of density functional theory modeling suggest that the studied reaction is strongly endothermic and endergonic. Thus, energy of photons is stored in the reaction products—H2 and the aromatic amine.S.Z. and S.M. contributed equally to this work. This project received funding from the European Union's Horizon Europe research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 101046836 (project acronym “CATART”) and under grant agreement no. 862030 (project acronym "DECADE"). The publication reflects only the author's views and the European Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the information content therein. Financial support from the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (ARIS) through core funding P2-0152, infrastructure funding I0-0039, and project funding HyBReED, N1-0303, J2-4424, and N2-0310. The authors gratefully acknowledge the HPC RIVR consortium and EuroHPC JU providing computing resources of the HPC system Vega at the Institute of Information Science, Maribor, Slovenia. The authors thank the Max Planck Society for funding and the Joint Laboratory on Nanocatalysis for Sustainable Chemistry at QUT (Brisbane)
Análise da questão da maternidade por substituição segundo a recente jurisprudência europeia e espanhola
No full textThe aim is to establish the current state of surrogacy after the ECtHR and Spanish courts’ legal rulings over the past 10 years. We begin with a prohibition of surrogacy contracts in many European countries and the attempt to recognise birth or parentage certificates based on the possession of status of children born abroad through surrogacy contracts. In reaction to the initial resistance citing international public order, the pathway for recognition in Europe was influenced by the ECtHR’s consideration that this refusal posed an unjustified interference in the minors’ private and family life. In certain cases, this pathway has consolidated the option of establishing the biological father’s parentage and allowing the other member of the intended couple to adopt
Integration of grammar instruction and task-based interaction with young EFL learners: An investigation into the use of English possessive determiners (his/her)
No full text[EN] A considerable body of research within the interaction framework has focused on how task-based interaction promotes learners’ attention to linguistic aspects. A population that is gathering momentum in interaction research is that of young learners in English-as-a-second-language (ESL) and in English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) settings. Overall, learners do produce deliberations about the target language in collaborative tasks–primarily with a lexical focus. Little is known, though, about whether their attention would be directed to specific grammatical features by means of pedagogical tasks designed for that purpose.
This study aims to provide empirical evidence about the potential effect of a carefully-planned pedagogical intervention in collaborative task-based interaction that draws young EFL learners’ attention to a specific grammatical feature–English possessive determiners, in gender-matched and gender-mismatched contexts.
To this end, 33 10-to-11-year-old EFL Primary-school learners carried out three dictogloss tasks collaboratively (matched for proficiency) on different days. Seven (7) dyads acted as a control group and 9 as an experimental group, who received a metalinguistic explanation on English possessive determiners prior to Dictogloss 2 and prior to Dictogloss 3.
Results show a direct relationship between metalinguistic explanations and higher scores in Dictogloss 3, with significant differences between the control and the experimental group in the total accuracy scores of Dictogloss 3 and in the accuracy scores of Dictogloss 3 in gender-matched contexts, pointing to the benefits of a carefully-planned pedagogical intervention in collaborative task-based interaction in drawing young EFL learners’ attention to English possessive determiners, specifically, in gender-matched contexts.This study has been supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2020-113630GB-I00) for the I+D+I Project Balancing interaction and L2 grammar learning by children in an EFL context (INGREFL) and the Basque Government (IT1426-22)
Age-related differences in language processing: Eye-tracking sentence reading patterns in Spanish
No full text552 p.This dissertation investigates how predictive mechanisms and morphosyntacticagreement computations are employed by younger and healthy older adults.Adopting a psycholinguistic approach and using the eye-tracking technique, thethesis explores age-related differences in sentence processing through threeexperimental studies. The novelty of this work lies in its comparative perspective,examining how cognitive and linguistic abilities may differentially manifest acrossthe lifespan. Specifically, it focuses on how executive function components, workingmemory capacity, inhibition and updating and monitoring, interact with eyemovement patterns and behavioral responses to provide a comprehensive account ofaging effects on higher-level language processing at both the lexical and syntacticlevels. Furthermore, the dissertation considers how language experience may serveas a compensatory strategy in older adults during real-time languagecomprehension
Análisis estratégico y organizacional de la negociación colectiva, conflictos y huelgas en el pais vasco
No full text155 p.Esta tesis doctoral examina las dinámicas estratégicas y organizativas del sindicalismo en el País Vasco, con énfasis en la negociación colectiva, los conflictos laborales y las huelgas. A través de un compendio de cuatro artículos y un capítulo de libro, se analizan las transformaciones organizacionales y las estrategias sindicales en un contexto de profundos cambios estructurales. Los estudios exploran la dimensión histórica del sindicalismo vasco, comparan diversas estrategias de renovación centradas en la huelga y en la articulación de los recursos de poder sindicales, y examinan cómo estas reconfiguran la praxis huelguística en sectores clave, especialmente aquellos feminizados. Además, destacan estrategias que incorporan demandas ecologistas y feministas, ampliando el alcance de las reivindicaciones y fortaleciendo los vínculos de reciprocidad entre sindicatos y movimientos sociales. Los hallazgos subrayan cómo las estrategias de contra poder construyen marcos de renovación sindical al dar centralidad al conflicto en los espacios de trabajo. Articulando diversos recursos organizacionales, como las cajas de resistencia y los gabinetes técnicos, no solo mejoran la eficacia de la praxis huelguística, sino que también potencian la negociación colectiva y crean puentes sólidos para la colaboración con movimientos sociale
El marketing en las redes sociales y el papel de los influencers
No full text[spa] En este trabajo fin de grado analizamos el funcionamiento del marketing en redes sociales
y el papel estratégico que desempeñan los influencers en la construcción de marca y en
la toma de decisiones de los consumidores. A través de un enfoque teórico-divulgativo,
basado en una revisión bibliográfica, exploramos las principales plataformas sociales y
su evolución hasta la actualidad. Profundizamos en conceptos clave del marketing online,
como el marketing relacional, el contenido emocional, la segmentación orgánica de
audiencias y el fenómeno del Electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM). Asimismo,
examinamos el concepto de branding y su impacto positivo en la fidelización y
diferenciación de las marcas, así como los beneficios y riesgos asociados a las
colaboraciones con creadores de contenido en las campañas digitales. Finalmente,
analizamos diversas teorías explicativas de la influencia que permiten comprender por
qué los individuos adoptan determinados comportamientos y cómo estos influyen y
transforman el entorno de las redes sociales.[eng] In this undergraduate thesis, we analyze the functioning of social media marketing and
the strategic role played by influencers in brand building and consumer decision-making.
Through a theoretical and informative approach based on a literature review, we explore
the main social platforms and their evolution to the present day. We delve into key
concepts of online marketing such as relationship marketing, emotional content, organic
audience segmentation, and the phenomenon of Electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM).
Likewise, we examine the concept of branding and its positive impact on brand loyalty
and differentiation, as well as the benefits and risks associated with collaborations with
content creators in digital brand campaigns. Finally, we analyze various explanatory
theories of influence that help us understand why individuals adopt certain behaviors and
how these behaviors influence and transform the social media environment
Silizean oinarritutako materialen sintesia ontzi fotopolimerizazio bidez
No full textProiektu honetan silizezko aerogelak sintetizatu dira, eta horretarako ontzi fotopolimerizazio teknika erabili da. Ekoizpen-teknika honen oinarria eta funtzionamendua ezagutzeaz gain, lortutako materialaren ezaugarriak ere aztertu dira hainbat karakterizazio-teknika erabiliz. Bestalde, sintesi-prozesuaren mekanismoa ulertzea, eta erreakzioan zehar agertutako arazo eta mugen jatorria azaltzea ere lan honen xede izan dira. Halaber, silizezko material hauek lortzeko, likatasun egokia duen erretxina fotosentikor bat sintetizatu da sol-gel metodoaz baliatuz. Zehazki, sol-gel metodoa, erretxinaren likatasunaren aldaketa eta fotopolimerizazioaren ezagutza funtsezko faktoreak izan dira proiektu honetan. Hau guztia kontuan hartuta, agerian gelditzen da kontrol erreologikoak funtsezko eginkizuna duela material funtzional aurreratuen ekoizpenean