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CLIL metodologiaren aplikazioa Euskadin
No full text[EUS] Gradu Amaierako Lan honek CLIL metodologia Euskadiko ikastetxe publiko eta itunpekoetan nola ezartzen den aztertzen du, irakasleen esperientzian eta pertzepzioan oinarrituta. Ikerketak erakusten du irakasle askok ez dutela prestakuntza espezifikorik eta metodologia modu intuitiboan aplikatzen dutela. Galdetegi baten bidez, irakasleen prestakuntza, baliabideak, erronkak eta jarrerak aztertu dira. Emaitzek erakusten dute bi ikastetxe moten artean alde esanguratsuak daudela esperientziari eta metodologiaren jasangarritasunari dagokionez. Ondorioek hobekuntza-beharrak eta irakasleen etengabeko prestakuntzaren garrantzia azpimarratzen dute.[ES] Este Trabajo de Fin de Grado analiza cómo se implementa la metodología CLIL en centros públicos y concertados de Euskadi, basándose en la experiencia y percepción del profesorado. La investigación revela que muchos docentes carecen de formación específica y aplican la metodología de forma intuitiva. Mediante un cuestionario, se ha examinado la formación, los recursos, los retos y las actitudes del profesorado. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas entre ambos tipos de centros educativos en cuanto a experiencia y sostenibilidad. Las conclusiones destacan necesidades de mejora y la importancia de la formación continua del profesorado.[EN] This Final Degree Project analyses how the CLIL methodology is implemented in public and semi-private schools in the Basque Country, based on teachers’ experiences and perceptions. The research reveals that many teachers lack specific training and CLIL methodology is often applied intuitively. A questionnaire was used to examine teacher training, resources, challenges and attitudes. The findings show significant differences between both school types regarding experience and the sustainability of the methodology. The conclusions highlight improvement needs and the importance of continuous teacher training
Minaren modulazioa iduneko min kroniko ez espezifikoa duten pertsonengan: esku-terapiaren eragina, eta balioa tratamenduaren prognosian
No full text76 p.Minaren modulazioa aztertu dugu iduneko min kroniko ez-espezifikoa (IMKEE) duten pertsonengan, baita esku-terapiak modulaziorako mekanismoetan duen eragina eta mekanismo horiek tratamenduaren prognosia iragartzeko duen balioa ere. Lehenengo ikerlanean, prozesamendurako mekanikeria hondatuta dutela ikusi dugu, modulazio positibo zein negatiboa, baina ez dugu min-sentikortasunean nahasmendurik aurkitu.Bigarren ikerlanean esku-terapiaren eragina aztertu dugu, eta minaren prozesamendu-mekanismoak tratamendu ostean ohiko balioetara itzuli direla ikusi dugu. Emaitza klinikoek ere hobekuntza orokorra izan dute, baina ez dugu emaitza kliniko horien eta minaren prozesamendu-mekanismoen arteko loturarik aurkitu. Hirugarren ikerlanak minaren prozesamendu-mekanismoek esku-terapia osteko hobekuntza klinikoa iragartzeko duen gaitasuna izan dugu aztergai. Emaitzen arabera, ez dute prognosirako baliorik, baina badago lotura txikia modulazio negatiboaren eta hobekuntza klinikoaren artean. Aurkikuntza horien baliozkotasuna IMKEE duen populazio osoan berresteko beharrezkoa izango da gurea baino lagin heterogeneoagoa ere aztertze
Talker-variability in visual feedback articulatory training: Transfer to words, long-term maintenance, and generalization
No full textPublished on 26th March, 2025.An important challenge in second language acquisition is learning how to produce novel sounds. Visual-acoustic feedback training has been shown to improve second language production, but it is still unclear whether training on isolated sounds transfers to words and is maintained over time. Forty-six Spanish speakers were trained to produce unfamiliar French vowels /e/–/E/ through exposure to either single- or multiple-talker stimuli. On each trial, they heard a vowel, produced it, and received feedback showing the position of their vowel and the target in the acoustic space. Both groups showed improvements in vowel production, which transferred to words and were maintained 12 days later. However, better generalization—more accurate production when repeating vowels after an unfamiliar speaker—was maintained only in the multiple-talker group. This study shows that visual-acoustic feedback training
is an effective method for improving second language production as the gains of such training demonstrate three key features for pedagogical practice: transfer, generalization, and maintenance.C.D.M. acknowledges financial support from the Basque Government [BERC 2022-2025 program], the Spanish State Research Agency [PID2023-148756NB-I00 awarded to C.D.M. and Severo Ochoa excellence accreditation CEX2020-001010-S awarded to the BCBL], and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement No. 819093)
Gernika 1937: laboratorio de reconstrucción
No full text[ESP]
En diciembre de 1937 el arquitecto Gonzalo de Cárdenas presentó el primer proyecto de reconstrucción de Gernika, en el que se adelantaron algunas de las características seguidas en años posteriores, como el control y la instrumentalización de los trabajos arquitectónicos y urbanísticos a realizar, o la importancia de los espacios y símbolos de representación del nuevo poder totalitario impuesto.
El 26 de abril de 1937 Gernika fue totalmente devastada. La importancia simbólica de la villa en el País Vasco, la repercusión internacional de su devastación, y su relevancia como centro industrial, comercial, agrícola y de comunicaciones, hizo que su reconstrucción fuera prioritaria y se convirtiera en el primer ensayo de reconstrucción.
El arquitecto Gonzalo Cárdenas elaboró el proyecto hacia diciembre de 1937, en el que evidenció la importancia de controlar la construcción según criterios urbanísticos y arquitectónicos determinados, siguiendo intenciones propagandísticas y simbólicas, que recogían las aspiraciones de manipulación y legitimación del nuevo régimen dictatorial que acabaría imponiéndose.
Seguidamente, el 25 de marzo de 1938 se creó, bajo la dirección de Cárdenas, el Servicio Nacional de Regiones Devastadas (SNRD), que se encargó de gestionar las tareas de reconstrucción en la zona sublevada. Sin embargo, la actividad del SNRD no fue efectiva hasta que finalizó la guerra. Así en agosto de 1939 se reorganizó el servicio bajo en nombre de Dirección General de Regiones Devastadas y Reparaciones (DGRDR) que continuó su actividad hasta su disolución en 1957.
Se trató de una época en la que faltaron medios económicos, materiales, energéticos, de transporte, comunicaciones y, sobre todo, se careció de una mano de obra especializada. Todo ello obligó a que los proyectos se retrasaran y se reelaboraran constantemente, o que nunca llegaran a completarse, tal como sucedió con Gernika. No obstante, la propuesta inicial para el municipio vizcaíno marcó las pautas de trabajos posteriores que, principalmente, se utilizaron para responsabilizar a los vencidos de la devastación y la barbarie, y celebrar la capacidad del nuevo régimen para resurgir de la nada y construir un nuevo imperio.
[ENG]
In December 1937, the architect Gonzalo de Cárdenas presented the first reconstruction project for Gernika, in which some of the characteristics followed in later years were anticipated, such as the control and instrumentalization of the architectural and urban planning, or the importance of the spaces and symbols representing the new totalitarian imposed power.
On April 26, 1937, Gernika was completely devastated. The symbolic importance of the town in the Basque Country, the international impact of its destruction, and its relevance as an industrial, commercial, agricultural, and communications center meant that its reconstruction became a priority and turned into the first reconstruction experiment. The architect Gonzalo Cárdenas prepared the project around December 1937, in which he highlighted the importance of controlling construction according to specific urban and architectural criteria, following propagandistic and symbolic aims that reflected the aspirations of manipulation and legitimization of the new dictatorial regime that would eventually prevail.
Subsequently, on March 25, 1938, the National Service of Devastated Regions (SNRD) was created under Cárdenas’s direction to manage reconstruction efforts in the rebel-held zone. However, the SNRD’s activity was not effective until the war ended. Thus, in August 1939, the service was reorganized under the name Directorate-General of Devastated Regions and Repairs (DGRDR), which continued its activity until its dissolution in 1957.
This was a period marked by a lack of economic, material, energy, transport, and communications resources, and above all, by the absence of specialized labor. All this caused projects to be delayed and constantly reworked, or to never be completed, as happened with Gernika. Even so, the initial proposal for the Biscayan municipality established the guidelines for later work, mainly used to blame the defeated for the devastation and barbarism, and to celebrate the new regime’s ability to rise from nothing and build a new empire.Proyecto de investigación: “El mapa de la desigualdad: las ciudades en la primera mitad del siglo XX” (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. AEI. FEDER. UE. PID2020-116797GB-I00). Grupo de investigación: “Historia Urbana. Población y patrimonio” (Eusko Jaurlaritza/ Gobierno Vasco. IT1618-22). Red de investigación: “Red de Investigación de Historia Urbana. Historia Urbana: análisis y representación de la transformación de las ciudades, siglos XIX-XX” (MCI-RED2022-134765-T)
Building immunocompetent cerebral organoids from a developmental perspective
No full textCerebral organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are increasingly becoming essential tools to study the human brain, from understanding pathological mechanisms in neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and infectious diseases to identifying genetic risks and biomarkers. To resemble the brain environment, cerebral organoids must contain microglia, the resident macrophages of the brain parenchyma that are essential for its homeostasis. As microglia derive from the yolk sac, they are not present in conventional brain organoids, which are generated by reprogramming iPSCs towards the neuroectodermal lineage and must be exogenously incorporated through a variety of strategies. Once in the organoid parenchyma, microglia must recapitulate their developmental milestones to achieve full immunocompetence, reaching a mature transcriptional profile and morphology, a tessellated distribution, efficient phagocytosis, and controlled inflammatory responses. In this review, we will summarize recent protocols that have been developed to generate human microglial-containing cerebral organoids (MCCOs), focusing on the methods used to assess the level of microglial maturation compared to their in vivo counterparts. We provide a series of recommendations to assess microglial immunocompetence using stringent quantitative approaches that will promote developing standardized protocols to culture MCCOs.This work was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation Competitiveness MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe” (RTI2018-099267-B-I00 and PID2022-136698OB-I00), Basque Government grants (IT1473-22), and an Alzheimer Association award (AARG-NTF-24-1304352) to A.S. The work of N.B.V. was supported by grant PID2021-128210OA-I00 funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN), the State Research Agency (AEI; 10.13039/501100011033), the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER), and the EU, as well as Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science, EU COFUND H2020-MSCA-COFUND-2020-101034228-WOLFRAM2. F.C. was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, “Programa de Generación de Conocimiento” (PID2023-146826OB-I00). P.R.G. was funded by an IKUR2030 program from the Basque Government. X.C.P. holds a Basque Government predoctoral fellowship, and M.G.D. and M.P.I. are recipients of predoctoral fellowships from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. X.C.P. and M.G.D. contributed equally to this review and the order in which their names appear in the author list was determined during a game of Brisca
TDOA-based localization under uniform prior knowledge: Performance bounds and its efficient calculation
No full textThe emergence of a myriad of location-based services has imposed a key role on wireless localization systems. The accuracy of such systems can be enhanced by using prior information on the target location area, commonly available through a map or wireless system coverage area. In the map-aware localization context, performance limits have been mainly explored for Time-of-Arrival positioning systems. This paper presents performance bounds for Time-Difference-of-Arrival (TDOA) localization using a uniform prior information of the location area. In particular, the paper derives a closed-form approximation of the Ziv-Zakai lower bound (ZZB) and Bayesian Cramer-Rao lower bound (BCRB). The presented bounds are evaluated under different configurations and compared with the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator, which incorporates a priori information about the location area, and with the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRB) and the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator, both without prior information. Numerical results show that the proposed ZZB and BCRB exploit the a priori knowledge to increase the localization accuracy and provide tighter performance lower bounds of a MAP estimator, and are properly matched to the actual limits of practical positioning systems. In addition, the proposed closed-form ZZB approximation allows us to avoid numerical evaluation of integrals needed to compute BCRB and exact ZZB, while maintaining similar accuracy and decreasing the computational complexity.This work has been financially supported by the Basque Government (under grant IT1436-22 and BERC-2022-2025 program) and by the Spanish Government (under grant PID2021-124706OB-I00, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF A way of making Europe)
Behavior-Relevant Periodized Neural Representation of Acoustic But Not Tactile Rhythm in Humans
No full textPublished on 12th November, 2025.Music makes people move. This human propensity to coordinate movement with musical rhythm requires multiscale temporal integration, allowing fast sensory events composing rhythmic input to be mapped onto slower, behavior-relevant, internal templates such as periodic beats. Relatedly, beat perception has been shown to involve an enhanced representation of the beat periodicities in neural activity. However, the extent to which this ability to move to the beat and the related “periodized” neural representation are shared across the senses beyond audition remains unknown. Here, we addressed this question by recording separately the electroencephalographic (EEG) responses and finger tapping to a rhythm conveyed either through acoustic or tactile inputs in healthy volunteers of either sex. The EEG responses to the acoustic rhythm, spanning a low-frequency range (below 15 Hz), showed enhanced representation of the perceived periodic beat, compatible with behavior. In contrast, the EEG responses to the tactile rhythm, spanning a broader frequency range (up to 25 Hz), did not show significant beat-related periodization and yielded less stable tapping. Together, these findings suggest a preferential role of low-frequency neural activity in supporting neural representation of the beat. Most importantly, we show that this neural representation, as well as the ability to move to the beat, is not systematically shared across the senses. More generally, these results, highlighting multimodal differences in beat processing, reveal a process of multiscale temporal integration that allows the auditory system to go beyond mere tracking of onset timing and to support higher-level internal representation and motor entrainment to rhythm
Etxebizitza eskuragarria sustatzeko proposamen sozio-ekonomikoak
No full textEspainian eta, bereziki, Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoan etxebizitza duina eta eskuragarria
eskuratzeko arazoak aztertzen ditu lan honek. Ikuspegi teoriko-praktiko baten bidez,
sarbidea zailtzen duten egiturazko faktoreak aztertzen dira — hala nola prezio altuak,
lan-prekarietatea edo eskaintza publiko eskasa —, eta gazteengan duten eragin espezifikoa aztertzen da. Lanak inkesta kuantitatiboa eta elkarrizketa kualitatiboa uztartzen ditu, gazteen emantzipazioaren aurrean zailtasunaren eta kezkaren pertzepzio orokorra islatzen duena. Era berean, arau-esparruak eta Europako esperientziak aztertzen dira, eta lankidetza publiko-pribatuko ereduak proposatzen dira irtenbide posible gisa. Azkenik, estrategia sozioekonomiko errealistak planteatzen dira, etxebizitza eskuragarrien eskaintza zabaltzera eta etxebizitza eskuratzeko ekitatea hobetzera bideratuak
Central Nervous Ssystem involvement in myotonic dystrophy type 1: A multidimensional analysis of clinical, cognitive, and neuroimaging outcomes
No full text272 p.This thesis explores central nervous system (CNS) involvement in patients with Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 (DM1); a progressive neuromuscular disorder, using a multidisciplinary approach, integrating clinical, molecular, cognitive, and neuroimaging outcomes. It comprises five published articles focused on two main objectives: improving neuropsychological assessment in DM1 and understanding CNS characteristics and progression.Key findings include the development of DM1-specific IQ estimation short tool, confirmation of visuoconstructive deficits, and impact of executive functions on daily life. Early CNS involvement was observed, with structural brain vulnerabilities preceding muscular symptoms, suggesting neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Altered brain connectivity correlated with poorer clinical and cognitive outcomes. Identifying reliable CNS markers is crucial for predicting disease progression, enhancing clinical registries, and enabling targeted intervention
Lo hacemos entre todas. Un acercamiento al arte participativo en el Pais Vasco (1990-2015) a través de la obra de SEAC, Saioa Olmo y Maider López
No full text175 p.Se entiende como arte participativo aquel que precisa del público y las personas receptoras para lacompleción del proyecto artístico. La presente tesis doctoral propone un acercamiento al desarrollo deeste tipo de arte en el País Vasco entre 1990 y 2015, a través de tres figuras clave en este ámbito: elcolectivo Selección de Euskadi de Arte de Concepto (SEAC), Saioa Olmo y Maider Lópe