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Computational analysis of the Lewis acid-catalyzed zwitterionic ring-expansion polymerization (ZREP) of monosubstituted ethylene oxide
No full textThis study investigates the reaction mechanism of the zwitterionic ring expansion polymerization (ZREP) of monosubstituted ethylene oxide using boron-based Lewis acids as catalysts to produce cyclic polyethers. The research analyzes various parameters, such as the nature of the substituents (electron-withdrawing, EWG or electrondonating, EDG), the type of catalyst, and the solvent, to understand their influence on the
reaction’s kinetics, thermodynamics, and regioselectivity. Key findings include that EDGs lower the kinetic barrier of the rate-determining step and favor the reaction at the substituted carbon, while EWGs increase this barrier, making the reaction less favorable. The study also shows that all catalysts tested efficiently activate the epoxide monomer with similar barriers for the rate-determining step, and the regioselectivity trends align with the substituent’s electronic effects. Steric effects of substituents were found to dominate the competition between monomer addition and cyclization termination, with most catalysts promoting
cyclization. Additionally, the solvent had minimal impact on the polymerization mechanism. This computational study provides valuable insights into the synthesis of cyclic polymers and advances the development of catalysts for ZREP of monosubstituted ethylene oxide
Adimen artifiziala zerga zuzenbidean
No full textAdimen artifizialaren inguruan (AA aurrerantzean) hitz egiten dugunean, ez gara etorkizuneko kontzeptu batez ari; izan ere, gure eguneroko bizitzaren zati da eta gizartean duen eragina gero eta handiagoa da. Dagoeneko AAren aplikazioak erabiltzen ari dira garraioan, zientzian, osasunean edo segurtasunean, besteak beste. Beraz, eta Europako Kontseiluko Adimen Artifizialeko Batzordeak (AAB) adierazi zuenez, kontua ez da tresna boteretsu horiek erabili nahi ditugun, baizik eta nola bermatu jendartearen onerako soilik erabiliko direla. Azken urteotan, adimen artifizialeko aplikazioen bidez algoritmoak garatzeari esker, Zerga Administrazioak oso emaitza positiboak lortu ditu iruzurraren aurkako borrokan, zergadunari laguntzeko eta orientatzeko zerbitzuetan, arriskuen sailkapenean, elkarrizketetan parte hartzen dutenen artean, etab. lanean aztertuko direnak besteak beste
RAMOS PALOMO, M.ª Dolores, BARRANQUERO TEXEIRA, Encarnación, ORTEGA MUÑOZ, Víctor J. (eds.), Control social, represión y otras violencias sobre las mujeres en las dictaduras ibéricas (1933-1975), Dykinson S.L., Madrid, 2024, 302 pp.
No full textArreta partekatzen Pepper robot sozialarekin
No full textFor social robots to show social attention it is essential to be able to detect the object of interest, if any, during human-robot interactions. This work shows an attempt to locate and identify the object in the human’s visual focus of attention and integrate the system into the social robot Pepper. YOLOv8 was used to detect the person through the image and extract their face. In order to get the Point of Regard, a VGG16 convolutional network has been adapted and trained for the specific regression task,showing acceptable results. The orientation of the Point of Regard with respect to the head is used to obtain a headmap that allows to extract the object of interest (and its identity) among the ones obtained by the ResNet101, using depth segmentation and the intersection of union strategy. This system has been transferred to the robot that develops a shared attention behavior by performing the proper head motion accompanied with a verbal response that makes the human aware of the situation. A video shows the result of the general behavior.; Robot sozialek arreta soziala erakutsi behar dute eta, horretarako, ezinbestekoa da gizaki(ar)ekin elkarrekintzan ari direnean intereseko objektua detektatzeko gaitasuna izatea. Lan honetan, pertsonak begiradaren bidez enfokatzen duen objektua identifikatu eta lokalizatzeko sistema bat garatu dugu, baita Pepper robotean integratu ere. YOLOv8 erabili dugu irudi bidez pertsona detektatu eta haren aurpegia lokalizatzeko. Begiradaren fokua lortzeko VGG16 neurona-sare konboluzionala entrenatu dugu, erregresio moduan, eta emaitza onargarriak lortu ditugu. Eredu horren erantzunak bero-mapa batera bihurtu eta, sakoneraren informazioarekin konbinatuz, ResNet101 sareak emango digu azken erantzuna: begiradaren gunea non den eta zer den. Portaera hori robotera eraman dugu, eta robotak, arreta partekatua erakusteko, objektuari berari begiratzeko mugimendu bat egiten du erabiltzaileari ahoz modu egokian erantzuteko. Era horretan, erabiltzaileari arreta partekatuaren sentsazioa transmititzen zaio. Bideo batean erakutsi dugu portaera orokorraren emaitza
Genero-indarkeriaren biktimen babesa lan merkatuan: esparru juridikoaren azterketa
No full text[spa] Lan honetan genero-indarkeriaren biktimak diren emakumeen laneratzea aztertzen da.
Horretarako aztertuko da Espainiako Estatuan eta Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoan esparru
juridikoa. Esparru juridiko horren bidez araudi ezberdinak izango dira aztergai generoindarkeriaren biktima diren emakumeak laneratzean dauzkaten eskubideak zeintzuk diren
jakiteko. Aztergai izango dira genero-indarkeriaren definizioak, eskubide espezifikoak
eta negoziazio kolektiboen bidez hitzarmen kolektiboetan ezartzen diren eskubideak.
Amaitzeko, eskubide espezifikoen jurisprudentzia aztertuko da.[eng] This work examines the employment of women victims of gender-based violence. To this
end, the legal framework in the Spanish State and in the Autonomous Community of the
Basque Country shall be examined. Through this legal framework, the various regulations
will be analysed to ascertain the rights of women victims of gender-based violence in
their employment integration. The definitions of gender-based violence, specific rights
and rights established in collective agreements through collective bargaining shall be
analysed. Lastly, the case law on specific rights will be examined
Depopulation, ageing and masculinization in Álava (Spain): a reflection based on the analysis of empirical evidences
No full text[ES] este estudio pretende realizar una reflexión sobre la despoblación rural y su relación con los procesos de envejecimiento y masculinización, a partir del análisis de la incidencia de esos fenómenos en un territorio concebido como laboratorio (Álava, País Vasco) y de su evolución fundamentalmente en el siglo XXI. Se analiza, primero, la despoblación en su contexto territorial y temporal, resaltando los contrastes espaciales y los cambios de tendencia tras la pandemia COVID-19. Tras ello, se indaga en la pervivencia de estructuras demográficas frágiles en las áreas rurales. Se ha adoptado una perspectiva geodemográfica, concretada en un análisis multiescalar que ha descendido desde el nivel provincial hasta las entidades singulares de población. Se ha demostrado la utilidad del análisis inframunicipal para poner en resalte los desequilibrios territoriales y la heterogeneidad de los espacios rurales. Se confirma que las áreas rurales con mayor atonía demográfica han seguido mostrando comportamientos regresivos –salvo alguna excepción– al tiempo que se han consolidado procesos de dispersión residencial en municipios superiores a 2000 habitantes, que han mejorado el tradicional desequilibrio del sistema de asentamientos de Álava. Se constata el ascenso y la generalización territorial del envejecimiento y también el acusado desajuste de género existente en las edades adultas derivado de la escasez de mujeres.[EN] This paper aims to reflect on rural depopulation and on its relationship with the processes of aging and masculinization, based on the analysis of its incidence in a territory conceived as a laboratory (Álava, Basque Country) and of the evolution that they have experienced fundamentally in the 21st century. It begins by analyzing depopulation in its territorial and temporal context, highlighting spatial contrasts and possible changes in trends after the COVID-19 pandemic. After this, the survival of fragile demographic structures in rural areas is investigated. A geodemographic perspective has been adopted, focussed in a multi-scale analysis that has moved down from the provincial level to the individual population entities. The usefulness of “sub-municipal analysis has been demonstrated to highlight existing territorial imbalances and the heterogeneity of rural areas. It is confirmed that rural areas with greater demographic decline have shown regressive behavior –with some exceptions– while processes of residential dispersion have been consolidated in municipalities with more than 2,000 inhabitants, which have improved the traditional imbalance of the Álava settlement system. The rise and territorial generalization of ageing and the marked gender inequality existing in adulthood derived from the shortage of women has been confirmed.Este artículo se enmarca en los trabajos desarrollados por el Grupo Consolidado de Investigación interdisciplinar "Patrimonialización y Paisajes Culturales" financiado por el Gobierno Vasco (IT1442-22)
Stability and Change in the Colombian Multiparty System, 1991-2022
No full textEl análisis de la naturaleza y dinámica interna de los sistemas de partidos ha sido una cons-tante en la ciencia política comparada. Es aquí donde se presenta de especial relevancia el caso del sistema de partidos colombiano y su análisis desde 1991 hasta la actualidad. Comenza-remos observando su grado de institucionalización utilizando los criterios propuestos por Mainwaring & Scully (1995) y Levitsky (1998). Este será un primer paso para ofrecer una clasificación del sistema, basándonos en los criterios expuestos por Siaroff (2000). Así, esta investigación brinda la oportunidad de analizar el sistema de partidos colombiano en pers-pectiva histórica, empleando una metodología sistematizada desde un prisma estático y diná-mico. Esto abre la puerta a futuros estudios comparados con sistemas de partidos de áreas y contextos altamente diferenciados.The analysis of the nature and internal dynamics of party systems has been a constant in com-parative political science. It is here that the case of the Colombian party system and its analysis from 1991 to the present is analyzed to us with special relevance. We will begin to observe its degree of institutionalization by taking the criteria proposed by Mainwaring & Scully (1995) and Levitsky (1998). A first step that will allow us to offer a classification of the system, taking the criteria set out by Siaroff (2000). Thus, the research gives us the opportunity to analyze the Colombian party system in historical perspective, with a systematized methodology, both from a static and dynamic perspective. Something that opens the door to future studies compared to party systems in highly differentiated areas and contexts
Study of the effect of the thickness of oxide layers generated on rails over their electrical properties
No full textTrack circuits are an important security mechanism used in railway tracks,as the pass of electric current through these activates devices that avoid collisionsbetween trains. However, these railways, which are made of steel, suffer from corrosion under certain climatic conditions, and the generated corrosion products worsen the electrical properties of the railway, affecting the correct functioning of track circuits. This work consists of analyzing two of the most common steels used in railways (R260 steel and R350 steel) from the point of view of corrosion and electrical properties. First of all, steel samples have been exposed to Salt spray and Humedostatic climatic tests, in order to generate
oxide layers on the surface. After this, the thickness of these layers have been measured, as well as their conductivity and dielectric strength using the HIPOT test. Finally, chemical composition of generated corrosion products have been obtained with Scanning Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. The results obtained reveal that the presence of corrosion products clearly affects the conductivity of railways, reducing it by several orders of magnitude. Dielectric strength also gets increased, hindering the electric
current flow in DC track circuits. R260 steel presents in general better corrosion resistance and electrical properties in presence of corrosion than R350 steel. Regarding chemical composition, lepidocrocite has been the main corrosion product in both materials, with magnetite and goethite as secondary product
The Aromaticity of Osmapentalenes Derivatives – An Analysis Based on Electron-Delocalization Indices
No full textA systematic investigation of the aromatic features of the electronic structures of a family of recently synthesized osmapentalene derivatives has been carried by means of indices derived from the calculated one-electron density matrix of the corresponding geometry optimized compounds, and complemented by the analysis of the valence molecular orbitals and the delocalized bonding units emerging from the adaptive natural density partitioning method. The calculated delocalization indices between consecutive atom pairs, and normalized multicenter indices are very suggestive of the aromatic character of the equatorial fused carbon rings (except triangular ones) for all the members of the family. Since the electron-delocalization based indices allow precise quantification of the aromaticity, differences of the aromatic character among the various members have also been highlighted, and have been found to be consistent with the magnetic based criteria indices reported earlier. Finally, the valence molecular orbitals along with the delocalized bonding units of the adaptive natural density partitioning indicate that the aromaticity of these compounds is sustained by either 10 or 14 π electrons, which satisfy the Hückel aromatic electron counting rule.The authors thank for technical and human support provided by IZO-SGI (SGIker) of UPV/EHU and European funding (ERDF and ESF) and the DIPC. Financial support comes from Eusko Jaurlaritza (Basque Government) through the project IT588-22 and from Grant No. PID2020-114754GAI00 provided by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. The authors thankfully acknowledge also the computer resources at MareNostrum and the technical support provided by the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (Grant No. QHS-2022-3-0015). E. M. acknowledges funding from Agencia Española de Investigación, “FEDER Una manera de hacer Europa” (PID2022-140666NB−C21), the Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC-INV-003132) and Eusko Jaurlaritza (PIBA_2023_1_0055). Open Access funding provided by University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU)
Applying the NIST Statistical Test Suite to a TRNG of an Open-Source RISC-V Sub-System for PQC-Aware Industrial SoCs
No full textPreprint of the paper presented to the 2025 IEEE Industrial Electronics and Applications Conference (IEACon) held in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, from 8 to 9 September 2025.Industrial applications can benefit from next-generation Post-Quantum Cybersecurity (PQC) and Open ISA CPU architectures like RISC-V. However, the sector demands an analysis of the application of these innovations in the context of industrial standards and networking protocols. This work reviews how PQC can be applied to new-generation OT/IT (Operational Technology/Information Technology) Industrial Networking protocols and be integrated into a custom RISC-V CPU device with a Dilithium-IP crypto-core. Specifically, the results of the randomness testing of the entropy source of the True Random Number Generator (TRNG) embedded in the CPU
are presented. For this purpose, NIST SP 800-22 Rev 1.a and NIST SP 800-90B have been used.Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital and Unión Europea-NextGenerationE”,through Cátedras Chip program, SOC4SENSING TSI-069100-2023-0004, and Basque Government within the fund for research groups of the Basque university system IT1440-22, S4C-II KK-2025/00013 and FIRMAR S4C-II KK-2025/00015