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WTO Panel Report, European Union — Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Duties on Stainless Steel Cold-Rolled Flat Products from Indonesia, WT/DS616/R, circulated on 2 October 2025
No full textThis dispute is particularly important because for the first time a WTO Panel was confronted with
the issue of whether transnational subsidies could be actioned against under WTO law. This is one
of the new forms of subsidies which has emerged as a key policy issue in current trade debates and
various countries are taking action against them, most notably through the countervailing duties
(CVDs). From a legal standpoint, the Panel had to determine whether the definition of subsidy
under Article 1.1(a) WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM), on
its own and via the application of the International Law Commission’s (ILC’s) Draft Articles on
State Responsibility, could cover these measures. The dispute is thus of great interest also from the
more general perspective of legal interpretation of trade law and the use of public international law.
The Panel report was appealed into the void, but nonetheless represents the most authoritative legal
analysis on the issue. The assessment of the report is mixed. On the one hand, the Panellists
provided a cautious, and correct, school interpretation of the controversial WTO rules on subsidies.
On the other hand, they opened the door to the use of the international law rules of attribution to
essentially broaden the scope of WTO subsidy rules
ReNU Syndrome due to a de novo RNU4-2 Variant as a Novel Genetic Cause of Proteinuria
No full textProteinuria has been linked to several genetic disorders, providing valuable insights into its pathophysiology. ReNU syndrome, a recently described condition caused by heterozygous variants in the RNU4-2 gene, is characterized by intellectual disability, microcephaly, and multisystemic features. Kidney involvement has been reported exclusively as anatomical abnormalities. Here, we presented a girl with isolated proteinuria and ReNU syndrome. Her prenatal history was notable for a small head circumference and reduced brain hemispheres. She was referred to our clinic at 3 months of age for isolated proteinuria. Physical examination revealed microsomia, strabismus, and dysmorphic features. Kidney ultrasound was unremarkable, and edema was never observed. A kidney biopsy showed minimal change disease with slight podocyte effacement. Treatment with prednisone was ineffective, and antiproteinuric agents were started. At her last follow-up, at age 16 years, nephrotic-range proteinuria persists with normal kidney function. Genetic testing before 2024 yielded no diagnosis, but whole-genome sequencing analysis later identified a de novo variant in the RNU4-2 gene (n.64_65insT), confirming ReNU syndrome. This case is the first documented report of isolated, persistent proteinuria in ReNU syndrome. We recommend testing for RNU4-2 variants in patients with unexplained proteinuria and syndromic features and suggest regular monitoring for proteinuria in individuals with ReNU syndrome
ZOONOSI, RESISTENZE ANTIMICROBICHE E INNOVAZIONE NELL¿ALLEVAMENTO DEL BOVINO DA LATTE: APPROCCI INTEGRATI SECONDO IL PARADIGMA ONE HEALTH
No full textThe intensive use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine has promoted the global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), with serious implications for public health and the sustainability of livestock farming. In this context, zoonotic pathogens such as S.aureus and S.agalactiae represent a complex threat, capable of crossing species barriers and spreading resistance genes. This thesis adopts an integrated One Health approach to analyse the spread of resistant bacterial strains in milk, assess the milk resistome, and propose innovative solutions for the control of contagious mastitis. To evaluate the risk associated with zoonotic pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes, epidemiological and genomic analyses of bacterial strains were integrated with metagenomic studies of milking filters, aimed at monitoring the spread of AMR. Furthermore, the effectiveness and applicability of antimicrobial elastomers to produce milking liners were assessed, with the goal of reducing the transmission of contagious pathogens during milking. The introduction of these elastomers for milking significantly reduced the transmission of contagious pathogens, contributing to a decrease in mastitis incidence. Epidemiological analysis of over 36,000 isolates enabled the identification of resistance patterns and their distribution in S.aureus and S.agalactiae. Furthermore, the application of metagenomic techniques to milking filters revealed a widespread presence of AMR genes, confirming the role of the farm environment in the circulation of resistance. Meanwhile, the adoption of advanced diagnostic protocols improved monitoring of the herd’s health status, enabling targeted interventions and a reduction in antibiotic use. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of an integrated and innovative approach in managing bovine infections, preventing the spread of AMR, and promoting public, animal, and environmental health according to the principles of the One Health paradigm. The implications of this study suggest the possibility of implementing replicable models of surveillance and health intervention in dairy farm, contributing concretely to the global fight against AMR
Burden of metabolic diseases, 1990-2023, with forecasts to 2030 for the Asia-Pacific region
No full textBackground The latest data release from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 has enabled us to conduct an updated analysis of the trends and burdens of common metabolic diseases/risk factors from 1990 to 2023 in the Asia-Pacific region. We aimed to highlight disparities across geographic regions, over time, and by sex, while incorporating a predictive assessment of future trends through 2030. Methods We analyzed estimates of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and mortality for five common metabolic diseases and risk factors in the Asia-Pacific region (type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM], high systolic blood pressure [SBP], high body mass index [BMI], high LDL cholesterol, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease [MASLD]). We also used Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) models to project disease burdens through 2030. Results In 2023, in Asia-Pacific region, high SBP accounted for the largest burden (~138 million DALYs; 6.27 million deaths), followed by high BMI (~55 million DALYs; 1.33 million deaths), high LDL cholesterol (~53 million DALYs; 2.02 million deaths), T2DM (~49 million DALYs; 1.13 million deaths), and MASLD (~1.26 million DALYs; 47 thousand deaths). From 1990 to 2023, total DALYs increased 1.7- to 3.7- fold, with absolute burdens highest in China, India, and Indonesia, and relative burdens concentrated in Pacific Islands. Projected trends through 2023 suggest that the burden of all metabolic diseases/risk factors, except MASLD, is likely to continue rising, with high SBP remaining the dominant contributor. Conclusion Analysis of the GBD 2023 and 2030 projections show that metabolic diseases/risk factors will remain a persistent challenge for the Asia-Pacific region, with substantial increases in DALYs and mortality. These findings call for coordinated, intensified global actions to address interconnected metabolic conditions and can have positive implications for the United Nations' 2030 health-related goals
L'invidia sociale nel mondo ellenistico-romano : Competizione, concorrenza, ambizioni
No full textIl volume raccoglie una parte dei risultati conseguiti nell’ambito del progetto PRIN 2022 L’invidia sociale. Competizione, concorrenza, ambizioni (I secolo a.C. – III secolo d.C.), con il quale ci si è proposti di indagare le dinamiche di antagonismo e competizione tra individui e gruppi sociali, sia a Roma che in provincia, in età tardorepubblicana e altoimperiale. Grazie all’apporto di numerosi specialisti, questo asse di ricerca è stato ampliato anche all’età ellenistica, con affondi sino alla tarda antichità. Accanto all’esame di alcuni significativi casi di studio, il volume si arricchisce di una prima sezione dedicata alle teorizzazioni del concetto di invidia nel pensiero greco e romano, senza trascurare la documentazione offerta dalla realtà materiale
Learning to flock in open space by avoiding collisions and staying together
No full textWe investigate the emergence of cohesive flocking in open, boundless space using a multi-agent reinforcement learning framework. Agents integrate positional and orientational information from their closest topological neighbours and learn to balance alignment and attractive interactions by optimizing a local cost function that penalizes both excessive separation and close-range crowding. The resulting Vicsek-like dynamics is robust to algorithmic implementation details and yields cohesive collective motion with high polar order. The optimal policy is dominated by strong aligning interactions when agents are sufficiently close to their neighbours, and a flexible combination of alignment and attraction at larger separations
La conquête de l’Amérique de Tzvetan Todorov. Una relectura entre la historia de la historiografía y la historia del tiempo presente
No full textEste ensayo propone una relectura de La conquête de l’Amérique de Tzvetan Todorov al cumplirse más de treinta años del Quinto Centenario de 1492. Por un lado, se presentan los orígenes del libro, publicado por primera vez en Francia en 1982, su propuesta interpretativa, sus traducciones, recepciones y fortuna internacional. Por otro lado, se examina la obra de Todorov en relación con el debate historiográfico de las décadas siguientes, en el contexto de las transformaciones geopolíticas mundiales y de la emergencia a nivel global de la profundidad histórica, el pluralismo cultural y el protagonismo de los pueblos indígenas de América Latina. Además, se reflexiona sobre la actualidad del “humanismo bien temperado” de Todorov para una enseñanza y una investigación universitarias capaces de enfrentarse a tiempos de narrativas extremadamente polarizadas
Single Cell Analysis Reveals the Presence of Novel Intermediate Cells in Both Mice and Patients With Severe MASLD
No full text: The landscape of cellular abnormalities occurring during metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is not completely clarified. We investigated cell heterogeneity involved in progressive MASLD at single cell resolution in mice fed AMLN. Single cell RNA sequencing (Sc-RNAseq) and spatial proteomics were applied to decipher cell populations and genes/pathways guiding MASLD progression. We identified 32 clusters, including hepatocytes (HEPs), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), endothelial cells (ENDOs), Kupffer cells (KCs), and immune cells. HEPs clusters changed across disease severity, acquiring a periportal localization in MASH-fibrosis. The latter conditions were featured by ENDO clusters with higher expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, resident and recruited KCs/immune clusters with M1 polarization and HSCs with a myofibroblast phenotype. Finally, we highlight 5 hybrid populations named HSCs/ENDOs, HEPs/ENDOs, KCs/ENDOs, and HEPs/KCs which were confirmed by spatial proteomics across disease stages in mice and MASLD patients. In sum, we observed an evolution of cellular heterogeneity during MASLD and identified novel intermediate populations that feature advanced disease
Tra cultura e struttura: la partecipazione lavorativa delle donne con background migratorio in Lombardia
No full textSi evidenzia che i processi di cambiamento
culturale osservati in Lombardia stiano
facendo da traino verso un’integrazione
più piena e consapevole anche nel mercato
del lavoro