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LA TUTELA DELL¿ONESTÀ FEMMINILE NELLA DISCIPLINA DEI REATI SESSUALI IN BRASILE TRA MODERNIZZAZIONE E CONSERVAZIONE DELL¿ORDINE PATRIARCALE (1890-1930)
No full textLa presente ricerca indaga, sul piano legislativo, dottrinale e giurisprudenziale, la riproduzione delle discriminazioni di genere nei reati di stupro (estupro), ratto (rapto) e deflorazione (defloramento) in Brasile, attraverso la tutela dell’onestà femminile nella Prima Repubblica (1890-1930). È stato adottato un orientamento metodologico volto a verificare la (ri)produzione delle discriminazioni di genere nei reati sessuali in Brasile, mettendo in luce le apparenti contraddizioni del contesto storico in cui esse si collocavano e le convergenze con le esperienze giuridico-penali italiane, considerando la storia comparata del diritto come parte di una storia di intrecci (entanglements) giuridico-contestuali. Muovendo dalle teorizzazioni di Mario Sbriccoli sul duplice livello di legalità che caratterizza il “penale”, si è analizzata l’esistenza di differenti livelli di trattamento soggettivo nell’ambito dei reati sessuali, a partire dalla produzione normativa di discriminazioni intergenere e intragenere. Sono stati inoltre messi in evidenza i conflitti tra riformismo e continuità, tra l’intenzione di “civilizzare” il diritto penale e la conservazione di istituti, concetti e stereotipi appartenenti a una tradizione secolare e discriminante. Come caso di studio, sono state esaminate le decisioni del Tribunale Superiore di Giustizia dello Stato di Santa Catarina, con sede nella città di Florianópolis, al fine di comprendere l’estensione degli intrecci tra le discriminazioni di genere promosse dalla dottrina, dalla legge e dalla giurisprudenza, ponendole in relazione con il più ampio panorama nazionale. Il Código Penal del 1890, pur cercando di emanciparsi dalle figure giuridiche del passato, mantenne vive tradizioni morali, introducendo, sul piano normativo, categorie giuridiche discriminatorie quali ‘donna vergine’, ‘donna onesta’ e ‘prostituta’. La dottrina elaborava ulteriori livelli di discriminazione, fondati su ruoli specifici di genere e, a loro volta, radicati in concezioni ristrette di onestà femminile. Anche la penalistica italiana categorizzava le donne in base all’onestà, pur in assenza di una disciplina legislativa specifica, e tali teorizzazioni venivano riprese e discusse dai giuristi brasiliani. Le differenziazioni di genere presenti nel Código Penal, riprodotte e sviluppate dalla dottrina, fungevano da guida per i giudici e conducevano alla produzione di ulteriori livelli di discriminazione. In combinazione con etichette di classe e di razza, esse si traducevano spesso in meccanismi di vittimizzazione secondaria, rendendo difficoltoso, se non impossibile, l’accertamento di tali reati. Nello Stato di Santa Catarina, i processi per reati sessuali si orientavano secondo una dialettica dell’onestà, e la verifica degli elementi costitutivi dei reati non seguiva un ragionamento uniforme, essendo condizionata dall’analisi dell’indole delle parti. Anche quando i magistrati cercavano di limitare le strategie difensive diffamatorie, lo facevano in modo paternalistico, muovendo da concezioni morali sulla vittima. La tutela dei reati sessuali, fondata sulla protezione dell’onestà femminile, si inseriva in una rete complessa, caratterizzata da molteplici livelli di discriminazione. L’intreccio dei diversi livelli del penale mostrava come tutto riconducesse al diritto comune, a una tradizione giuridica di matrice morale, precisa e ben definita. Produttrice di vittimizzazione secondaria e fondata su presupposti apparentemente contraddittori, tale cultura alimentava i “miti” dello stupro e si rivelava coerente con la protezione giuridico-patriarcale e paternalista rivolta alle vittime femminili, basata su uno specifico, secolare e persistente ideale di onestà sessuale.This research investigates, from legislative, doctrinal, and jurisprudential perspectives, the reproduction of gender discrimination in the crimes of rape (estupro), abduction (rapt), and defloration (defloramento) in Brazil, through the legal protection of female honesty or modesty during the First Republic (1890-1930). The adopted methodological approach sought to verify the (re)production of gender discrimination in sexual crimes in Brazil, highlighting the apparent contradictions of the historical context in which they emerged and the convergences with Italian criminal-legal experiences. This analysis conceives comparative legal history as part of a broader history of juridical and contextual entanglements. Drawing on Mario Sbriccoli’s theorization of the dual level of legality that characterizes the “penal”, the study examines the existence of differentiated subjective treatment within sexual crimes, starting from the normative production of inter-gender and intra-gender discrimination. It also exposes the tensions between reformism and continuity, between the intention to “civilize” criminal law and the persistence of institutions, concepts, and stereotypes rooted in a centuries-old discriminatory tradition. As a case study, the decisions of the Superior Court of Justice of the State of Santa Catarina, headquartered in Florianópolis, were analysed to understand the extent of the entanglements among gender discriminations promoted by doctrine, legislation, and case law, and to situate them within the broader national framework.The 1890 Código Penal, while seeking to emancipate itself from earlier legal formulations, preserved moral traditions by introducing discriminatory legal categories such as ‘virgin woman’, ‘honest woman’, and ‘prostitute’. Legal doctrine further developed layers of discrimination based on specific gender roles, themselves rooted in narrow conceptions of female honesty. Italian penal scholarship also categorized women according to honesty, even in the absence of explicit legislative provisions, and such theoretical formulations were adopted and debated by Brazilian jurists. The gender differentiations present in the Código Penal, reproduced and expanded by doctrine, guided judges and generated additional levels of discrimination. Combined with class and racial labeling, these distinctions often produced mechanisms of secondary victimization, making the ascertainment of such crimes difficult or even impossible. In the State of Santa Catarina, trials for sexual crimes were guided by a dialectic of honesty, and the verification of the constitutive elements of the offenses did not follow a uniform reasoning, being conditioned by the assessment of the moral character of the parties involved. Even when magistrates sought to limit defamatory defense strategies, they did so paternalistically, drawing upon moral assumptions regarding the victim. The protection of sexual crimes, grounded in the safeguarding of female honesty, thus operated within a complex network characterized by multiple layers of discrimination. The intertwining of the various levels of the penal sphere revealed how all paths ultimately led back to ius commune, a legal tradition of moral origin, precise and well-defined. Producer of secondary victimization and based on apparently contradictory premises, this culture fed the “myths” of rape and remained consistent with the patriarchal and paternalistic legal protection extended to female victims, founded on a specific, centuries-old, and enduring ideal of sexual honesty
Integral Implementation of Higher-Order Algebraic Petri Nets in Maude
No full textReisig’s Algebraic Petri nets are highly expressive but rarely based on a strict algebraic framework. We present an effective translation using the declarative language Maude, which employs rewriting semantics. By exploring two definitions, we tackle modeling challenges from Maude’s pattern-matching operational semantics. We demonstrate the advantages of using rewritable terms as active tokens, as supported by Maude, with examples including an adaptive Multilevel Feedback Queue scheduling
Cultivating hope: caring for a precarious emotion in the Ultima Generazione movement
No full textIn this article I explore how the Ultima Generazione (UG) movement in Italy cultivates different forms of hope in times of climate crisis and ecological breakdown. Based on ethnographic research, I argue that hope is not a stable emotion or a fixed starting point, but a fragile, shifting process requiring ongoing care. I identify two key practices: building a supportive, nonviolent grassroots community, and performing high-risk civil disobedience, such as road blockades or ‘coloring’ monuments and artworks. These practices generate multiple, sometimes conflicting hopes – some rooted in immediate communal survival, others directed toward long-term climate transformation. Rather than a unified feeling or motivational force, hope emerges as an uncertain sensibility shaped by collective action. ‘Cultivating hope’ thus entails a repertoire of practices that nurture, shape, and enact the ways in which hope is felt and sustained
Evaluation of large language models as decision support tools for head and neck cancer management: A blinded multidisciplinary simulation study
No full textBackground: The management of head and neck cancer relies on multidisciplinary expertise; however, access to tumor boards remains variable. Large language models (LLMs) may support guideline-based decision-making, although performance in complex oncologic scenarios is not well defined. Methods: Fourteen synthetic cases based on real tumor board encounters were evaluated. Five blinded comparator arms produced recommendations: a human expert, Non-RAG-GPT-4, Non-RAG-GPT-5, RAG-GPT-4, and RAG-GPT-5. Eight head and neck oncologic surgeons scored each recommendation for appropriateness, clarity, specificity, and feasibility using 5-point Likert scales. Paired permutation testing and inter-rater reliability were assessed. Results: LLM outputs showed close alignment with expert recommendations. RAG-based models achieved the highest mean scores across domains, with some statistically significant differences versus the expert comparator in appropriateness and clarity; however, absolute differences were modest. Inter-rater reliability was strong (ICC 0.73-0.87). Conclusions: Advanced LLMs can generate guideline-concordant management recommendations in simulated head and neck cancer cases, supporting potential utility for decision support and education; prospective validation and expert oversight remain essential
Stereodefined synthesis of 3-difluoromethyl-benzoxaboroles: novel antimicrobials with unlocked H-bonding
No full textBenzoxaboroles, prominent scaffolds in medicinal chemistry, are typically modified on the benzene ring. In contrast, functionalization of the oxaborol ring is less common and often challenging. Indeed, 3-hydroxy-benzoxaboroles are virtually impossible to isolate due to their tautomeric equilibrium with the carbonyl form. In this work, we introduce a novel class of stereodefined 3-difluoromethyl-benzoxaboroles. The replacement of the hydroxy group with -CHF2 preserves stability while promoting bioactivity, owing to the lipophilic H-bond donor properties of the latter
Dazi doganali: uno sguardo al regime giuridico internazionale e alle politiche recenti degli Stati Uniti
No full textRandom rotational invariance of integration by parts formulas within a Bismut-type approach
No full textThe stochastic rotational invariance of an integration by parts formula inspired by the Bismut approach to Malliavin calculus is proved in the framework of the Lie symmetry theory of stochastic differential equations. The non-trivial effect of the rotational invariance of the driving Brownian motion in the derivation of the integration by parts formula is discussed and the invariance property of the formula is shown via applications to some explicit two-dimensional Brownian motion-driven stochastic models
Susceptibility of Cooking Herbs to Stored-Product Moths
No full textAlthough herbs can contain several secondary metabolites potentially harmful to insects, dried herbs, like all stored foods, can be damaged by various insect pests. These pests have the potential to diminish both the quantity and the quality of food, and the consequences of infestation often only become noticeable once the pest has already become established. This study investigates the ability of two Lepidoptera pests, one polyphagous, Plodia interpunctella, and one selective, Idaea inquinata, to complete the postembryonic development on eleven dried herbs commonly used in cooking: dill (Anethum graveolens L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.), chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), parsley (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), savory (Satureja hortensis L.), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). The results show that tarragon, sage, savory, oregano and thyme did not allow growth of either species, suggesting the presence of chemical compounds that limit larval growth or survival. In addition, the time required for both species to complete development was longer than that obtained on a standard diet, suggesting that the nutritional requirements and water content of the herbs are not as optimal as those of the standard diet. To conclude, I. inquinata could develop on basil, chervil, chives, coriander, dill, and parsley, while P. interpunctella could develop only on chervil, chives, coriander, and dill
Kleider machen Leute e Haare machen Menschen: dal proverbio ai suoi snowclones
No full textThe aim of this contribution is to analyse the German proverb Kleider machen Leute
(English: fine feathers make fine birds) and the partially schematic constructions related
to it, the so-called ‘snowclones’, such as [XNom machen Leute] and [Kleider machen XAkk]
in a web corpus (deTenTen20). For the purposes of the present study, we will adopt a
corpus-based approach, in the sense that specific forms of the proverb will be studied by
analysing their formal variants and semantic and pragmatic features. The analysis lies at
the intersection between traditional phraseology/paremiology studies and Construction
Grammar