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Synthesis and Application of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) for Upcycling Horticulture Residues
Get PDFUpcycling horticulture residues offers a sustainable solution to reduce environmental
impact, maximize resource utilization, mitigate climate change, and contribute to
the circular economy. We synthesized and characterized 14 natural deep eutectic solvents
(NADESs) and applied them to upcycle horticulture residues, offering an innovative valorization
approach. Using an initial many-factors-at-a-time (MFAT) screening followed by
a rotatable central composite response surface methodology (RCCRSM) for optimization,
quadratic models fitted the response data for all the synthesized NADESs given: TPC
(R2 = 0.984, p < 0.0001), TFC (R2 = 0.9999, p < 0.0001), AA-CUPRAC (R2 = 0.918, p < 0.0001),
FRAP (R2 = 1.000, p < 0001), and DPPH (R2 = 0.9992, p < 0.0001). An ultrasound temperature
of 45 ◦C, extraction time of 5 min, solvent volume of 25 mL, and solvent concentration
of 90% (v/v) were considered the optimal conditions for achieving maximum desirability
(0.9936) for TPC yield. For TFC and CUPRAC, the optimal conditions were 30 ◦C, 5 min,
25 mL, and 90% (v/v), with maximum desirability values of 0.9003 and 1.00, respectively.
The maximum desirability for FRAP (0.9605) was achieved under conditions of 45 ◦C,
25 min, 25 mL, and 50%, while DPPH had a maximum desirability of 0.9313, with 50 ◦C,
15 min, 15 mL, and 70% (v/v) as the optimized conditions
Efficient and Rapid Arylation of NH2‐Unprotected Bromobisindole Ethanamines via Suzuki‐Miyaura Coupling: Generating New Leads Against Leishmania
Get PDFLeishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease which presents significant global health challenges due to the lack of effective vaccines and the limitations of existing chemotherapeutics in view of their toxicity, resistance, and high costs. In this study, we realized a library of novel bisindole derivatives as potential antileishmanial agents through a rapid Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction, utilizing NH2-unprotected bromobisindole ethanamines and boronic acids. Optimization of reaction conditions allowed for the efficient and selective arylation of these substrates, with yields up to 93%. The compounds were screened for their activity against Leishmania infantum promastigotes. Among the tested bisindole derivatives, 3af (bearing a 4-vinylphenyl moiety) demonstrated potent antileishmanial activity (IC50 = 1.1 μM) with a higher selectivity index (21.8) compared to the reference drug miltefosine (9.8). A significant activity was also retained against intracellular amastigotes. This study establishes a robust methodology for late-stage functionalization of bisindoles, also highlighting these derivatives' potential as promising leads for antileishmanial drug development
La législation statutaire des communes italiennes
No full textThis study explores the communal statutes (statuti comunali) of Italian cities (11th-14th centuries), crucial legislative texts that emerged alongside urban autonomy. It details their development from custom to codified written law, establishing legal frameworks for governance, societal norms, and public order. Drafted by legal experts (statutari), statutes consolidated local regulations and reflected political agreements. Jurists debated the legitimacy of communal legislative power (potestas statuendi), developing theories based on permission, jurisdiction, or self-governance. These adaptable statutes were fundamental to medieval Italian legal culture, balancing local needs with broader legal traditions
Linguistica storica romanza e intercomprensione: una prospettiva didattica
No full textLinguistica romanza e intercomprensione dialogano insieme per fornire agli studenti delle chiavi di comprensione immediate sulla transizione del latino verso le lingue romanz
Gestione finanziaria, conflitto di interessi e governance delle forme pensionistiche individuali.
No full textLa previdenza complementare privata svolge un ruolo importante nel sistema pensionistico italiano L'introduzione delle forme pensionistiche individuali ha tuttavia trasformato il lavoratore in un investitore consapevole, responsabile della gestione del proprio risparmio previdenziale. Questa evoluzione ha portato a una maggiore frammentazione della previdenza, con implicazioni sul delicato equilibrio tra dimensione individuale e collettiva nella tutela degli interessi sociali. La previdenza complementare privata deve quindi bilanciare la funzione pubblica di tutela sociale con la dimensione privata ed economica. La regolamentazione delle forme pensionistiche individuali deve garantire un equilibrio tra questi due aspetti, promuovendo principi di buona governance, correttezza, trasparenza, efficienza e solidità patrimonial
PREVENZIONE DELLA CONTAMINAZIONE DEI SUOLI ATTRAVERSO L’IMPIEGO DI OLI ESSENZIALI COME ALTERNATIVA AD ERBICIDI E ANTIPARASSITARI - VALUTAZIONE DELLA SOSTENIBILITA’ DEGLI OLI ESSENZIALI SULLA NEMATOFAUNA A VITA LIBERA
No full textIntensive agriculture has over-exploited natural resources and altered soil system functions, primarily due to the excessive use of phytochemical products designed to ensure highquality and high-yield crop production. To promote more sustainable practices, new European guidelines aim to reduce pesticide usage by 50%. Natural products, such as essential oils (EOs), are considered promising green alternatives and are assumed to pose a low risk to the environment. However, before their widespread application, it is essential to evaluate their potential effects on suitable bioindicator organisms, such as nematodes. For this purpose, in a first step, the state of the art, current trends and future directions in
the application of the EOs in agriculture have been investigated using the software VOSviewer. The software allowed us to select the most used EOs in crop protection and underlined that the main current scientific research focus is on plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) or, to a lesser extent, on model organisms. Therefore, it has been clearly emerged the need for broader-scale investigations to evaluate their eco-friendly nature. For this
reason, a field study was conducted to evaluate the impact of EOs on the taxonomic and functional structure of nematode communities. Specifically, the experiment was carried out on chickpea crops from an organic farm and aimed to assess the potential influence of one
of the most promising EOs, basil on free-living nematodes, thereby providing evidence of EOs’ contribution to preserving biodiversity and natural capital. Chickpea crops are often exposed to various biotic stresses, among which Fusarium wilt causes significant yield losses. Literature data suggest that coating chickpea seeds with basil EO can reduce Fusarium fungal infections. The seed coating has been obtained using chitosan (CHI), a natural, non-toxic, and edible polymer derived from the deacetylation of chitin, which is widely used in combination with EOs to reduce their high volatility and form a protective coating on seeds. The experiment was performed according to a BACI (BeforeAfter-Control-Impact) strategy that permits to distinguish the biological community changes related to differences in time elapsed or space vs. the changes caused by an environmental disturbance. The results obtained in this survey demonstrated that basil EO and chitosan seed coatings had no significant negative impact on nematode taxonomic diversity or functional indices. Additionally, the taxonomic community structure, considered one of the most sensitive detection metrics, revealed that observed effects were predominantly influenced by temporal changes, likely reflecting the natural progression of the crop system rather than the EO treatment itself. These findings are particularly promising, as they suggest that EO basil-based coating can preserve soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning providing a new potential green alternative for crop protection
Annibale alle porte. L'attentato di Fiumicino del 1985 e la costruzione dello stereotipo dell'immigrato-terrorista
No full text«All’aeroporto romano, insieme alle bombe di Abu Nidal, è anche scoppiata la bomba della questione stranieri». Questa la sintesi di un osservatore coevo per descrivere gli effetti della strage di Fiumicino del 27 dicembre 1985 sul rapporto tra la società italiana e il mondo dell’immigrazione. A partire da quel momento per una parte della classe dirigente, del circuito mediatico e dell’opinione pubblica italiana i termini immigrato e terrorista divennero praticamente sinonimi e l’immigrazione venne letta attraverso la lente deformante della cronaca nera: nel discorso pubblico essa divenne l’elemento strategico di una guerra non convenzionale condotta con le armi del terrorismo e gli immigrati vennero rappresentati come esercito nemico o «quinta colonna» dell’esercito nemico: «Annibale non è alle porte – si poteva leggere in quei giorni su un quotidiano – lo abbiamo già in casa»
The Background of the Gioconda: Geomorphological and Historical Data from the Montefeltro Area (Tuscan–Emilian Apennines, Central Italy)
No full textThis work combines geomorphological and historical research to decode the
landscape in the world’s most famous painting: the Gioconda. The background of the
painting was analysed in detail, and numerous morphological correspondences with the
Montefeltro area in Central Italy were found. The upper valley of the Senatello stream
features the Fumaiolo Massif, renowned for its springs that feed the River Tiber. The region
is composed of the limestones and sandstones of the San Marino and Monte Fumaiolo
Formations, alongside clay formations from the “Valmarecchia Nappe”. This lithological
variety, the intense fracturing of the limestone rocks, and climatic and tectonic events during
the Middle to Upper Pleistocene produced a complex and varied geomorphology. The
landscape is marked by large landslides and significant debris deposits, reflecting its recent
evolution. The painting, as well as historical documents and Leonardo’s drawings from his
time in the Romagna region, provide evidence of a large lake beneath Mount Aquilone. The
area was affected by a significant change in the morphology of the slopes, probably caused
by a landslide that occurred in the period 1500–1700, a period characterised by climatic and
tectonic upheavals, which may have led to the disappearance of the lake
The aromatic plant essential oils and their hormetic effect on Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)
No full textEssential oils (EOs) are increasingly recognized as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides due to their biodegradability and reduced risks to non-target species. This study investigates the bioactivity of 30 EOs on Rhyzopertha dominica, a major pest of stored grains, with a focus on their repellency and attractiveness across varying concentrations. The area preference method (APM) was used to evaluate EO bioactivity at concentrations ranging from 0.00064 to 0.064 μL cm−2. The results revealed strong repellent or attractive activity for certain EOs, while others exhibited concentration-dependent dual effects, acting as attractants at lower concentrations and repellents at higher ones. In addition, the bioactivity shown in the APM by nine selected EOs was compared to that obtained by testing the same EOs through a two-choice behavioral bioassay (TCB) at corresponding concentrations. At a 2 % EO concentration, the TCB results indicated significant repellent activity (p < 0.05) for lemon verbena, palo santo, matico, pumin, cinnamon, and anise, which exhibited the strongest effects. In contrast, nutmeg demonstrated significant attractive properties (p < 0.05). Black pepper and mandarin EOs displayed trends toward repellency and attractiveness, respectively. Both methods confirmed the bioactivity of the EOs against R. dominica. These results underscore the concentration-dependent hormetic effects of EOs on R. dominica and highlight the importance of precise optimization in pest management strategies for their application