Rajesh Varma
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The potential of mRNA vaccine in HCC treatment
No full textNeoantigen mRNA vaccines are a potential form of immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). These neoantigens can be targeted with personalized mRNA vaccines, which are designed to stimulate the patient’s immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. Neoantigen mRNA vaccines are developed using RNA sequences that are synthesized based on the genetic mutations found in HCC patients. These RNA sequences are formulated into a vaccine and administered to the patient, typically in combination with other cancer treatments for enhancing the anti-cancer effect. Several preclinical and clinical studies have shown promising results for neoantigen mRNA vaccines in HCC immunotherapy. Early results suggest that they may be a valuable addition to the treatment options available for HCC patients. However, more research is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of these vaccines.</p
Evaluation of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody response following COVISHEILD vaccination: A comparison between previously infected and non-infected cohorts
No full textBackground: The Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a significant global health threat. In this study, we investigated the antibody response in five-time intervals following the COVISHEILD first, second, and booster doses vaccination in previously infected and previously non-infected individuals. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional prospective study that took place at the Bangladesh Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases (BITID), Fouzderhat, Chittagong, in 46 individuals who received the COVISHEILD vaccine from February 2021 to January 2022. Blood samples were collected from vaccine recipients at five different time points (Baseline: Day 0 before 1st vaccine dose, 3 weeks, 2 months (before 2nd dose), 6 months, and 1 year after a booster dose) to measure the levels of S-RDB IgG antibodies using the EUROIMMUN Anti-S-Rose Disease Bioinfection assay test kits (Lübeck, Germany). Results: The study reveals that individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection showed a significant increase in antibody levels after receiving the first vaccine dose, reaching 145.51 units at 3 weeks post-vaccination. This response remained stable at 117.6 units at 3 months and slightly declined to 103.26 units at 6 months, indicating a sustained immune response. For previously non-infected individuals, vaccination induced a strong immune response, with antibody levels of 159.62 units at 3 weeks, increasing to 150 units at 3 months, and then slightly declining to 87.84 units at 6 months. Despite the decline, antibody levels at 6 months and 1 year were notably higher than the pre-vaccination baseline of 0 units, indicating the development of a durable immune response following vaccination. In the <40 years age group, individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection showed a substantial boost in antibody levels after receiving the first vaccine dose, reaching 198.61 units at 3 weeks post-vaccination. The response remained stable at 122.22 units at 3 months and declined to 73.7 units at 6 months, followed by a rise to 263.85 units at 1 year. Conclusion: Our findings highlight that tailoring vaccination approaches based on gender differences and considering vaccination in both previously and non-infected individuals will aid in optimizing immune responses and combatting the COVID-19 epidemic effectively.</p
Immunogenicity in CAR T cell immunotherapy
No full textCurrently, the most accessible forms of cancer treatment include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. However, these forms of treatment may damage or destroy healthy tissue as well as cancerous cells, resulting in side effects such as fatigue, hair loss, diarrhea, etc. Immunotherapy, an alternative form of cancer treatment, is a growing treatment method of interest that uses bodily substances made by the body or in a laboratory to boost the immune system’s activity against tumor cells. One type of immunotherapy is CAR T cell therapy, in which a patient’s T cells are genetically modified in a lab to express Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CARs) that help T cells identify and destroy their target. However, because CARs are constructed in the lab and currently consist of non-self components, genetically engineered CAR T cells have the potential to induce anti-CAR immune responses. The following paper will explore the causes of anti-CAR immunity, its possible solutions, and the potential implications of these discoveries.</p
Effective moment of inertia of reinforced concrete slender beams with only tension reinforcement
No full textFor a reinforced concrete structure to be deemed satisfactory, it must satisfy both the ultimate and serviceability limits state criteria. Deflection is one of the major criteria to be satisfied under the serviceability limit state. This paper derived a model by modifying Olanitori’s model to obtain the effective moment of inertia for slender beams without compression reinforcement. The beam without compression reinforcement was subjected to a one-point load in order to determine the experimental effective moment of inertia. It was observed that the beam had an ultimate load of 83 kN. At a service load of 55.33 kN, the beam’s actual deflection was found to be 5.90 mm and the experimental effective moment of inertia, Ie(EXP) was 206.96 x104mm4. At a service load of 55.33 kN, the estimated deflections of the beam using the proposed model P, model 1, model 2, and model 3 were 3.32 mm, 2.60 mm, 1.33 mm, and 0.78 mm respectively, while the actual deflection was 5.09 mm for the beam. From these results, the proposed model predicts more accurately the deflection of the slender beam than the three other models.</p
How to legally use drones for surveys?
No full textDrones are very useful for civil engineering and environmental surveys because drones may increase productivity, allow more regular and comprehensive monitoring of construction progress, monitor the status of infrastructures (e.g. bridges), and anyway collect a vast amount of digital data, which can be easily stored, manipulated and shared.However, while the benefits offered to end users by drones are becoming apparent to the entire professional community, possibly not anyone is yet aware of the conditions to fly drones legally in different jurisdictions.The aim of this article is to respond to some of the most common questions on the regulation of drones, hoping that the answers might facilitate the development of business cases for organisations that have not yet decided to use drones, or which intend to expand their use.In the USA Part 107 lists detailed limitations and conditions for the UA flight, but it does not have a clear list of responsibilities of the RPIC compared with the wider responsibilities of the UAS operator (e.g. the commercial company employing the pilot).In the EU, USA, and other jurisdictions, the first obligation to legally fly a drone for professional purposes is registration; the drone (if MTOM 250 g or more) in the USA and the operator in the EU (even if the drone is below 250 g). Virtual and ‘face-to-face’ courses on the regulation of non-military drones are available at the Joint Aviation Authorities – Training Organisation (JAA-TO).</p
Overview of major cutaneous and subcutaneous skin problems in horses and their associated risk factor in and around Bishoftu town
No full textHorses are the most important animals in the packing and transport systems of Ethiopia. Though disease and related problems are significant impediments to their performance, their socioeconomic contribution is frequently undervalued; as a result, their welfare is severely jeopardized. As a result, this cross-sectional study was carried out to identify the major skin problem of working horses in and around Bishoftu town, as well as associated risk factors. A total of 414 working horses were considered for the study. Selected horses were clinically examined for visible skin lesions, and a questionnaire survey was performed simultaneously. The overall prevalence of skin problems was found to be 60%. In decreasing order, the skin problems recorded in the study were wound (41.3%), epizootic lymphangitis (16.4%), and sarcoids (1.9%). There was a significant difference (x2 = 15.66, p 0.05) in the prevalence of wounds among different body condition scores; horses in poor body condition were more exposed to wounds than horses in better body condition. There was a significant difference (p 0.05) in the prevalence of wound up by age group, indicating that horses in their senior years were particularly vulnerable. Injuries caused by an improper harness and saddle design were more prevalent (x2 = 409.93, p = 0.000). A slightly higher proportion of wounds was encountered in the chest area of the body (24%). There was a significant difference (x2 = 4.0028, p 0.05) in the prevalence of epizootic lymphangitis depending on the type of work that indicated that cart horses were more highly affected than pack horses. But there was no significant difference based on age, body condition score, or housing system. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of sarcoids between horses that had been sheltered and those that had not; the non-sheltered horses had a significantly higher prevalence than the sheltered horses. The anatomical distribution of the occurrence of wounds on the horses was found to indicate an association between areas of harnessing, packing, and inappropriate hobbling. This study showed wounds as a major skin problem for working horses in the region. A comprehensive equine health programme should be implemented in order to alleviate the prevailing problem.</p
Character of somatic and psycho-emotional disorders in children with various types of juvenile arthritis
No full textRheumatic diseases in children are a source of serious medical, social, and personal problems due to the prevalence, and severity of pain syndrome, progressive course with involvement of internal organs and disorders in the psycho-emotional sphere in the pathological process. The nature of somatic and psycho-emotional disorders was studied in 70 children aged 7 years - 16 years old with various types of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA). The severe course of the disease, and as a result, disability, leads to emotional instability and social maladjustment of children. The predominance of articular forms with a primary lesion of the joints of the lower extremities and their deformation was remarkable. In children with a systemic variant of JRA, kidney damage was detected in the form of urinary syndrome and tubulointerstitial nephritis. Headache was the leading clinical manifestation of autonomic disorders caused by vascular disorders.</p
The activity of crude bromoacetyl-L-carnitine preparations against Trypanosoma brucei and the roles of threonine/pyruvate in non-hexose/glycerol ATP production
No full textThe Trypanosoma brucei group trypanosomes (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense) cause an invariably fatal disease in humans, and Trypanosoma brucei brucei a fatal disease in cattle, if left untreated [1]. </p
Asymmetry as an indicator of stress: From population statistics to clinical life-saving applications
No full textMost symmetrical objects can be efficiently described in terms of their deviation from a specific symmetry group, whether it be a mirror, radial, or translatory symmetry, among other groups. Fundamentally, asymmetry is an individual trait, but the asymmetry distribution of a given population may provide valuable information about the well-being of that population. Quantification of these deviations from perfect symmetry evolved from counts and linear measures of distances to landmarks conducive to structures with consistent topology, and then to Continuous Symmetry Measures (CSM) conducive to structures with no consistent topology. We demonstrate the usefulness of this approach on quantification of leaf veins that mirror bifurcating structures. Deviations from a given symmetry group can be described in terms of (i) Fluctuating Asymmetries (FA) or (ii) broken asymmetries. Fluctuating Asymmetry (FA) is a controversial indicator of stress, and therefore tackling the problem needs a large number of species and populations in habitats with well-known stressors. We found such a site at “Evolution Canyon”, Israel, and we examine and discuss a study of twenty-four species that live in the canyon’s opposing slopes. We conclude with examples from asymmetry as a neurophysiological bioindicator by presenting several studies on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s disease, and stroke. We show how machine-learning methods, applied on asymmetry indicators (in addition to the traditional signal processing features), can improve the sensitivity of the system and provide reliable diagnostic results.</p
Syphilis due to Treponema paraluisleporidarum ecovar Cuniculus (TPeC) in a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Mexico
No full textRabbit syphilis is caused by Treponema paraluisleporidarum and causes several cutaneous lesions. The prevalence in Mexico is not determined and there are currently no reports in pet rabbits associated with this disease. This case report describes the first case of rabbit syphilis in Mexico, confirmed by PCR and sequencing.</p