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Il prezzo nascosto. lavoro, salari e fisco nell'Italia dell'inflazione
No full textTra il 2019 e il 2025 il salario annuo di un insegnante con 18-24 anni di servizio ha perso 2.308 euro di potere d’acquisto. Un operaio metalmeccanico ha visto il proprio stipendio reale diminuire dell’8%, un dato senza paragoni tra i grandi Paesi europei. Un quadro con una retribuzione inferiore ai 40.000 euro ha subito un incremento di imposte pari a quasi 900 euro all’anno. Non sono casi isolati, ma un fenomeno che ha colpito milioni di lavoratori: negli anni in cui l’Italia ha visto crescere il PIL, aumentare l’occupazione e migliorare molti indicatori macroeconomici, sono molti coloro che hanno sperimentato un impoverimento silenzioso. L’inflazione ha colpito tutti, ma non allo stesso modo: il lavoro dipendente ha pagato più di altri, stretto tra rinnovi contrattuali in ritardo e un sistema fiscale che, attraverso il fiscal drag, ha drenato risorse senza dichiararlo.
Gli autori analizzano con rigore i meccanismi che hanno trasferito reddito al lavoro allo Stato e ai profitti, mostrando come la perdita di potere d’acquisto non sia un incidente temporaneo ma il risultato di scelte politiche precise. Salari stagnanti, contrattazione indebolita, interventi fiscali parziali e regressivi compongono un quadro che riguarda operai, insegnanti, impiegati, pensionati: una maggioranza sociale perlopiù
esclusa dalla narrazione dei «tempi buoni». Alla luce di dati puntuali e con argomentazioni articolate, il libro smonta le illusioni e mette al centro una questione decisiva per la democrazia economica del Paese. Perché quando l’inflazione passa ma i salari non recuperano, la politica economica smette di essere neutrale. E il costo, prima o poi, lo paghiamo tutti
Salt migration and export via subsurface irrigation in a saline reclaimed landscape of the Po River lowland (Italy)
No full textUpward saline groundwater seepage is provoking surface water canals to be salinized in a large, reclaimed area of the Po River lowland in Italy. The salinization is often exacerbated in agricultural fields sub-irrigated via tile drains, which create shortcuts among surface water and shallow groundwater bodies. To identify the causes of salinization and quantify the key sources of dissolved salts, a continuous monitoring of the vadose zone, surface water, and groundwater seepage contributions was established in two adjacent agricultural fields: A1 (approximate to 5 ha) mildly saline cultivated with maize and crossed by a paleochannel and A2 (approximate to 2 ha) saline, left uncultivated and covered by a salt tolerant weeds consociation with the prevalence of Genus Erigeron (Asteraceae). The vadose zone continuous monitoring allowed to identify capillary rise as the main driver of soil salinity in A1, while in A2 the capillary rise of groundwater is complicated by additional salt released by root decomposition after mowing, producing a clear ECpw increases up to 20 mS/cm. This information was integrated with remote sensing data on vegetation health (SAVI) and water requirement (NDMI), accounting for the vegetation activity within the field. Piezometers and drainage ditch continuous monitoring allowed for the identification of the surface waters/ groundwater relationships and the saline sources in the aquifer/aquitard lenses, revealing a general GW flow toward surface drains as the main source of salinization. EC abruptly increased to 6.5 mS/cm along the SW2 ditch draining A2, while it rose more gradually from 0.55 to 2 mS/cm in the SW1 ditch draining A1. Frequency domain analysis further highlighted internal salinity dynamics, such as increased porewater salinity after mowing in A2, which increased temporary the electrical conductivity up to 20 mS/cm also confirming strong correlations between VWC and ECpw at 60 cm below ground level. Finally, continuous monitoring of water discharge and solute concentrations in the drained ditch enabled the assessment of total salt export during the sub-irrigation period, which was 67.2 +/- 6.5 tons (approximately 80 % of the monitoring period). These outcomes show how subirrigation can accelerate salinization in shallow groundwater systems under saline conditions
Il contratto a favore di terzi
No full textIl contributo analizza in chiave critica la disciplina codicistica del contratto a favore di terzi, richiamando i più rilevanti orientamenti dottrinali e giurisprudenziali in materi
Regional-scale inventory and initial analysis of liquefaction triggered by the 2025 Mw 7.7 Mandalay earthquake, Myanmar
No full textOn March 28, 2025, a Mw 7.7 earthquake struck central Myanmar, rupturing a ∼ 500 km segment of the strike-slip Sagaing Fault. The earthquake produced widespread structural damage and co-seismic ground failures, including extensive liquefaction and lateral spreading. Although field observations and remote assessments have reported numerous liquefaction occurrences, no comprehensive regional-scale inventory was produced. This study presents the first systematic mapping and analysis of earthquake-induced liquefaction associated with the 2025 Mandalay event, using medium resolution (10 m) Copernicus Sentinel-2 satellite imagery acquired in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake.
We identified over 18,000 liquefaction sites within an area of more than 80,000 km2, with the highest concentrations along the Irrawaddy and Sittang River valleys, in vicinity to the fault rupture. Liquefaction predominantly occurred in Holocene fluvial environments, including meandering channels, floodplains, and abandoned paleochannels, reflecting the influence of geomorphology and sediment characteristics. Over 95 % of the sites were located within 20 km of the fault rupture, confirming that rupture proximity is a more reliable predictor of liquefaction hazard than epicentral distance alone. This is consistent with the very large length of the ruptured fault, off-center location of the mainshock epicenter and the significant (∼3 m on average) surface slip documented throughout much of the rupture.
The scale of liquefaction observed, particularly the extensive lateral spreading and ground deformation along the Irrawaddy River near Mandalay, indicate that this event may represent one of the largest regional liquefaction occurrences during the last few decades. Our results demonstrate the importance of integrating geomorphic, lithological, and seismic parameters into regional-scale assessments of seismic hazard. The liquefaction inventory offers critical insights for post-earthquake risk evaluation in Myanmar and for mitigating future co-lateral seismic hazards in tectonically active fluvial regions
Chorioamnionitis in intrauterine fetal death: A forensic histopathological case study
No full textIntroduction: Acute chorioamnionitis is a placental inflammatory condition often implicated in adverse pregnancy outcomes, including intrauterine death. The histopathological identification of maternal and fetal inflammatory responses (MIR and FIR) is critical for diagnosis and understanding potential causal mechanisms. Chorioamnionitis frequently warrants medico-legal investigation, particularly for suspected medical malpractice. Material and methods: Two forensic cases of intrauterine fetal death with histological finding of acute chorioamnionitis are presented. Each case has been investigated with a complete autopsy with histological examination of fetal organs and placenta. The investigations were conducted following the Royal College of Pathologists' Guidelines on autopsy practice for fetal death and the European Guidelines for forensic investigations involving suspected healthcare professional liability. Results and discussion: In Case 1, histopathology revealed acute necrotizing chorioamnionitis associated with chorionic vasculitis, funisitis and fetal organ involvement (stage 3/grade 2 MIR; stage 2/grade 1 FIR), supporting a causal role in fetal death. In Case 2, only focal chorioamnionitis with minimal fetal inflammatory response (stage 2/grade 1 MIR; stage 1/grade 1 FIR) was detected. A definitive and certain causal relationship with the death cannot be established due to the absence of systemic fetal involvement. No substandard medical care was identified in either case. Conclusion: These cases underscore the importance of integrating clinical and histological data to determine the pathophysiological significance of chorioamnionitis in fetal death. The evaluation of FIR and organ involvement are critical for distinguishing between causal and incidental findings. Thorough histopathological evaluation is essential for accurate cause of death determination and medicolegal assessment
Smart Sensing in Italian Historic City Centers: The Liminal Environmental Monitoring System (LEMS)
No full textHistoric city centers host dense ensembles of heritage buildings where conservation goals must coexist with sustainable and smart urban development, yet the semi-outdoor “liminal” spaces of these complexes, such as cloisters, loggias and courtyards, are rarely included in microclimate monitoring networks. This study develops and tests the Liminal Environmental Monitoring System (LEMS), a flexible environmental data acquisition architecture designed for long-term monitoring in such spaces. The LEMS is based on a custom, low-cost data acquisition board able to handle multiple analogue and digital sensors, combined with a daisy-chain communication layout using the MODBUS RS485 protocol and a commercial datalogger as master, in order to meet the technical and visual constraints of historic buildings. Board calibration and sensor characterisation are reported, and the system is deployed in the cloister of Palazzo Costabili, a renaissance complex in the historic city center of Ferrara (Italy). This case study illustrates how the LEMS captures spatial and temporal variation in air temperature, relative humidity and solar irradiance and how an annual solar-shading indicator derived from 3D ray-tracing simulations supports the interpretation of irradiance measurements. The results indicate that the LEMS is a viable tool for heritage-compatible microclimate monitoring and can be adapted to other historic courtyards and loggias
P504. PRENATAL CHOLINE SUPPLEMENTATION RESCUES LEARNING AND MEMORY DEFICITS IN MICE EXPOSED TO ELEVATED KYNURENIC ACID DURING NEURODEVELOPMENT
No full textBackground: Elevated brain kynurenic acid (KYNA) levels are implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ). As an antagonist of cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, elevated KYNA levels may be causally related to cognitive dysfunctions in SZ. We developed an embryonic kynurenine model (“EKyn”; Beggiato et al., 2018) in mice to mimic elevated KYNA levels during neurodevelopment and study cognitive function in adulthood. We presently investigated if perinatal supplementation of choline (Freedman et al., 2022), an essential nutrient and agonist of α7nACh receptors, would alleviate adverse learning outcomes in EKyn adult offspring.
Methods: Pregnant C57Bl/6J mice were fed a standard diet (0.1% choline chloride) or choline-supplemented diet (0.5% choline chloride) from embryonic day (ED) 11 to postnatal day (PD) 21. From ED 11 to ED 18, each diet remained control (ECon) or was laced with the KYNA precursor kynurenine (50 mg/day; EKyn). Upon weaning, all offspring received control rodent chow until experimental testing in adulthood (PD 56–85). Separate cohorts of adult male and female offspring were then assessed in biochemical (in vivo microdialysis in prefrontal cortex; N = 10 per group), electrophysiology (ex vivo recordings of interhemispheric transmission; N = 17–22 per group), and behavioral studies (Barnes maze; N = 13–30 per group).
Results: EKyn male and female offspring had significantly higher KYNA levels in the prefrontal cortex in adulthood (64% increase; t = 3.483, Df = 18, P = 0.03) and significantly delated interhemispheric transmission (F1,74 = 16.11, P = 0.0001). EKyn exposure significantly impacted spatial learning such that latency to find the escape box (males: F1,69 = 5.613, P = 0.02; females: F1,67 = 3.785, P = 0.05) and errors (males: F1,70 = 6.958, P = 0.01; females: F1,67 = 6.591, P = 0.01) were increased in the Barnes maze across days. On the last day, latency was significantly higher in EKyn males (P = 0.001) and females (P = 0.002), and this impairment was reversed in offspring of mothers that received choline-supplemented diet with EKyn exposure (males: P = 0.005;, P = 0.02; females: P = 0.05). Taken together, EKyn impaired Barnes maze performance in both sexes, but choline reversed these deficits, suggesting rescue of hippocampal-dependent learning. Analysis of Barnes maze behavior revealed significant difference in the use of random, serial, or direct search strategies across learning days between both sexes of ECon and EKyn (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: Physiological and behavioral abnormalities are seen in adult EKyn mice with concurrent elevations in brain KYNA levels, indicating that prolonged treatment with kynurenine during the embryonic period causes permanent, functionally significant changes in brain development in these experimental animals. Understanding the role of choline supplementation, which mitigated cognitive impairments in EKyn offspring, as a potential intervention for alleviating prenatal risk factors associated with cognitive dysfunction and SZ helps to inform future treatment strategies
A complex network perspective on brain disease
No full textIf brain anatomy and dynamics have a complex network structure as it has become standard to posit, it is reasonable to
assume that such a structure should play a key role not only in brain function but also in brain dysfunction. However,
exactly how network structure is implicated in brain damage and whether at least some pathologies can be thought of
as ‘network diseases’ is not yet clear. Here we discuss ways in which a complex network representation can help in characterising
brain pathology, but also in assessing subjects’ vulnerability to and likelihood of recovery from disease. We
show how the way disease is defined is related to the way function is defined and this, in turn, determines which network
property may be functionally relevant to brain disease. Thus, addressing brain disease ‘networkness’ may shed light not
only on brain pathology, with potential clinical implications, but also on functional brain activity, and what is functional
in it
Illuminating Multiple Sclerosis: Next-Generation PET Tracers for Molecular Insights
No full textMolecular imaging is redefining in vivo characterization of multiple sclerosis, a demyelinating disease with complex and heterogeneous clinical profiles. Recent advances in PET tracers enable more specific detection of pathologic features beyond conventional MRI. Among them, [18F]3F4AP—a fluorinated analog of 4-aminopyridine—targets voltage-gated potassium channels that become exposed after demyelination, offering a promising tool to detect myelin loss. Similarly, [11C]PiB and [11C]MeDAS, originally developed for amyloid and myelin imaging, respectively, exhibit high affinity for myelin, allowing direct assessment of white matter integrity. In particular, [11C]MeDAS shows selective binding to intact myelin sheaths and strong correlation with histologic myelin content in preclinical models. These agents have demonstrated utility in both animal studies and early clinical investigations, supporting their translational relevance. This review focuses on the pharmacologic properties, imaging protocols, and developmental progress of PET tracers that directly or indirectly reflect demyelination, advancing personalized approaches to diagnosis, monitoring, and therapeutic evaluation in multiple sclerosis