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Cognitive and Neural Bases of Multi-Attribute, Multi-Alternative, Value-based Decisions
No full textAccumulation to threshold models describe the dynamics of decision making. They have been highly influential in perceptual decision making and begin to dominate research on value-based decisions. For simple perceptual choices, core mechanisms of these models, such as evidence accumulation and decisions threshold crossing, could be mapped onto a neural circuitry. Value-based choices, however, often require the comparison of multiple choice options along multiple attributes. Such decisions are prone to context effects that are inconsistent with economic conceptions of rationality. To accommodate the complexity of value-based decision making, a series of novel accumulation to threshold models that assume advanced component processes have been developed. Most recently, model-based neuroscience studies have started to link these component processes to their neural underpinnings
The Extent of the Market and Integration Through Factor Markets: Evidence from Wholesale Electricity
No full textWe document the in uence of factor markets in determining the extent of the market, by appealing to the Mundell Hypothesis that trade in goods markets and factor markets are substitutes. We conrm this in uence using the U.S. wholesale market for electric power. Although the Eastern, Western, and Texas regions cannot trade electricity, inputs such as natural gas move freely across these regions. Through both a set of price transmission ratios, and a supply model for natural gas, we nd regional electricity shocks do propagate across regions. We conclude output markets institutionally in autarky are economically integrated through factor markets
Conclusion: Learnings From Eight Country Studies on Women Entrepreneurs in Asia
Get PDFProblem: Women entrepreneurs have been and will continue to play an important role in sustaining and advancing the economic development of Asian countries. It is in the best interest of the Asian countries and International HRD professionals to develop an in-depth understanding of this population so they can develop policies, strategies, and resources to support the development of women entrepreneurs. This special volume has revealed some of the motivation, challenges, and opportunities women entrepreneurs face in Asia. This can contribute to the understanding is this newly emerged phenomenon of growing women entrepreneurs in Asia. Solution: The growing of women entrepreneurs in Asia is a complex phenomenon. It requires the involvement of scholars and practitioners to study, understand, and theorize before meaningful solutions can be proposed that will have an overarching impact. This special volume by including a diversity of studies in eight different countries offers a glimpse into this newly emerged field of study. Human resource development initiatives and expertise are needed to provide a fighting chance for these women entrepreneurs to succeed. Stakeholders: Entrepreneurs, HRD scholars, and practitioners who are interested in entrepreneurship development, specifically the development of women entrepreneurs in the context of Asia
This is easy, you can do it! Feedback during mathematics problem solving is more beneficial when students expect to succeed
No full textStudents’ problem-solving success depends on more than their knowledge and abilities. One factor that may play a role is the teacher’s expectations of students. The current study focused on how a teacher’s explicitly-stated expectations influence students’ ability to learn from corrective feedback during problem solving. On the one hand, setting low expectations (e.g., this task is hard, you’ll likely fail) may help students avoid disappointment in response to negative feedback thereby facilitating student learning. On the other hand, setting low expectations may produce a self-fulfilling prophecy in which negative feedback confirms the teacher’s expectations and hinders student learning. In a controlled experiment, undergraduate students (N = 160) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions based on a crossing of two factors: teacher expectations for the student (success or failure) and verification feedback during problem solving (yes or no). Posttest performance revealed that feedback had negative effects when teachers set low expectations for students. Results suggest that basic feedback may be more beneficial when teachers help students set their expectations for success
Does Coproduction of Public Services Support Government's Social Equity Goals? The Case of U.S. State Parks
No full textIn the U.S., nearly half of all state parks now have a charitable “Friends of the Park” partner. While their support is welcome, differences in wealth across counties also imply these supporting charities may create inequities in parks’ resources. Logit and tobit regression analysis using multiple data sources tests this idea on the California and Florida state parks systems. Coproduction theory has been largely neutral on the social equity question. The context of public parks may be especially useful to study given the strong historical association between White, middle-class interests and the politics of outdoor recreation. Our results do indeed suggest such concerns apply to this context, although outcomes for parks users are also contextual to state policy decisions. Theoretically, these findings offer a means of understanding coproduction’s possible effects within the larger framework of government-nonprofit macro theories such as interdependence, demand-heterogeneity and philanthropic failure theory
Porous social orders
Get PDFMany cultural anthropologists today share a common theoretical commitment: to view the people they encounter during fieldwork as living among multiple social orders that are interconnected and contingent. When social orders are multiple, ethnographers are quickly faced with the question of how people construct the boundaries between these social orders to be both durable (enough) to keep social orders distinct and porous (enough) to allow people, objects, forms, and ideas to circulate across them in appropriate ways. What counts as appropriate is, not surprisingly, often hotly contested. Despite contemporary ethnographers’ varied intellectual trajectories, a crosscutting set of theoretical assumptions unites their work and shapes how they approach familiar anthropological foci, such as circulation, ritual, scale, and power
Injured Runners Do Not Replace Lost Running Time with Other Physical Activity
No full textRunning-related injuries are common and may pose a barrier to maintaining high levels of overall physical activity. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine whether recreational runners remain physically active while experiencing running-related pain or running-related injury. METHODS: Recreational runners (n = 49) participated in a year-long observational cohort study. Subjects were issued a commercial activity monitor to measure daily physical activity level, quantified by the total minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Subjects also completed a weekly survey inquiring about running-related pain and any modifications made to planned running sessions. A week was classified as an "injured week" if a runner reported a reduction or cancellation of at least three planned training sessions, otherwise it was categorized as an "uninjured week." Separately, pain level was assessed for each week using a 0-10 scale. Survey responses were used to longitudinally track pain levels and injury status for each runner. Mixed-effect linear models were used to quantify whether sustaining an injury or reporting running-related pain during a given week were associated with changes in MVPA levels for that week. RESULTS: Compared with uninjured weeks, runners engaged in 14.1 fewer minutes of MVPA per day (95% CI -22.5, -6.0) during weeks in which they reported a runningrelated injury. Lost MVPA during injured weeks was primarily replaced by sedentary activity. There was no significant association between running-related pain and MVPA. CONCLUSION: Injured runners do not replace lost running time with other forms of MVPA. Running-related injury and running-related pain should not be conflated: while reporting injury is associated with a reduction in physical activity in recreational runners, high pain levels are not
Acoustic disruption of tumor endothelium and on-demand drug delivery for cancer chemotherapy
No full textChemotherapy has been the most widely used treatment against cancer, however, is limited by its systemic toxicity as well as its resistance developed by tumors’ physical barriers. Herein, we propose a novel acoustically-mediated treatment regime to on-demand release therapeutics and disrupt tumor structures. By programming a high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) transducer, we can locally and digitally release gemcitabine (GEM) as well as open a local blood-tumor barrier or even tumor stroma to enhance intratumor drug delivery via acoustically-oscillating bubbles and liposomes. In our experiments, we modeled tumor endothelium by culturing a monolayer of murine endothelial cells (2H11) on transwell membrane. We locally disrupted the cultured endothelium to enhance drug penetration by using perfluorocarbon (PFC) liquid droplets as breaking probes and protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) hybridized liposomes as drug carriers. We also demonstrated an on-demand release of GEM by digitally triggering the break of drug carriers. Moreover, we validated the acoustic tumor endothelium disruption in vivo by monitoring penetration of dye (Evans blue) in solid tumors. Therefore, we present an acoustically-mediated delivery method that both releases drug on-demand locally and opens the blood-tumor barrier to enhance drug penetration. This sets the ground for further clinical cancer therapy to improve many systemic cancer treatments
A Qualitative Study on the Digital Preservation of OER
Get PDFLibraries continue to spearhead initiatives to incentivize instructors to adopt, adapt, and create open educational resources (OER). However, these programs often do not explicitly require instructors to preserve the OER they create. Drawing on an analysis of semi-structured interviews with six experts, this article presents considerations for libraries interested in preserving OER and recommendations for OER librarians that are new to digital preservation. The study makes an argument for why and how libraries could begin to preserve OER. Future areas of investigation include better understanding how OER repositories preserve OER and consortia models to support this work
A high-frequency mobile phone data collection approach for research in social-environmental systems: Applications in climate variability and food security in sub-Saharan Africa
No full textCollecting high-frequency social-environmental data about farming practices in sub-Saharan Africa can provide new insight into environmental changes that farmers face and how they respond within smallholder agro-ecosystems. Traditional data collection methods such as agricultural censuses are costly and not useful for understanding intra-annual and real-time decisions. Short-message service (SMS) has the potential to transform the nature of data collection in coupled social-ecological systems. We present a system for collecting, managing, and synthesizing weekly data from farmers, including data infrastructure for management of big and heterogeneous datasets; probabilistic data quality assessment tools; and visualization and analysis tools such as mapping and regression techniques. We discuss limitations of collecting social-environmental data via SMS and data integration challenges that arise when linking these data with other social and environmental data. In combination with high-frequency environmental data, such data will help ameliorate issues of scale mismatch and build resilience in environmental systems