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Fundamentals of Measurement: Small Electric Currents
Get PDFThe values of electrical quantities span over an incredibly wide range. In the same laboratory, one can manage the measurement of, say, both small 1 pF capacitors and of 1000 F supercaps for energy storage. Conductors ask for measurement of resistances in the milliohm; insulator resistance can go up to several teraohm. A range of 15 orders of magnitude seems normal - until one considers that the same range for a length measurement, for example, would go from the size of a bacterium to a journey to the moon. Technological development pushes the need for accurate measurements of electrical quantities at the extremes of these ranges
Entanglement-preserving measurement of the Bell parameter on a single entangled pair
Get PDFBell inequalities represent one of the cornerstones of quantum foundations, and a fundamental tool for quantum technologies. Although a lot of effort was put in exploring and generalizing them, because of the wave function collapse it was deemed impossible to estimate the entire Bell parameter from one entangled pair, since this would involve measuring incompatible observables on the same quantum state. Conversely, here it is reported the first implementation of a new generation of Bell inequality tests, able to extract a Bell parameter value from each entangled pair and, at the same time, preserve the pair entanglement instead of destroying it. This is obtained by exploiting sequences of weak measurements, allowing incompatible observable measurements on a quantum state without collapsing its wave function. On the fundamental side, by removing the need to choose between different measurement bases our approach stretches the concept of counterfactual definiteness, since it allows measuring the entangled pair in all the bases needed for the Bell inequality test, intrinsically eliminating the issues connected with the otherwise not-chosen bases. On the practical side, after our Bell parameter measurement the entanglement within the pair remains (basically) unaltered, hence exploitable for other quantum-technology-related or foundational purposes
The Immunomodulatory Effects of Fluorescein-Mediated Sonodynamic Treatment Lead to Systemic and Intratumoral Depletion of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in a Preclinical Malignant Glioma Model
Get PDFFluorescein-mediated sonodynamic therapy (FL-SDT) is an extremely promising approach for glioma treatment, resulting from the combination of low-intensity focused ultrasound (FUS) with a sonosensitizer. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy and immunomodulation of SDT with fluorescein as the sonosensitizer in immunocompetent GL261 glioma mice for the first time. In vitro studies demonstrated that the exposure of GL261 cells to FL-SDT induced immunogenic cell death and relevant upregulation of MHC class I, CD80 and CD86 expression. In vivo studies were then performed to treat GL261 glioma-bearing mice with FL-SDT, fluorescein alone, or FUS alone. Perturbation of the glioma-associated macrophage subset within the immune microenvironment was induced by all the treatments. Notably, a relevant depletion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and concomitant robust infiltration of CD8+ T cells were observed in the SDT-FL-treated mice, resulting in a significant radiological delay in glioma progression and a consequent improvement in survival. Tumor control and improved survival were also observed in mice treated with FL alone (median survival 41.5 days, p > 0.0001 compared to untreated mice), reflecting considerable modulation of the immune microenvironment. Interestingly, a high circulating lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio and a very low proportion of MDSCs were predictive of better survival in FL- and FL-SDT-treated mice than in untreated and FUS-treated mice, in which elevated monocyte and MDSC frequencies correlated with worse survival. The immunostimulatory potential of FL-SDT treatment and the profound modulation of most immunosuppressive components within the microenvironment encouraged the exploration of the combination of FL-SDT with immunotherapeutic strategies
INAA-INRIM
Get PDFINAA-INRIM software, for Microsoft Windows platforms.
This software is developed as an aid for analysts to perform INAA measurement (with application of either direct comparator, relative, and single comparator, k0, methods) and a support to compile uncertainty budgets.
It was built from the merging of two separate projects (k0-INRIM and Rel-INRIM) concerning the application of k0 and relative methods, respectively, but sharing various features and modelizations.
The produced uncertainty budgets are standalone and exportable in Microsoft Excel format; it could take into account measurement performed on different emissions, samples and irradiatio
Metrological Confirmation of the Stylus Profilometer Taylor Hobson Form Talysurf PGI Novus S 10
Get PDFThe European Metrology Network for Advanced Manufacturing: setting the future course
No full textAdvanced manufacturing has been identified by the European Commission as one of the key enabling technologies (KETs), which are considered to be crucial in creating innovative and sustainable economies while addressing societal challenges. Metrology is a key enabler in the development of advanced manufacturing since improvements are dependent on the ability to measure correctly. These measurements support the aims of zero defects, zero delay, zero surprise and zero waste in production processes. Another KET closely related to advanced manufacturing is that of advanced materials, which are either intrinsic to advanced manufacturing processes, created by them or both. In order to address these challenges EURAMET has supported the creation of the European Metrology Network for Advanced Manufacturing, which includes advanced materials. The European Metrology Network (EMN) for Advanced Manufacturing drives the high-level coordination of the metrology community in this field with the aim of promoting metrology developments for advanced manufacturing. The network is operated by national metrology institutes and designated institutes in close cooperation with stakeholders from academia, industry, and international initiatives with an interest in advanced manufacturing
Superconducting Qubit Network as a Single Microwave Photon Detector for Galactic Axion Search
Get PDFExperimental search of galactic axions requires detection of single photons in the microwave range. We work on a novel approach to detect single microwave photons based on a coherent collective response of quantum states occurring in a superconducting qubit network (SQN) embedded in a low-dissipative superconducting resonator. We propose a two resonators detector configuration with two parallel resonators without common part and with separated input and output terminals. The device consists of a low-dissipative resonator with embedded SQN in which microwave photons arrive (“signal resonator”), and a transmission line for measuring the frequency dependent transmission coefficient demonstrating resonant drops at the qubit frequencies (“readout resonator”). In comparison with T-type three terminal device recently proposed and investigated by us, the device with two resonators with separated input and output terminals doesn’t contain common part of both resonators and exclude an unwanted noise from measurement readout circuits to the signal resonator. A layout of two resonators four terminal SQN detectors containing 5 flux
qubits weakly coupled to a low-dissipative signal and readout resonator was developed and optimized. The samples were fabricated by Manhattan Al-based technology with Nb resonator circuits. The SQN detector was experimentally tested in terms of microwave measurements of scattering parameters of both resonators and crosstalk properties. Comparison of experimental data with results of the simulations permits one to conclude that the electromagnetic conditions of the fundamental resonant peak of 8.5 GHz of both resonators aren’t affected by the crosstalk phenomenon and their performances provided by the design remain not altered for correct device operation
Broadband Parametric Amplification in DARTWARS
Get PDFSuperconducting parametric amplifiers offer the capability to amplify feeble signals with extremely low levels of added noise, potentially reaching quantum-limited amplification. This characteristic makes them essential components in the realm of high-fidelity quantum computing and serves to propel advancements in the field of quantum sensing. In particular, Traveling-Wave Parametric Amplifiers (TWPAs) may be especially suitable for practical applications due to their multi-Gigahertz amplification bandwidth, a feature lacking in Josephson Parametric Amplifiers (JPAs), despite the latter being a more established technology. This paper presents recent developments of the DARTWARS (Detector Array Readout with Traveling Wave AmplifieRS) project, focusing on the latest prototypes of Kinetic Inductance TWPAs (KITWPAs). The project aims to develop a KITWPA capable of achieving 20 dB of amplification. To enhance the production yield, the first prototypes were fabricated with half the length and expected gain of the final device. In this paper, we present the results of the characterization of one of the half-length prototypes. The measurements revealed an average amplification of approximately 9 dB across a 2 GHz bandwidth for a KITWPA spanning 17 mm in length
ILC EM-RF01/2021 Parametri “S” in connessione N 100 kHz - 18 GHz Rapporto finale
Get PDFQuesto rapporto tecnico presenta i risultati finali di un Confronto Interlaboratorio nell’Area Metrologica Elettricità e Magnetismo – Grandezza: Parametri di Scattering (Parametri “S”) ovvero Coefficiente di Riflessione e Coefficiente di Trasmissione/Attenuazione a radiofrequenza in linea coassiale con connettori di tipo “N” nel campo di frequenza da 100 kHz a 18 GHz, codice Identificativo ILC: EM-RF01/2021.
Si tratta di un confronto nazionale di misura (ILC) in accordo con la norma EN ISO/IEC 17043:2010, effettuato nell’anno 2021 e destinato a quattro Laboratori nazionali accreditati, due dei quali hanno sottoposto al confronto due sistemi di misura diversi, per un totale di sei confronti effettivi.This technical report outlines the conclusive findings from an Interlaboratory Comparison within the Electricity and Magnetism Metrological Area. The focus was on Scattering Parameters ("S" Parameters), encompassing Reflection Coefficient and Radio Frequency Transmission/Attenuation Coefficient, measured in coaxial lines with "N" type connectors across the frequency spectrum of 100 kHz to 18 GHz. The assigned ILC identification
code is EM-RF01/2021.
Conducted in 2021, this national measurement comparison (ILC) adheres to the EN ISO/IEC 17043:2010 standard. It involved four accredited national laboratories, two of which submitted two distinct measurement systems for comparison, resulting in a total of six actual comparisons
Operation model of a skew-symmetric split-crystal neutron interferometer
Get PDFThe observation of neutron interference using a triple Laue interferometer formed by two separate crystals opens the way to the construction and operation of skew-symmetric interferometers with extended arm separation and length. The specifications necessary for their successful operation are investigated here: most importantly, how the manufacturing tolerance and crystal alignments impact the interference visibility. In contrast with previous studies, both incoherent sources and the three-dimensional operation of the interferometer are considered. It is found that, with a Gaussian Schell model of an incoherent source, the integrated density of the particles leaving the interferometer is the same as that yielded by a coherent Gaussian source having a radius equal to the coherence length