Archivio della ricerca della Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna
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El modelo híbrido de nombramiento judicial para la Corte constitucional italiana: un análisis a casi 70 años desde su creación
Full text linkFeeding-induced olfactory cortex suppression reduces satiation
Full text link: Binge feeding commonly leads to overeating. Experiencing flavor during food consumption contributes to satiation. Still, the interactions between flavor, binge feeding, and food intake remain unknown. Using miniscopes for in vivo calcium imaging in the anterior piriform cortex (aPC) in freely moving mice, we identified specific excitatory neuronal responses to different food flavors during slow feeding. Switching from slow feeding to binge feeding transformed these specific responses into an unspecific global suppression of neuronal activity. Consummatory aPC suppression scaled with food value. GABAergic neurons in the olfactory tubercle (OT) projected to the aPC and mirrored activity patterns in the aPC under different feeding conditions, consistent with transmitting a value signal. Closed-loop optogenetic manipulations demonstrated that suppressing the aPC during binge bouts reduces satiation by selectively prolonging feeding bouts. We propose that aPC suppression by the OT enhances food intake by reducing sensory satiation during binge feeding-associated states of high motivation
The global, regional, and national burden of cancer, 1990–2023, with forecasts to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
No full textBackground: Cancer is a leading cause of death globally. Accurate cancer burden information is crucial for policy planning, but many countries do not have up-to-date cancer surveillance data. To inform global cancer-control efforts, we used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 framework to generate and analyse estimates of cancer burden for 47 cancer types or groupings by age, sex, and 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023, cancer burden attributable to selected risk factors from 1990 to 2023, and forecasted cancer burden up to 2050. Methods: Cancer estimation in GBD 2023 used data from population-based cancer registration systems, vital registration systems, and verbal autopsies. Cancer mortality was estimated using ensemble models, with incidence informed by mortality estimates and mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Prevalence estimates were generated from modelled survival estimates, then multiplied by disability weights to estimate years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were estimated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the GBD standard life expectancy at the age of death. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were calculated as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We used the GBD 2023 comparative risk assessment framework to estimate cancer burden attributable to 44 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. To forecast cancer burden from 2024 to 2050, we used the GBD 2023 forecasting framework, which included forecasts of relevant risk factor exposures and used Socio-demographic Index as a covariate for forecasting the proportion of each cancer not affected by these risk factors. Progress towards the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 3.4 aim to reduce non-communicable disease mortality by a third between 2015 and 2030 was estimated for cancer. Findings: In 2023, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers, there were 18·5 million (95% uncertainty interval 16·4 to 20·7) incident cases of cancer and 10·4 million (9·65 to 10·9) deaths, contributing to 271 million (255 to 285) DALYs globally. Of these, 57·9% (56·1 to 59·8) of incident cases and 65·8% (64·3 to 67·6) of cancer deaths occurred in low-income to upper-middle-income countries based on World Bank income group classifications. Cancer was the second leading cause of deaths globally in 2023 after cardiovascular diseases. There were 4·33 million (3·85 to 4·78) risk-attributable cancer deaths globally in 2023, comprising 41·7% (37·8 to 45·4) of all cancer deaths. Risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 72·3% (57·1 to 86·8) from 1990 to 2023, whereas overall global cancer deaths increased by 74·3% (62·2 to 86·2) over the same period. The reference forecasts (the most likely future) estimate that in 2050 there will be 30·5 million (22·9 to 38·9) cases and 18·6 million (15·6 to 21·5) deaths from cancer globally, 60·7% (41·9 to 80·6) and 74·5% (50·1 to 104·2) increases from 2024, respectively. These forecasted increases in deaths are greater in low-income and middle-income countries (90·6% [61·0 to 127·0]) compared with high-income countries (42·8% [28·3 to 58·6]). Most of these increases are likely due to demographic changes, as age-standardised death rates are forecast to change by -5·6% (-12·8 to 4·6) between 2024 and 2050 globally. Between 2015 and 2030, the probability of dying due to cancer between the ages of 30 years and 70 years was forecasted to have a relative decrease of 6·5% (3·2 to 10·3). Interpretation: Cancer is a major contributor to global disease burden, with increasing numbers of cases and deaths forecasted up to 2050 and a disproportionate growth in burden in countries with scarce resources. The decline in age-standardised mortality rates from cancer is encouraging but insufficient to meet the SDG target set for 2030. Effectively and sustainably addressing cancer burden globally will require comprehensive national and international efforts that consider health systems and context in the development and implementation of cancer-control strategies across the continuum of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Funding: Gates Foundation, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, and St Baldrick's Foundation
Resource Management for Stochastic Parallel Synchronous Tasks: Bandits to the Rescue
No full textIn scheduling real-time tasks, we face the challenge of meeting hard deadlines while optimizing for some other objective, such as minimizing energy consumption. Formulating the optimization as a Multi-Armed Bandit (MAB) problem allows us to use MAB strategies to balance the exploitation of good choices based on observed data with the exploration of potentially better options. In this paper, we integrate hard real-time constraints with MAB strategies for resource management of a Stochastic Parallel Synchronous Task. On a platform with M cores available for the task, m≤M cores are initially assigned. Prior work has shown how to compute a virtual deadline such that assigning all M cores to the task if it has not completed by this virtual deadline guarantees that the deadline will be met. An MAB strategy is used to select the value of m. A Dynamic Power Management (DPM) energy model considering CPU sockets and sleep states is described. Experimental evaluation shows that MAB strategies learn consistently suitable m, and perform well compared to binary exponential search and greedy methods
Experimental Demonstration of Convolutional Neural Network Equalization for BPAM in IM-DD Systems
No full textESG Data and EU Competition Enforcement: From ‘Green’ to ‘Digital’ Antitrust in Sustainable Markets
No full textEffect of substrate depth on plant and thermal performances of a light-weight green roof for rural buildings
No full textGreen roofs offer energetic and environmental benefits and their implementation in rural and urban buildings has been widely studied. However, solutions for rural buildings with roofs of limited bearing capacity and slope up to 30 % have not been fully investigated. A low-weight vegetated roofing covering for agricultural buildings has been studied to assess the effect of different substrate depth (3, 5, and 7 cm) on vegetation and thermal performances. The pilot structure consisted of a frame structure fixed on concrete blocks, bearing 20 modules in two rows facing north and south with a slope of 25 %. A mixture of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) has been used as green species. The vegetation has been monitored during the season and the thermal performances were determined by measuring the temperatures on the top and bottom sides of the modules. The thicker substrate significantly affected both fresh and dry biomass. Similarly, plants grown with a thicker substrate showed a high number of flowers and southern exposure appeared to promote flowering. The temperature differences, compared to a standard insulated sandwich panel, were up to 10 °C, making them effective in mitigating heat stress during high-temperature periods. The best results for the vegetation growth have been obtained with a substrate depth of 7 cm that entails a load of around 70 daN m−2, but, from the thermal point of view, the performances were similar also with 3 cm substrate depth. In this case, the load of the cover (around 30 daN m−2) was only slightly higher than the insulated sandwich panels generally used (around 12 daN m−2) and seems still compatible with the structure used for rural buildings. The results on the vegetation growth and thermal performances of the simplified green roof confirmed its suitability for application on rural buildings, as cattle barns
Climate Change Adaptation, Disaster Risk Reduction and Human Rights in International Law
No full textClimate change poses an escalating challenge to global society, with climate-related disasters becoming more frequent, severe and widespread in their impact on individuals and communities, and in their interference with human rights. To confront this challenge, States must not only mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions but also adopt comprehensive measures to adapt to its effects and manage climate change-related disaster risk. This book provides an in-depth analysis of the international legal frameworks governing climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction, focusing on the critical role of human rights in strengthening these frameworks and ensuring their implementation. The study explores the extent to which human rights have been integrated into international climate change and disaster law, examines how climate change-related disaster risk is addressed within international human rights law, and assesses the growing trend of human rights-based climate change and disaster litigation and its potential regulatory impact. The book offers a unique perspective on international lawmaking in the fields of climate change and disaster management while also shedding light on the ongoing development of human rights law as it seeks to address the unprecedented threats posed by climate change and its associated risks
A systematic literature review of systematic and non-systematic literature reviews on environmental sustainability studies in sport management
No full textDefinizione e consolidamento del precedente costituzionale durante la presidenza Gronchi
No full textSommario: 1. Premessa: il presidente della Repubblica e il retaggio dei precedenti – 2. Rinvio delle leggi – 3. Scioglimento (anticipato) delle Camere – 4. Nomina dei senatori a vita – 5. Viaggio all’estero e supplenza – 6. Messaggio alle Camere e al Governo – 7. Presidenza del Consiglio supremo di difesa – 8. Conclusioni: Gronchi tra inveramento e turbamento degli equilibri costituzional