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Detecting DDoS Attacks in Microservice Architectures via AI-Based Agents
No full textThe widespread adoption of microservices captured the attention of attackers, mainly due to their distributed and dynamic nature. Unfortunately, traditional intrusion detection mechanisms may struggle to accurately and efficiently identify the most effective threats, for instance, DDoS campaigns. To advance in the security of modern microservice architectures, this paper presents an Intrusion Detection Agent (IDA) for the run-time identification and classification of DDoS campaigns. Specifically, the IDA takes advantage of AI to classify attacks in a multi-container environment. To prove the effectiveness of our approach, we collected data from a realistic testbed built on top of the Train Ticket framework. Then, a classification pipeline has been evaluated when used to identify four attack templates, i.e., Standard DDoS, Slow DDoS, GET floods, and SYN floods. Obtained results showcased that the AI-based IDA can correctly handle the considered offensive templates, even when the data is scarce. For instance, when a decision tree is used, our IDA achieves an accuracy of ∼0.991 by considering only 4% of measurements capturing the behavior of containers (e.g., the used RAM or the volume of network traffic)
Ritorno al verticale
No full textRiflessioni teoretiche sulla dimensione montana come orizzonte di esposizione alla trascendenza e di critica alla civiltà tecnocratica
Cultura critica, discorso pubblico e politica. Ambiti, pratiche e prospettive
No full textL’obiettivo di questo libro è quello di provare a offrire un contributo al dibattito scientifico su fenomeni culturali e comunicativi emergenti della società frammentata che stanno assumendo dimensioni significative nel panorama contemporaneo con le loro interconnessioni con i processi di platformizzazione, informazione e democratizzazione. Per raggiungere tale obiettivo è fondamentale delineare la nascita e lo sviluppo di tali fenomeni anche attraverso una rilettura e una riconfigurazione del rapporto tra cultura, potere e politica all’interno dello spazio sociale in cui non si espletano solo le funzioni di ruolo, ma anche denuncia e critica. Questo libro, pertanto, raccoglie contributi che si muovono lungo alcune direttrici che riguardano proprio la riconfigurazione di questo rapporto: la prima, “Cultura, partecipazione e politica” (con contributi di Salyanna de Souza Silva, Lucia Boccacin, Michele Sorice e Andrea Volterrani, e Lorenzo Viviani) ci spinge a riflettere, anche con uno sguardo extra Europa, verso la comprensione del ruolo della cultura rispetto alle istanze di pluralismo, i cambiamenti e le trasformazioni dei processi partecipativi, in un’ottica nuova, ovvero la costante apertura e allargamento delle basi della democrazia che ha portato alla culturalizzazione della politica; la seconda, “Giornalismo, discorso pubblico e narrazione” (contributi di Carlo Sorrentino, Fabiana Battisti, Roberto Mincigrucci e Marco Mazzoni, Grazia Enerina Pisano, e Francesca Cubeddu) che, a partire dalle trasformazioni del giornalismo, presenta un attento esame delle implicazioni di tutti i processi informativi e narrativi per garantire un discorso pubblico non polarizzato, l’integrità dell’informazione e la protezione dei diritti fondamentali; e, infine, la terza “Discorso pubblico, genere e discriminazione” (contributi di Giuseppe Masullo e Lucia Picarella, Daniele Battista, e Marianna Coppola) che prende in esame il rapporto tra discorso pubblico, genere e discriminazione sottolineando la necessità di una maggiore consapevolezza su questo rapporto e meno discorsi polarizzati che rivendichino parità di genere senza rispettarla
Tutela ambientale e climate litigation in Europa: riflessioni in tema di locus standi tra Corte di giustizia e Corte EDU
No full textIl contributo si propone di approfondire la nozione di locus standi alla luce degli approcci procedurali della giurisprudenza della Corte di Giustizia e della Corte EDU svolgendo un confronto volto ad individuare la natura, i limiti e le prospettive della legittimazione attiva con specifico riferimento alla giustizia climatica nel contesto europeo
UNRAVELING NANOBIOINTERACTION MECHANISMS FOR NANOMEDICINE APPLICATIONS: HOW INTRA- AND EXTRA-CELLULAR MICROENVIRONMENTS SHAPE CELL RESPONSE TO NANOMATERIALS
No full textNANOMEDICINE AIMS TO REPLACE TRADITIONAL DRUGS WITH ACTIVE NANOSCALE TOOLS THAT INTERACT WITH BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS IN A TARGETED MANNER. ALTHOUGH MANY NANOMATERIALS ARE BEING EXPLORED, MOST REMAIN AT EARLY STAGE AND THEIR SUCCESS DEPENDS ON HOW CELLS “SENSE” AND PROCESS THESE MATERIALS. UNDERSTANDING NANOBIOINTERACTION MECHANISMS IS ESSENTIAL TO DESIGN SAFER, MORE EFFECTIVE NANOMEDICINES AND IS THE FOCUS OF THIS THESIS, WHICH ADDRESSES THEM AT THREE LEVELS: INTRACELLULAR ANTIOXIDANT MECHANISMS, ORGANELLE CROSSTALK AND MICROENVIRONMENT-DRIVEN IMMUNE MODULATION.
THE FIRST PART INVESTIGATES HOW PLATINUM NANOPARTICLES (PTNPS), ACTING AS ANTIOXIDANT NANOZYMES BUT CONFINED INTO ENDO-LYSOSOMAL COMPARTMENTS, PROTECT HEPG2 CELLS FROM OXIDATIVE STRESS INDUCED BY DICHLORODIPHENYLETHYLENE (DDE). PTNPS PRESERVE CELL VIABILITY AND MORPHOLOGY, SUPPRESS DDE-DRIVEN ROS ACCUMULATION AND RESTORE MITOCHONDRIAL HOMEOSTASIS BY ENHANCING ANTIOXIDANT DEFENCES, PROMOTING FUSION-BIASED MITOCHONDRIAL DYNAMICS AND LIMITING APOPTOSIS. ULTRASTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS REVEALS APPOSITION BETWEEN PTNP-CONTAINING ENDO-LYSOSOMES AND MITOCHONDRIA, SUGGESTING THAT INTER-ORGANELLE CONTACT SITES CONTRIBUTE TO THIS INDIRECT MITOCHONDRIAL RESCUE.
THE SECOND PART EXPLORES THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PTNPS BY COMPARING THEM WITH SIZE-MATCHED GOLD NANOPARTICLES (AUNPS) LACKING INTRINSIC ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY. IN HEPG2 CELLS, BOTH NANOMATERIALS LOCALIZE INTO ENDO-LYSOSOMES, REMODEL THE ENDOCYTIC PATHWAY AND UPREGULATE MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEINS SOD2 AND MFN2 WITHOUT CHANGES IN MITOCHONDRIAL MORPHOLOGY, INDICATING COMPARABLE CELL UPTAKE AND ADAPTATION. HOWEVER, ONLY PTNPS REDUCE ROS IN H2O2- AND LPS-INDUCED STRESS MODELS. PROXIMITY LIGATION ASSAY AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL ANALYSES SHOW THAT PTNPS, BUT NOT AUNPS, INCREASE MITOCHONDRIA–LYSOSOME AND ER–LYSOSOME CONTACTS WHILE REDUCING ER–MITOCHONDRIA CONTACTS, WITHOUT AFFECTING LYSOSOMAL ACIDITY. FURTHERMORE, INTEGRATED LIPIDOMIC AND PROTEOMIC ANALYSES DEMONSTRATE THAT BOTH PT AND AU NP-INDUCED TRIACYLGLYCEROL (TAG) DEPLETION AND A REORGANIZATION OF MITOCHONDRIA–LYSOSOME PROTEOMES IN A NANOPARTICLE-DEPENDENT MANNER. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA INDICATE THAT LYSOSOMAL PTNPS MAY ACT AS CATALYTIC HUBS THAT REWIRE ORGANELLE COMMUNICATION.
THE FINAL PART EXAMINES HOW ECM-LIKE MICROENVIRONMENTS INFLUENCE CELLULAR RESPONSES TO NANOMATERIALS THAT ARE NOT SIMPLY DISPERSED IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS BUT IMMOBILIZED WITHIN A MATRIX. WE FOCUSED ON MACROPHAGES BECAUSE THEY ARE AMONG THE FIRST INNATE IMMUNE CELLS TO RESPOND TO FOREIGN AGENTS. TO THIS END, THP-1–DERIVED HUMAN MACROPHAGES ARE CULTURED ON GELATIN SCAFFOLDS FUNCTIONALIZED WITH MULTIWALLED CARBON NANOTUBES (MWCNTS). IN THIS ECM-MIMETIC 3D SETTING, MATRIX-EMBEDDED MWCNTS MAINTAIN CELL VIABILITY BUT INDUCE MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES AFTER 48 HOURS. MACROPHAGES REMODEL THE MATRIX, INTERNALIZE EXPOSED FIBRES, INCREASE ROS AT 24 H AND DISPLAY A SELECTIVE RISE IN CD80+ CELLS WITHOUT CD206 INDUCTION AT 48 H, CONSISTENT WITH CONTROLLED M1-BIASED POLARIZATION. THEY ALSO PRODUCE A SECRETOME THAT MARKEDLY RESTRAINS GLIOBLASTOMA SPHEROID GROWTH, SHOWING THAT ECM-EMBEDDED CNTS CAN DRIVE A PARACRINE ANTI-TUMOUR RESPONSE.
TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS SHOW PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS, AS WELL AS THE EXTRACELLULAR MICROENVIRONMENT, MODULATE ORGANELLE FUNCTION, MEMBRANE CONTACT SITE DYNAMICS AND IMMUNE RESPONSES. A MAJOR CHALLENGE IS TO HARNESS THESE PROPERTIES TO CONTROL MEMBRANE CONTACT SITE (MCS) SIGNALLING AND IDENTIFY MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR NANOMATERIALS THAT TUNE THESE PROCESSES AND ENABLE THERAPIES FOR DISEASES LINKED TO ABERRANT MCS, AN AREA THAT REMAINS UNDEREXPLORED. FINALLY, THE 3D CNT–GELATIN PLATFORM OFFERS A TOOL TO STUDY HOW MATRIX ARCHITECTURE SHAPES IMMUNE RESPONSES AND A BASIS FOR DESIGNING BIOMIMETIC SCAFFOLDS THAT STEER CELLULAR AND IMMUNE BEHAVIOUR IN CANCER
Synaptic Behavior in SnSe2 Field‐Effect Transistors Induced by Surface Oxide and Trap Dynamics
No full text2D semiconductors are attracting considerable interest for neuromorphic electronics for their strong light–matter interaction, defect-mediated charge dynamics, and suitability for energy-efficient devices. Among them, tin diselenide (SnSe2 ) combines Earth abundance, environmental stability, high carrier mobility and persistent photoconductivity that make it a compelling candidate for multifunctional optoelectronic synapses. Here, we investigate multilayer SnSe2 field-effect transistors and demonstrate gate-tunable optoelectronic plasticity. Systematic measurements as a function of temperature, illumination power, and gate bias reveal that the device photoresponse is dominated by trap-assisted photogating. The interplay between fast and slow recombination channels produces a persistent photocurrent (PPC) that can be finely tuned by the gate voltage. Negative gate bias enhances charge separation and prolongs PPC, enabling long-term potentiation, while positive gate bias accelerates recombination and suppresses persistence, yielding short-term memory. Furthermore, short gate voltage pulses enable reversible suppression of persistent photocurrent, allowing controlled switching between short- and long-term memory states. Under repetitive optical stimulation, the devices exhibit cumulative learning and memory retention with high reproducibility. These results highlight SnSe2 as a robust platform for optoelectronic neuromorphic devices. By exploiting interfacial trap states and gate control, SnSe2 -based transistors emulate essential synaptic functionalities with excellent stability, offering new opportunities for 2D-material-enabled scalable neuromorphic hardware
