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Magnetic and mechanical analysis of Bi-2212 Rutherford cable in a cos-theta sub-scale dipole coil*
No full textContextualized Counterspeech: Strategies for Adaptation, Personalization, and Evaluation
No full textAI-generated counterspeech offers a promising and scalable strat-
egy to curb online toxicity through direct replies that promote civil
discourse. However, current counterspeech is one-size-fits-all, lack-
ing adaptation to the moderation context and the users involved.
We propose and evaluate multiple strategies for generating tailored
counterspeech that is adapted to the moderation context and person-
alized for the moderated user. We instruct a LLaMA2-13B model to
generate counterspeech, experimenting with various configurations
based on different contextual information and fine-tuning strategies.
We identify the configurations that generate persuasive counter-
speech through a combination of quantitative indicators and human
evaluations collected via a pre-registered mixed-design crowdsourc-
ing experiment. Results show that contextualized counterspeech
can significantly outperform state-of-the-art generic counterspeech
in adequacy and persuasiveness, without compromising other char-
acteristics. Our findings also reveal a poor correlation between
quantitative indicators and human evaluations, suggesting that
these methods assess different aspects and highlighting the need
for nuanced evaluation methodologies. The effectiveness of contex-
tualized AI-generated counterspeech and the divergence between
human and algorithmic evaluations underscore the importance of
increased human-AI collaboration in content moderation
Recent advances and future technologies in nano-microplastics detection
No full textThe degradation of mismanaged plastic waste in the environment results in the formation of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs), which pose significant risks to ecosystems and human health. These particles are pervasive, detected even in remote regions, and can enter the food chain, accumulating in organisms and causing harm depending on factors such as particle load, exposure dose, and the presence of co-contaminants. Detecting and analyzing NMPs present unique challenges, particularly as particle size decreases, making them increasingly difficult to identify. Moreover, the absence of standardized protocols for their detection and analysis further hinders comprehensive assessments of their environmental and biological impacts. This review provides a detailed overview of the latest advancements in technologies for sampling, separation, measurement, and quantification of NMPs. It highlights promising approaches, supported by practical examples from recent studies, while critically addressing persistent challenges in sampling, characterization, and analysis. This work examines cutting-edge developments in nanotechnology-based detection, integrated spectro-microscopic techniques, and AI-driven classification algorithms, offering solutions to bridge gaps in NMP research. By exploring state-of-the-art methodologies and presenting future perspectives, this review provides valuable insights for improving detection capabilities at the micro- and nanoscale, enabling more effective analysis across diverse environmental contexts
Pooled analysis of 3,741 stool metagenomes from 18 cohorts for cross-stage and strain-level reproducible microbial biomarkers of colorectal cancer
No full textAssociations between the gut microbiome and colorectal cancer (CRC) have been uncovered, but larger and more diverse studies are needed to assess their potential clinical use. We expanded upon 12 metagenomic datasets of patients with CRC (n = 930), adenomas (n = 210) and healthy control individuals (n = 976; total n = 2,116) with 6 new cohorts (n = 1,625) providing granular information on cancer stage and the anatomic location of tumors. We improved CRC prediction accuracy based solely on gut metagenomics (average area under the curve = 0.85) and highlighted the contribution of 19 newly profiled species and distinct Fusobacterium nucleatum clades. Specific gut species distinguish left-sided versus right-sided CRC (area under the curve = 0.66) with an enrichment of oral-typical microbes. We identified strain-specific CRC signatures with the commensal Ruminococcus bicirculans and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii showing subclades associated with late-stage CRC. Our analysis confirms that the microbiome can be a clinical target for CRC screening and characterizes it as a biomarker for CRC progression
La tutela giuridica degli ex pazienti oncologici dopo la legge 7 dicembre 2023, n. 193: ricostruzione e prospettive
No full textLa legge 193/2023 ha introdotto nell’ordinamento italiano un sistema organico di tutela per i cancer survivors, riconoscendo loro il c.d. diritto all’oblio oncologico. Il presente contributo analizza le principali disposizioni della normativa, concentrandosi sui singoli settori coinvolti ed evidenziandone peculiarità e criticità
Are Ophiolitic Substrates Drivers for Reticulate Evolution in Armeria (Plumbaginaceae)?
No full textUltramafic substrates can play a role in fostering ecological adaptation and microevolutionary dynamics. The Armeria denticulata complex includes two flowering plant species (A. denticulata and A. saviana): the former is a strict serpentinophyte endemic to Tuscany and western Liguria, while the latter grows on limestone/jasper in a small area of southern Tuscany. Intriguingly, northern Apennine populations of A. arenaria subsp. praecox, a subspecies otherwise endemic to the western Alps, grow on ophiolites. Finally, the central-southern Italian endemic A. gracilis is instead linked to limestone. We aimed at understanding whether substrate specificity and/or hybridization promoted speciation in the A. denticulata complex, despite similar ecological conditions failing to cause speciation in the nearby A. arenaria. We used Genome skimming and Illumina sequencing to assemble plastomes (152 kb) and data from the nuclear genome (ribosomal DNA subunits and 36 single-copy markers; 27 kb in total) used to infer phylogenies and evaluate different reticulate evolution scenarios by calculating gene tree probabilities under the Coalescent model. The phylogenomic analyses were complemented by morphometric data using a matrix of 134 individuals x 27 characters. Morphometric data were analyzed both by fitting a Gaussian Mixture Model to compute population-wise Jensen-Shannon Distances and a Neighbor-Net network, and by inferring a standard linear discriminant analysis. Both morphometric and phylogenomic results suggest A. saviana is a species of homoploid hybrid origin, involving A. denticulata s.str. (ovule donor) and A. gracilis (pollen donor). A single population of A. denticulata from inner Tuscany (Monte Ferrato) could have originated from an introgression/hybridization event between A. denticulata s.str. (pollen donor) and A. arenaria subsp. praecox (ovule donor). Accordingly, our results suggest that substrate specificity and hybridization/introgression prompted microevolutionary processes in the Armeria denticulata complex
Neurotropic Tick-Borne Flavivirus in Alpine Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra), Austria, 2017, Italy, 2023
No full textThe European subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV-Eur; species Orthoflavivirus encephalitidis, family Flaviviridae) was the only tick-borne flavivirus present in central Europe known to cause neurologic disease in humans and several animal species. Here, we report a tick-borne flavivirus isolated from Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra) with encephalitis and attached ticks, present over a wide area in the Alps. Cases were detected in 2017 in Salzburg, Austria, and 2023 in Lombardy and Piedmont, Italy. The virus strains exhibit 94.8-97.3% nucleotide identities to each other and are more closely related to Louping ill viruses (LIV; Orthoflavivirus loupingi; 90-92% identities) than to TBEV-Eur (less than 88%). The chamois-derived virus strains, tentatively termed "Alpine chamois encephalitis virus", form a well-supported independent genetic clade with Spanish goat encephalitis virus, clearly separated from other LIV. This supports its designation as a new virus subtype with the proposed shared taxonomic name "Spanish goat and Alpine chamois encephalitis virus subtype" within the species Orthoflavivirus loupingi. The zoonotic potential of this newly identified virus subtype as well as its host range in other animal species including farm animals needs to be further investigated
Search for resonance-enhanced (Formula presented) and angular asymmetries in the (Formula presented) decay at LHCb
No full textThe first measurement of the (Formula presented) asymmetry of the decay rate ((Formula presented)) and the (Formula presented) average ((Formula presented)) and (Formula presented) asymmetry ((Formula presented)) of the forward-backward asymmetry in the muon system of (Formula presented) decays is reported. The measurement is performed using a data sample of proton-proton collisions, recorded by the LHCb experiment from 2016 to 2018 at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, which corresponds to an integrated luminosity of (Formula presented). The asymmetries are measured in two regions of dimuon mass near the (Formula presented)-meson mass peak. The dimuon-mass integrated results are (Formula presented), (Formula presented), (Formula presented), where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. The results are consistent with the conservation of (Formula presented) symmetry and the Standard Model expectations
Per una scacchiera della violenza etnorazziale
No full textLa violenza etnorazziale è un fenomeno dinamico e stratificato, la cui definizione è in gioco non solo in ambito accademico, ma nella stessa realtà. Si presenta in due varietà, espressiva e strumentale, quando serve a sostenere le altre quattro forme elementari di dominio razziale, ossia la categorizzazione, la discriminazione, la segregazione e l’isolamento. Sottolineo che il fenomeno è relativamente raro e gravato da un pesante bagaglio morale. Introduco distinzioni basate sulla direzionalità (verticale, orizzontale), sulla scala degli attori coinvolti (individuo, gruppo e Stato), sul grado di spettacolarizzazione e sul tipo di sistema di classificazione etnica (categoriale, graduale). Il dominio imperiale offre un terreno particolarmente fruttuoso per l’indagine comparativa e l’elaborazione teorica delle dinamiche di razzializzazione, violenza e Stato. Gli studiosi delle forme di brutalità umana nella storia dovrebbero collaborare con gli esperti che si dedicano agli studi comparativi della razza per gettare nuova luce sulla loro esplosiva intersezione