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Hybrid entrepreneurship in just transitions: Dealing with dilemmas facing ‘the other’
Get PDFThe aim of the paper is to investigate the role of hybrid entrepreneurship in developing justice and diversity responses to sustainability transitions that are complicated by contexts of ambiguous socio-technological shifts and manifested in material and ethical dilemmas for ‘the other’, i.e., those deemed different. Based on analysis of two original case studies featuring the other—the Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation indigenous community in Canada and the Karachi Down Syndrome Program in Pakistan—we identify the conditions for engaging minority communities in strong collaborative and participatory cross-stakeholder processes to deal with dilemmas posed by sustainability transitions. We centre on issues of social inclusion and social equity. We illuminate how hybrid entrepreneurship practices enable, structure and manage collective learning within and outside hybrid ventures to facilitate equitable transitions. Finally, we propose how to co-create actions that amplify marginalized voices to influence institutions
Drinking practices: The variation of drinking events across intersections of sex, age and household income
Get PDFIntroduction Investigations of drinking practices often rely on cross-country comparisons of population averages in beverage preferences, drinking volumes and frequencies. Here, we investigate within-culture patterns and variations in where, why and how people drink, answering the research question: how does engagement in drinking practices vary by sex, age and household income? Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis examining the societal distribution (by age, sex, household income) of 12 drinking practices: four off-trade practices (in-home consumption; e.g., evening at home with partner) and eight on-trade practices (licensed-venue consumption, e.g., family meal, big night out). Practices were identified in previous analyses of 2019 British event-level diary data (14,742 drinkers aged 18+ reporting 26,220 off-trade and 8768 on-trade occasions). Results The level of engagement in practices varied by sex, age and income. In the on-trade sector, men, particularly those in low-income groups, engaged in traditional pub-drinking, while women, especially older women, engaged in sociable drinking occasions with family and friends which commonly involved food. Young men and women were similarly likely to engage in heavier on-trade practices, which remained commonplace into midlife. Drinking while socialising with friends, both inside and outside the home, was common among younger age groups across all income bands. From midlife, home drinking often involved a partner, especially for higher income groups. Discussion and Conclusions Most drinking practices were shared across the whole population, but level of engagement in them is strongly patterned by age, household income and, particularly in the on-trade sector, sex
The Breakfast Rise, Education and Knowledge Study in Children and Young People who have Type 1 diabetes (T1D): The BREAK Study
No full textBackground
Children and Young People (CYP) with type 1 diabetes (T1D) often experience glucose variability (GV) and postprandial hyperglycaemia after breakfast.
Aim
The aim of the study was to describe glucose variability (GV) and to investigate postprandial glycaemia and the relationship with food composition following breakfast in CYP with T1D.
Methods
In an observational study, CYP with T1D were invited to share their continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data and to submit seven-day questionnaires about their breakfast meal and the four-hour postprandial period. In a randomised crossover intervention CYP with T1D were invited to test the following breakfast meals twice: high glycaemic load (GL) (HGL meal), HGL with 10g of added protein (HGLP meal) and medium GL (MGL meal). Control meals were the participants usual breakfast. CGM data was collected for the three-hour postprandial period. Statistical analysis included t-tests and linear mixed models. A survey of dietitian’s experience of postprandial glucose after breakfast was also undertaken.
Results
89 CYP were recruited to the observation study of which 74 submitted questionnaires. Diurnal GV (%CV) was significantly higher than nocturnal GV (38.1 ±4.3% vs. 36.4 ±5.2%, p<0.001). Data on 387 breakfast meals was analysed. Pre-prandial glucose was significantly higher for the multiple daily injection (MDI) users (9.5±2.9; 10.2±3.2 mmol/l) compared with insulin pump users (7.4±2.3; 8.8±2.5) (p<0.01). Pre-prandial glucose was significantly associated with the mean postprandial glucose (R2=0.27, p<0.001). Ingested meals which contained only breakfast cereals resulted in significantly higher glucose excursion at 30 (p<0.001), 60 (p<0.001) and 90 minutes (p=0.02) compared with meals which included a protein food.
25 CYP were recruited to the intervention study. At 30 and 60 minutes, the ingestion of the HGL meal resulted in a significantly higher glucose excursion compared with all other breakfast meals (p≤0.01). This remained significantly higher than after the ingestion of the HGLP meals at 90 and 120min (p<0.01). The results were comparable for those using Hybrid Closed Loops systems.This work was sponsored by Rachel Beaton, University of Stirlin
Therapy Intensity Level Scale for Traumatic Brain Injury: Clinimetric Assessment on Neuro-Monitored Patients Across 52 European Intensive Care Units
Get PDFIntracranial pressure (ICP) data from traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) cannot be interpreted appropriately without accounting for the effect of administered therapy intensity level (TIL) on ICP. A 15-point scale was originally proposed in 1987 to quantify the hourly intensity of ICP-targeted treatment. This scale was subsequently modified-through expert consensus-during the development of TBI Common Data Elements to address statistical limitations and improve usability. The latest 38-point scale (hereafter referred to as TIL) permits integrated scoring for a 24-h period and has a five-category, condensed version (TIL((Basic))) based on qualitative assessment. Here, we perform a total- and component-score analysis of TIL and TIL((Basic)) to: 1) validate the scales across the wide variation in contemporary ICP management; 2) compare their performance against that of predecessors; and 3) derive guidelines for proper scale use. From the observational Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in TBI (CENTER-TBI) study, we extract clinical data from a prospective cohort of ICP-monitored TBI patients (n = 873) from 52 ICUs across 19 countries. We calculate daily TIL and TIL((Basic)) scores (TIL(24) and TIL((Basic))(24), respectively) from each patient's first week of ICU stay. We also calculate summary TIL and TIL((Basic)) scores by taking the first-week maximum (TIL(max) and TIL((Basic))(max)) and first-week median (TIL(median) and TIL((Basic))(median)) of TIL(24) and TIL((Basic))(24) scores for each patient. We find that, across all measures of construct and criterion validity, the latest TIL scale performs significantly greater than or similarly to all alternative scales (including TIL((Basic))) and integrates the widest range of modern ICP treatments. TIL(median) outperforms both TIL(max) and summarized ICP values in detecting refractory intracranial hypertension (RICH) during ICU stay. The RICH detection thresholds which maximize the sum of sensitivity and specificity are TIL(median) ≥ 7.5 and TIL(max) ≥ 14. The TIL(24) threshold which maximizes the sum of sensitivity and specificity in the detection of surgical ICP control is TIL(24) ≥ 9. The median scores of each TIL component therapy over increasing TIL(24) reflect a credible staircase approach to treatment intensity escalation, from head positioning to surgical ICP control, as well as considerable variability in the use of cerebrospinal fluid drainage and decompressive craniectomy. Since TIL((Basic))(max) suffers from a strong statistical ceiling effect and only covers 17% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16-18%) of the information in TIL(max), TIL((Basic)) should not be used instead of TIL for rating maximum treatment intensity. TIL((Basic))(24) and TIL((Basic))(median) can be suitable replacements for TIL(24) and TIL(median), respectively (with up to 33% [95% CI: 31-35%] information coverage) when full TIL assessment is infeasible. Accordingly, we derive numerical ranges for categorising TIL(24) scores into TIL((Basic))(24) scores. In conclusion, our results validate TIL across a spectrum of ICP management and monitoring approaches. TIL is a more sensitive surrogate for pathophysiology than ICP and thus can be considered an intermediate outcome after TBI
Bonobo (Pan paniscus) Density and Distribution in Central Africa's Largest Rainforest Reserve: Long-term Survey Data Show Pitfalls in Methodological Approaches and Call for Vigilance
Get PDFConservation measures require accurate estimates of density and abundance and population trend assessments. The bonobo (Pan paniscus) is considered Endangered in the IUCN Red List. This classification assumes that available population data are representative. However, with only 30% of the bonobo’s historic geographical range surveyed, reliable information is needed to assess the species' population status. Here, we use information from 13 surveys conducted between 2002 and 2018 in an area of 42,000 km2, representing ~27% of bonobo-suitable habitat: Salonga National Park and its corridor, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Using 8310 km of reconnaissance and transect walks and 27,045 days of camera trapping, we: (1) provide updated estimates of bonobo population density and distribution (42,000 km2; ~5,000 km2 of which, to the best of our knowledge, have not been surveyed before by scientists), (2) assess population trends (15,758 km2; 2002–2008 vs 2012–2018), (3) compare estimates obtained with different methods, and (4) assess the factors driving bonobo density and distribution. Although we detected a non-significant population decline, our study suggests that Salonga is a bonobo stronghold, with a population ranging between 8244 and 18,308 mature individuals (density: 0.31 individuals/km2). Standing crop nest counts returned non-significantly lower density estimates than camera trap distance sampling. Nest count-estimates were higher in areas with Marantaceae understorey and those farther away from rivers, while camera trap-estimates were higher in areas with lower human presence. Regardless of the method, bonobos were rarer in proximity to villages. They occurred more often in areas of dense forest cover and in proximity to ranger posts. Our results point towards a declining bonobo population in Salonga, but do not provide sufficient evidence to confirm this statistically. Consequently, the continued monitoring of the bonobo population and preservation of the integrity of Salonga, considering its biological and cultural heritage, will be crucial in the preservation of this stronghold of wild bonobos.Additional authors: Maurice Emetshu, Ernest Dadis Bush Fotsing, Falk Grossmann, Patrick Guislain, John Hart, Bernard Beka Ikembelo, Mpongo Dieumerci Iyomi, Bila-Isia Inogwabini, Oke Intamba, Iyomi Bernard Iyatshi, Pierre Kafando, Mbangi Augustin Kambere, Jean-Léon Kambale Katembo, Janvier Katembo Kukumanga, Innocent Liengola, Florence Maliva, Maurice Manala, Samy Matungila, Menard Mbende, Jean A. D. Mbenga, Dissondet Baudelaire Moundzoho, Pamus Paluku Musenzi, Steven Mwanduko, Pascal Naky, Mozart Ngomo, Pele M. Nkumu, Robert Ratsina, Gay Edwards Reinartz, Tenekwetche Sop, Samantha Strindberg, Ashley Vosper, Loving Kako Wanzalire Musubaho & Barbara Frut
Fear of Cancer Recurrence and Fear of Cancer Progression, Digital Resource Engagement and Health Literacy: A Review
Get PDFCancer care is evolving, and digital resources are being introduced to support cancer patients throughout the cancer journey. Logistical concerns, such as health literacy and the emotional experience of cancer, need to be considered. Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) and fear of cancer progression (FOP) are relevant emotional constructs that should be investigated. This scoping review explored two main objectives: first, the link between FCR/FOP and engagement with digital resources, and second, the link between FCR/FOP and health literacy. A database search was conducted separately for each objective. Relevant papers were identified, data were extracted, and a quality assessment was conducted. Objective 1 identified two relevant papers that suggested that higher levels of FCR were correlated with lower levels of engagement with digital resources. Objective 2 identified eight relevant papers that indicated that higher FCR/FOP is correlated with lower health literacy. However, one paper with a greater sample size and a more representative sample reported no significant relationship. There may be important relationships between the constructs of FCR/FOP, resource engagement, and health literacy and relationships may differ across cancer type and sex. However, research is limited. No studies examined the relationship between FOP and engagement or FCR/FOP and digital health literacy, and the number of studies identified was too limited to come to a firm conclusion. Further research is needed to understand the significance and relevance of these relationships
Stereotypes bias social class perception from faces: The roles of race, gender, affect, and attractiveness
Get PDFPeople quickly form consequential impressions of others’ social class standing from nonverbal cues, including facial appearance. Extant research shows that perceivers judge faces that appear more positive, attractive, and healthy as higher-class, in line with stereotypes associating high class standing with happiness, attractiveness, and better wellbeing (which bear a kernel of truth). A wealth of research moreover demonstrates strong stereotypical associations between social class and both race and gender. The current work bridged these areas of inquiry to explore (1) intersectional biases in social class impressions from faces and (2) how associations between social class and attractiveness/health and affect can be used to shift social class impressions. Our studies found evidence of race and gender stereotypes impacting British perceivers’ social class judgments, with Black (vs. White and Asian) and female (vs. male) faces judged as lower in class. Furthermore, manipulating faces’ emotion expression shifted judgments of their social class, with variations in magnitude by faces’ race, such that emotion expressions shifted judgments of Black faces more than White faces. Finally, manipulating faces’ complexion to appear healthier/more attractive shifted social class judgments, with the magnitude of this varying by faces’ and perceivers’ race, suggesting a role of perceptual expertise. These findings demonstrate that stereotypes bias social class impressions and can be used to manipulate them
Food-sourcing from on-farm trees mediates positive relationships between tree cover and dietary quality in Malawi
Get PDFFood security policies often overlook the potential of trees to provide micronutrient-rich foods. Here, through causal mediation analysis, we show the positive effect of tree cover on micronutrient adequacy, explained by people sourcing food from on-farm trees. Detailed survey data (n = 460 households with repeated surveys) from Malawi were linked to high-resolution (3 m) tree-cover data to capture forest and non-forest trees. Our findings support integrating nutrition and landscape restoration policies
WorldSeasons: a seasonal classification system interpolating biome classifications within the year for better temporal aggregation in climate science
Get PDFWe present a seasonal classification system to improve the temporal framing of comparative scientific analysis. Research often uses yearly aggregates to understand inherently seasonal phenomena like harvests, monsoons, and droughts. This obscures important trends across time and differences through space by including redundant data. Our classification system allows for a more targeted approach. We split global land into four principal climate zones: desert, arctic and high montane, tropical, and temperate. A cluster analysis with zone-specific variables and weighting splits each month of the year into discrete seasons based on the monthly climate. We expect the data will be able to answer global comparative analysis questions like: are global winters less icy than before? Are wildfires more frequent now in the dry season? How severe are monsoon season flooding events? This is a natural extension of the historical concept of biomes, made possible by recent advances in climate data availability and artificial intelligence
Error Analysis of NLP Models and Non-Native Speakers of English Identifying Sarcasm in Reddit Comments
Get PDFThis paper summarises the differences and similarities found between humans and three natural language processing models when attempting to identify whether English online comments are sarcastic or not. Three models were used to analyse 300 comments from the FigLang 2020 Reddit Dataset, with and without context. The same 300 comments were also given to 39 non-native speakers of English and the results were compared. The aim was to find whether there were any results that could be applied to English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teaching. The results showed that there were similarities between the models and non-native speakers, in particular the logistic regression model. They also highlighted weaknesses with both non-native speakers and the models in detecting sarcasm when the comments included political topics or were phrased as questions. This has potential implications for how the EFL teaching industry could implement the results of error analysis of NLP models in teaching practices
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