Archive Electronique - Institut Jean Nicod
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1997 research outputs found
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Unequal access to early childcare : What role do demand-side factors play ? A PRISMA systematic review
No full textInternational audienceHigh-quality early childcare structures are effective policy levers for reducing inequalities. However, underprivileged populations in Western countries access them the least. The reasons underlying this unequal access have been studied, but not systematically. In addition, many demand-side factors (e.g., information level of families, decision heuristics) have been understudied, and have not previously been theorized in this field of study as contributing to this unequal access. Only the role of preferences has sometimes been considered as contributing to this unequal access. This article fills these gaps by making two major contributions to the literature. At the theoretical level, it proposes a comprehensive classification of the different factors that can underlie these dynamics. At the empirical level, it reexamines the existing evidence, evaluating the proposed factors' relevance through a PRISMA mixed-methods systematic review of the empirical literature. Relying on a cross-validated impact score and p-curve analyses, we find evidence that demand-side factors could contribute as much as supply-side factors (e.g., shortage of places and fees) to this unequal access. However, current public policies often only target supply-side factors. If future research confirms our results, new public policies should be created considering these demand-side factors. Otherwise, structural reforms' effectiveness could be severely limited
Mere-desire and action-oriented bouletics in French
No full textThe paper explores a variety of bouletic attitudes in French (and Italian), which it envisions in the light of the distinction between mere-desire and action-oriented volition. It shows that avoir envie (and avere voglia) are not rational and not action oriented, while espérer and vouloir are rational with only vouloir being action oriented. It substantiates these notions by providing several semantic tests, which include consideration of the temporal orientation of the attitudes. The analysis is cast in framework that distinguishes between experiential and actionable spaces for bouletic attitudes and derives the facts from the properties of the modal spaces that are lexically triggered. For vouloir, it proposes a default action-orientation interpretation that can be manipulated by the conditional and adverbs like tellement. The analysis allows the conditional and the adverbs to manipulate the actionable modal base accommodated by default. By setting three different types of modal bases for bouletic attitudes, the paper paves the way for a cross-linguistic systematization that hinge on three different conceptualizations of the attitude holder, as a sentient being, a rational agent or an actor
Disorientation and time distortions during the metro commute: an analysis of 456 responses to a questionnaire distributed in real-time on Twitter during traffic disruptions in the Paris area
No full textInternational audiencePublic transport disruptions are conducive to disorientation narratives in which the temporal aspects of the experience are central, but it is difficult to collect psychometric data at the moment of disruption to quantify the occurring underlying feelings. We propose a new real-time survey distribution method based on travellers' interaction with disruption announcements on social media. We analyse 456 responses in the Paris area and find that travellers experience time slowing down and their destination feeling temporally farther away when undergoing traffic disruptions. Time dilation is more pronounced for people filling out the survey while still presently experiencing the disruption, suggesting that over time people remember a compressed version of their disorientation. Conflicted time feelings about the disruption, e.g. both faster and slower feelings of the passage of time, appear the longer the recollection delay. Travellers in a stopped train seem to change their itinerary not because the alternative journey feels shorter (it doesn't), but because it makes time pass faster. Time distortions are phenomenological hallmarks of public transport disruptions, but these distortions are poor predictors of confusion per se. Public transport operators can alleviate the time dilation experienced by their travellers by clearly stating whether they should reorient or wait for recovery when incidents occur. Our real-time survey distribution method can be used for the psychological study of crises, where a timely and targeted distribution is of paramount importance
Animal linguistics: a primer
No full textInternational audienceThe evolution of language has been investigated by several research communities, including biologists and linguists, striving to highlight similar linguistic capacities across species. To date, however, no consensus exists on the linguistic capacities of non-human species. Major controversies remain on the use of linguistic terminology, analysis methods and behavioural data collection. The field of ‘animal linguistics’ has emerged to overcome these difficulties and attempt to reach uniform methods and terminology. This primer is a tutorial review of ‘animal linguistics’. It describes the linguistic concepts of semantics, pragmatics and syntax, and proposes minimal criteria to be fulfilled to claim that a given species displays a particular linguistic capacity. Second, it reviews relevant methods successfully applied to the study of communication in animals and proposes a list of useful references to detect and overcome major pitfalls commonly observed in the collection of animal behaviour data. This primer represents a step towards mutual understanding and fruitful collaborations between linguists and biologists
Curiosity as a metacognitive feeling
No full textInternational audienceCurious information-seeking is known to be a key driver for learning, but characterizing this important psychological phenomenon remains a challenge. In this article, we argue that solving this challenge requires qualifying the relationships between metacognition and curiosity. The idea that curiosity is a metacognitive competence has been resisted: researchers have assumed both that young children and non-human animals can be genuinely curious, and that metacognition requires conceptual and culturally situated resources that are unavailable to young children and non-human animals. Here, we argue that this resistance is unwarranted given accumulating evidence that metacognition can be deployed procedurally, and we defend the view that curiosity is a metacognitive feeling. Our metacognitive view singles out two monitoring steps as a triggering condition for curiosity: evaluating one's own informational needs, and predicting the likelihood that explorations of the proximate environment afford significant information gains. We review empirical evidence and computational models of curiosity, and show that they fit well with this metacognitive account, while on the contrary, they remain difficult to explain by a competing account according to which curiosity is a basic attitude of questioning. Finally, we propose a new way to construe the relationships between curiosity and the human-specific communicative practice of questioning, discuss the issue of how children may learn to express their curiosity through interactions with others, and conclude by briefly exploring the implications of our proposal for educational practices
Facial reactions to face representations in art: An electromyography study
No full textInternational audienceFacial mimicry is a reaction to facial expressions. It plays a role in social interaction. Indeed, scholars associated facial mimicry with emotional contagion and understanding others' mental states such as intentions. This is the case for facial mimicry toward human facial expressions, but we know that facial expressions are widely depicted in art through face representations (visual creations that depict facial expressions). However, despite face representation involvement in social interactions, facial reactions toward face representations in art are still unknown. The reason could be that interaction with art objects is usually analyzed within anthropology and art theories, such as conveying social agencies (a desire of action, intentions). Here, we show that facial mimicry is also observed toward face representations. This could be a means that might facilitate social interaction includingemotions. Using the electromyography technique, we could show that participants mimic involuntarily face representations when these depict mouth expressions. Participant's zygomaticus and depressor were significantly activated when the pictures depict an expression including zygomaticus or depressor representation respectively. This result led us to infer that when it comes to mouth expressions, face representations in art might trigger spontaneously emotional contagion (of the expressed emotion). It might also convey information about the expressed mental states, which might help to indicate social agencies. Mimicry could participate to explain partly the social agencies of art, that might be no more just abstract concepts, but could find a real correlate in cognitive processes
On Elicited Data in Sign Language Syntax
No full textInternational audienceWe present a proof of concept that sign language elicited data are as reliable as experimentaldata. We use data reported in the recently published reference grammar of ItalianSign Language (Branchini and Mantovan 2020) to create a formal experiment contrastinggrammatical sentences with sentences that minimally violate the rule. On aforced-choice task, participants prefer sentences that follow the rule significantly moreoften than sentences that violate it. The experimental results obtained in this studyproves that elicited data are reliable
Les langues des signes : en France et à travers le monde
No full textInternational audienceDans le patrimoine linguistique de la France, on compte non seulement le français parlé, tel qu'il est utilisé aujourd'hui sous diverses formes à travers le monde, mais aussi la langue des signes française (LSF), dont l'histoire est plus opaque, mais qui a connu un grand développement culturel aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles avec la création d'écoles pour enfants sourds. Grâce à la création d'écoles similaires à l'étranger, la LSF est devenue l'ancêtre de nombreuses langues des signes dans le monde, y compris la langue des signes américaine (ASL) et la langue des signes brésilienne (Libras). Mais les langues des signes, tout comme les langues parlées, changent et évoluent, donnant lieu à une diversité linguistique à tous les niveaux de la structure linguistique. Dans cet article, nous explorerons cette diversité à plusieurs niveaux, à savoir la phonologie, la syntaxe et la sémantique. Nous examinerons les systèmes linguistiques d'une variété de langues des signes-certaines liées à la LSF, d'autres non. En général, les langues des signes s'inscrivent dans des typologies de variation linguistique connues de la langue parlée, mais elles présentent aussi parfois des propriétés qui semblent uniques à la modalité signée. Le travail interlinguistique sur les langues des signes peut donc nous donner une nouvelle perspective sur la variation linguistique et les familles de langues, ainsi qu'une compréhension du rôle de la modalité
The Practice of Mathematics: Cognitive Resources and Conceptual Content
No full textInternational audienceIn the past 10 years, contemporary philosophy of mathematics has seen the development of a trend that conceives mathematics as first and foremost a human activity and in particular as a kind of practice. However, only recently the need for a general framework to account for the target of the so-called philosophy of mathematical practice has emerged. The purpose of the present article is to make progress towards the definition of a more precise general framework for the philosophy of mathematical practice by exploring two strategies. A first strategy is to turn to philosophy of mind and Edwin Hutchins' view of distributed cognition in order to better understand the cognitive issues at play when considering a community of mathematicians; a second strategy is to refer to philosophy of language and focus on Robert Brandom's inferentialism and mathematical conceptual content. A possible combination of these two views, called enhanced material inferentialism, is then put forward as a promising framework to account for the philosophy of mathematical practice