Archive Electronique - Institut Jean Nicod
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Exposing propaganda: an analysis of stylistic cues comparing human annotations and machine classification
No full textPaper to appear in the EACL 2024 Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Understanding Implicit and Underspecified Language (UnImplicit 2024)This paper investigates the language of propaganda and its stylistic features. It presents the PPN dataset, standing for Propagandist Pseudo-News, a multisource, multilingual, multimodal dataset composed of news articles extracted from websites identified as propaganda sources by expert agencies. A limited sample from this set was randomly mixed with papers from the regular French press, and their URL masked, to conduct an annotation-experiment by humans, using 11 distinct labels. The results show that human annotators were able to reliably discriminate between the two types of press across each of the labels. We propose different NLP techniques to identify the cues used by the annotators, and to compare them with machine classification. They include the analyzer VAGO to measure discourse vagueness and subjectivity, a TF-IDF to serve as a baseline, and four different classifiers: two RoBERTa-based models, CATS using syntax, and one XGBoost combining syntactic and semantic features
In Search of Sublime Music
No full textInternational audienceSince Burke and Kant, even subjectivist approaches to the experience of the sublime have claimed that some objects afford it more than others. In 2021, nearly all the participants in the ANR SublimAE questionnaire gave precise answers when asked to identify a piece of music that elicited in them an experience of the sublime. We analyzed this collection of 128 tracks through Music Information Retrieval (MIR) techniques, in order to determine what sonic traits, if any, distinguished these pieces of "sublime music" from those of a second collection, designated by a control group of respondents who answered a question about an experience of the beautiful.The results did not identify a set of recurrent traits in these putatively sublime pieces, except for minor differences of timbre, like a brighter quality of the spectra. Rather, our study suggests that the topical opposition between sublime and beautiful objects is less adequate to understanding the listening experience, than a dynamic and continuous view of both the objective and the subjective aspects of these aesthetical categories.</div
Modality, expected utility, and hypothesis testing
No full textInternational audienceWe introduce an expected-value theory of linguistic modality that makes reference to expected utility and a likelihood-based confirmation measure for deontics and epistemics, respectively. The account is a probabilistic semantics for deontics and epistemics, yet it proposes that deontics and epistemics share a common core modal semantics, as in traditional possible-worlds analysis of modality. We argue that this account is not only theoretically advantageous, but also has far-reaching empirical consequences. In particular, we predict modal versions of reasoning fallacies from the heuristics and biases literature. Additionally, we derive the modal semantics in an entirely transparent manner, as it is based on the compositional semantics of Korean modal expressions that are morphosyntactically decomposed into a conditional and an evaluative predicate
Aspects éthiques et juridiques des plantes invasives
No full textInternational audienceEthical and legal issues of invasive plants: In this article, we first present the theoretical field of plant ethics, which has developed mainly in the last thirty years. We then study the case of invasive plants and the criteria used to define them in the scientific community. We then ask what legal measures apply to these plants and what is their history. Finally, we ask whether the way invasive plants are treated from the perspective of conservation biology and the resulting legal perspective is compatible with the concept of creature dignity. The working hypothesis of this article is that the concept of invasive species is too broad. This can lead to a form of expedient ethics and justice. We therefore argue that invasive plants should be given a fair trial so that their dignity is respected.Dans cet article, nous présentons d’abord le champ théorique de l’éthique du végétal qui s’est surtout développé depuis une trentaine d’années. Nous étudions ensuite le cas des plantes invasives et les critères utilisés pour les définir dans la communauté scientifique. Nous nous demandons ensuite quelles sont les mesures légales qui s’appliquent à ces plantes et quel est leur histoire. Enfin, nous nous demandons si la façon dont les plantes invasives sont traitées du point de vue de la biologie de la conservation et du point de vue légal qui en découle est compatible avec le concept de dignité de la créature. L’hypothèse de travail de cet article est que le concept d’espèce invasive est trop large. Ceci peut conduire à une forme d’éthique et de justice expéditive. Nous défendons en conséquence que les plantes invasives devraient bénéficier d’un juste procès pour que leur dignité soit respectée
Hypnotic suggestion versus sensory modulation of bodily awareness
No full textInternational audienceBodily awareness arises from somatosensory, vestibular, and visual inputs but cannot be reduced to these incoming sensory signals. Cognitive factors are known to also impact bodily awareness, though their specific influence is poorly understood. Here we systematically compared the effects of sensory (bottom-up) and cognitive (top-down) manipulations on the estimated size of body parts. Toward this end, in a repeated-measures design, we sought to induce the illusion that the right index finger was elongating by vibrating the biceps tendon of the left arm whilst participants grasped the tip of their right index finger (Lackner illusion; bottom-up) and separately by hypnotic suggestion (top-down), with a sham version of the Lackner illusion as an active control condition. The effects of these manipulations were assessed with perceptual and motor tasks to capture different components of the representation of body size. We found that hypnotic suggestion significantly induced the illusion in both tasks relative to the sham condition. The magnitudes of these effects were stronger than those in the Lackner illusion condition, which only produced a significantly stronger illusion than the sham condition in the perceptual task. We further observed that illusion magnitude significantly correlated across tasks and conditions, suggesting partly shared mechanisms. These results are in line with theories of separate but interacting representational processes for perception and action and highlight the influence of cognitive factors on low-level body representations
Collective Emotion: A Framework for Experimental Research
No full textInternational audienceResearch on collective emotion spans social sciences, psychology and philosophy. There are detailed case studies and diverse theories of collective emotion. However, experimental evidence regarding the universal characteristics, antecedents and consequences of collective emotion remains sparse. Moreover, current research mainly relies on emotion self-reports, accounting for the subjective experience of collective emotion and ignoring their cognitive and physiological bases. In response to these challenges, we argue for experimental research on collective emotion. We start with an overview of theoretical frameworks to identify a set of three characteristics of collective emotion. Based on research in cognitive and affective sciences, we then examine the corresponding candidate mechanisms. Finally, we highlight outstanding questions, review experimental evidence, and suggest ideas for future experimental research
No effect of hunger on attentional capture by food cues: Two replication studies
No full textInternational audienceFood cues potently capture human attention, and it has been suggested that hunger increases their propensity to do so. However, the evidence for such hunger-related attentional biases is weak. We focus on one recent study that did show significantly greater attentional capture by food cues when participants were hungry, using an Emotional Blink of Attention (EBA) task [Piech, Pastorino, & Zald, 2010. Appetite, 54, 579-582]. We conducted online (N = 29) and in-person (N = 28) replications of this study with British participants and a Bayesian analytical approach. For the EBA task, participants tried to identify a rotated target image in a Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP). Targets were preceded by "neutral", "romantic", or "food" distractor images. Participants completed the task twice, 6-11 days apart, once hungry (overnight plus 6h fast) and once sated (after a selfselected lunch in the preceding 1h). We predicted that food images would create a greater attentional blink when participants were hungry than when they were sated, but romantic and neutral images would not. We found no evidence that hunger increased attentional capture by food cues, despite our experiments passing manipulation and quality assurance checks. Our sample and stimuli differed from the study we were replicating in several ways, but we were unable to identify any specific factor responsible for the difference in results. The original finding may not be generalisable. The EBA is more sensitive to the physical distinctiveness of distractors from filler and target images than their emotional valence, undermining the sensitivity of the EBA task for picking up subtle changes in motivational state. Moreover, hunger-related attentional bias shifts may not be substantial over the intensities and durations of hunger typically induced in laboratory experiments
Learning Action Hierarchies Comment on "An active inference model of hierarchical action understanding, learning and imitation" by Riccardo Proietti, Giovanni Pezzulo, Alessia Tessari
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Commitments and the sense of joint agency
No full textInternational audienceThe purpose of this article is to explore the role commitments may play in shaping our sense of joint agency. First, we propose that commitments may contribute to the generation of the sense of joint agency by stabilizing expectations and improving predictability. Second, we argue that commitments have a normative element that may bolster an agent's sense of control over the joint action and help counterbalance the potentially disruptive effects of asymmetries among agents. Finally, we discuss how commitments may contribute to make acting jointly emotionally rewarding, both by improving coordination and by inducing or reinforcing the circumstances under which shared emotions emerge among co-agents
Un traitement hybride du vague textuel : du système expert VAGO à son clone neuronal
No full textInternational audienceL'outil VAGO est un système expert de détection du vague lexical qui mesure aussi le degré de subjectivité du discours, ainsi que son niveau de détail. Dans cet article, nous construisons un clone neuronal de VAGO, fondé sur une architecture de type BERT, entraîné à partir des scores du VAGO symbolique sur un corpus de presse française (FreSaDa). L'analyse qualitative et quantitative montre la fidélité de la version neuronale. En exploitant des outils d'explicabilité (LIME), nous montrons ensuite l'intérêt de cette version neuronale d'une part pour l'enrichissement des lexiques de la version symbolique, et d'autre part pour la production de versions dans d'autres langues