Archive Electronique - Institut Jean Nicod
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1997 research outputs found
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Assertion, cooperativity and evidence on X
No full textInternational audienceCooperative assertion is known to be grounded in a strong veridical commitment and to fulfill Veridicality Principle : one must assert p if and only if one believes or knows p to be true (see a.o. Searle (1975), Grice (1975), Bach and Harnish, (1984), Davidson (1985), Vanderveken (1990), Harnish (1994), Williamson (1996), Portner (2018), Giannakidou and Mari (2021a), Lauer (2013))
Questions de contenu en langue des signes de la théorie à la description linguistique via le corpus, les expériences et le travail sur le terrain
No full textInternational audienceThe theory of language structure informs us about what we should expect when we want to investigate a certain construction. However, reality is often richer than what theories predict. In this study, we start from a theoretically informed set of hypotheses about the structure of wh-questions in sign language, we test them using a sign language corpus, a designed production experiment, and structured fieldwork in three sign languages, Swedish, Greek and French Sign Languages. The results will inform us on what type of contribution each research method can provide to reach accurate language descriptions.La théorie de la structure du langage nous informe sur ce à quoi nous devons nous attendre lorsque nous voulons étudier une construction particulière. Cependant, la réalité est souvent plus prospère que ce que prédisent les théories. Dans cette étude, nous partons d'un ensemble d'hypothèses théoriquement éclairées sur la structure des questions wh en langue des signes ; nous les testons à l'aide d'un corpus de langue des signes, d'une expérience de production conçue et d'un travail de terrain structuré dans trois langues des signes, les langues des signes suédoise, grecque et française. Les résultats nous informeront du type de contribution que chaque méthode de recherche peut apporter pour parvenir à des descriptions linguistiques précises
Discovering the unknown unknowns of research cartography with high-throughput natural description
No full textNational audienceTo succeed, we posit that research cartography will require high-throughput natural description to identify unknown unknowns in a particular design space. High-throughput natural description, the systematic collection and annotation of representative corpora of real-world stimuli, faces logistical challenges, but these can be overcome by solutions that are deployed in the later stages of integrative experimental design
Chronic and immediate refined carbohydrate consumption and facial attractiveness
No full textInternational audienceThe Western diet has undergone a massive switch since the second half of the 20 th century, with the massive increase of the consumption of refined carbohydrate associated with many adverse health effects. The physiological mechanisms linked to this consumption, such as hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia, may impact non medical traits such as facial attractiveness. To explore this issue, the relationship between facial attractiveness and immediate and chronic refined carbohydrate consumption estimated by glycemic load was studied for 104 French subjects. Facial attractiveness was assessed by opposite sex raters using pictures taken two hours after a controlled breakfast. Chronic consumption was assessed considering three high glycemic risk meals: breakfast, afternoon snacking and between-meal snacking. Immediate consumption of a high glycemic breakfast decreased facial attractiveness for men and women while controlling for several control variables, including energy intake. Chronic refined carbohydrate consumption had different effects on attractiveness depending on the meal and/or the sex. Chronic refined carbohydrate consumption, estimated by the glycemic load, during the three studied meals reduced attractiveness, while a high energy intake increased it. Nevertheless, the effect was reversed for men concerning the afternoon snack, for which a high energy intake reduced attractiveness and a high glycemic load increased it. These effects were maintained when potential confounders for facial attractiveness were controlled such as age, age departure from actual age, masculinity/femininity (perceived and measured), BMI, physical activity, parental home ownership, smoking, couple status, hormonal contraceptive use (for women), and facial hairiness (for men). Results were possibly mediated by an increase in age appearance for women and a decrease in perceived masculinity for men. The physiological differences between the three meals studied and the interpretation of the results from an adaptive/maladaptive point of view in relation to our new dietary environment are discussed
Facial icons as indexes of emotions and intentions
No full textInternational audienceVarious objects and artifacts incorporate representations of faces, encompassing artworks like portraits, as well as ethnographic or industrial artifacts such as masks or humanoid robots. These representations exhibit diverse degrees of human-likeness, serving different functions and objectives. Despite these variations, they share common features, particularly facial attributes that serve as building blocks for facial expressions—an effective means of communicating emotions. To provide a unified conceptualization for this broad spectrum of face representations, we propose the term “ facial icons” drawing upon Peirce’s semiotic concepts. Additionally, based on these semiotic principles, we posit that facial icons function as indexes of emotions and intentions, and introduce a significant anthropological theory aligning with our proposition. Subsequently, we support our assertions by examining processes related to face and facial expression perception, as well as sensorimotor simulation processes involved in discerning others’ mental states, including emotions. Our argumentation integrates cognitive and experimental evidence, reinforcing the pivotal role of facial icons in conveying mental states
Auditory reverse correlation: a choose-your-own-adventure presentation
No full textInternational audienceDoctora
Territorializing the sea: equilibrium, seaward projection, and seaward exposure of world countries
No full textInternational audienceAccording to the International Court of Justice, "the land rules the sea". This legal principle reflects a more general conceptual asymmetry: concepts to describe marine entities are molded on land-based concepts. In this paper we consider the notion of Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ), and we carry to the extreme consequences the idea that EEZs are full-blown territories. We define several indexes based on a territorial reading of EEZ (land-sea Equilibrium, Marine Population Density, marine Projection and marine Exposure) to investigate different imbalances between world countries. The main results are that these imbalances, whenever present, are due to a complex of historical contingencies, geographic contingencies, and the features of the basic algorithm for calculating EEZs' shapes and extents. These factors bring about the fact that the imbalances under study do not in general track existing power imbalances
Functional Rule Inference from Causal Selection Explanations
No full textInternational audienceBuilding on counterfactual theories of causal-selection, according to which humans intuitively evaluate the causal responsibility of events, we developed an experimental paradigm to examine the effect of causal-selection explanations on abductive causal inference. In our experiment, participants attempted to infer the rule responsible for winning outcomes of random draws from urns with varying sampling probabilities. Participants who were provided with causal-selection judgments as explanations for the outcomes made significantly closer inferences to the rule than those relying on observations alone, or on other explanations of causal relevance. We mirror these empirical results with a computational model of inference from explanation leveraging the theories of causal selection
A Multi-Label Dataset of French Fake News: Human and Machine Insights
No full textPaper to appear in the Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024)International audienceWe present a corpus of 100 documents, OBSINFOX, selected from 17 sources of French press considered unreliable by expert agencies, annotated using 11 labels by 8 annotators. By collecting more labels than usual, by more annotators than is typically done, we can identify features that humans consider as characteristic of fake news, and compare them to the predictions of automated classifiers. We present a topic and genre analysis using Gate Cloud, indicative of the prevalence of satire-like text in the corpus. We then use the subjectivity analyzer VAGO, and a neural version of it, to clarify the link between ascriptions of the label Subjective and ascriptions of the label Fake News. The annotated dataset is available online at the following url: https://github.com/obs-info/obsinfo