Archive Electronique - Institut Jean Nicod
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Social perspective-taking influences on metacognition
No full textInternational audienceWe often effortlessly take the perceptual perspective of others: we represent some aspect of the environment that others currently perceive. However, taking someone's perspective can interfere with one's perceptual processing: another person's gaze can spontaneously affect our ability to detect stimuli in a scene. But it is still unclear whether our cognitive evaluation of those judgements is also affected. In this study, we investigated whether social perspective-taking can influence participants' metacognitive judgements about their perceptual responses. Participants performed a contrast detection task with a task-irrelevant avatar oriented either congruently or incongruently to the stimulus location. By “blindfolding” the avatar, we tested the influence of social perspective-taking versus domain-general directional orienting. Participants had higher accuracy and perceptual sensitivity with a congruent avatar regardless of the blindfold, suggesting a directional cueing effect. However, their metacognitive efficiency was modulated only by the congruency of a seeing avatar. These results suggest that perceptual metacognitive ability can be socially enhanced by sharing perception of the same objects with others
Changer de cap : pour une transition sociale-écologique des pêches
No full textLes scientifiques ont développé une méthodologie innovante pour établir une évaluation inédite du secteur de la pêche en France métropolitaine.Leur étude se base sur le calcul de dix grands indicateurs clés, qui mesurent l’empreinte écologique et la performance économique et sociale de chacune des flottilles de pêche opérant sur la façade atlantique. L’étude dresse ainsi le premier état de santé pluridisciplinaire fiable pour 70% des pêches métropolitaines 01. Étude portant sur les flottilles de l’Atlantique Nord Est, les flottes de la Méditerranée, des DOM TOM et les flottes distantes ne sont pas incluses à ce stade. 02 Le chalut démersal ou chalut de fond est un filet de forme conique remorqué par un navire qui capture des espèces commercialisables situées sur ou à proximité du fond, comme la sole, la morue, la baudroie ou la langoustine. Cet engin qui racle les fonds marins ne doit pas être confondu avec le chalut pélagique, trainé en pleine eau et qui capture des espèces comme le hareng, la sardine, le maquereau…03 En termes d’engins, les métiers de la pêche se divisent entre arts dormants (les filets, les casiers et les lignes) et arts traînants (les dragues, les chaluts et les sennes). Source : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00784/89603/96190.pdf. Les arts dormants piègent les espèces ciblées de manière passive, en s’appuyant sur leurs comportements de déplacement ou de chasse. Ces recherches mettent en évidence le bilan très clairement négatif de la grande pêche industrielle (navires de plus de 24 mètres) et des flottilles utilisant le chalut de fond 02. Les chalutiers industriels de fond cumulent plusieurs tares écologiques, économiques et sociales : destruction des fonds marins, surexploitation des espèces pêchées, captures massives de juvéniles, faible capacité à créer de l’emploi, faible valeur ajoutée, fort impact carbone et importantes émissions de CO2. Pour un même niveau de capture réalisé dans un milieu sauvage (l’océan), les chalutiers de fond hauturiers et industriels créent 2 à 3 fois moins d’emplois et presque 2 fois moins de valeur ajoutée que les flottes utilisant les arts dormants 03 (les lignes, casiers et filets). A l’inverse, les flottilles de pêche utilisant les arts dormants produisent 23% des débarquements totaux et 37% de la valeur ajoutée, elles ne représentent que 17% des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, 10% de la surexploitation et 0,2% de l’abrasion desfonds marins. Toutefois, elles ont une empreinte importante en matière de captures accidentelles d’espèces sensibles (oiseaux et mammifères marins) qui devra nécessairement diminuer dans une optique de transition
Intuitive credit attribution and the priority rule
No full textInternational audienceWhen a good idea is discovered, who gets credit for it? This is an important question in science, the arts, law, and everyday life. We suggest that people have intuitions about credit ownership that depend on three factors: (i) whether the idea suggests the discoverer is competent; (ii) whether the discovery elicits gratitude toward the discoverer; (iii) who the first individual to come up with the idea is. We test these intuitions in three vignette experiments with UK participants, in the context of priority disputes in science. In Experiment 1, participants find a discoverer less competent and award less credit to them for a scientific idea if they perceive that the discoverer could have plagiarized another discoverer, but attributions of credit are also shown to differ from attributions of competence. In Experiment 2, participants are more grateful toward, and award more credit to a discoverer who makes their discovery public. In Experiment 3, participants are more biased toward the first discoverer in terms of credit attribution than in terms of competence attribution or feelings of gratitude. In conclusion, we suggest that intuitions of credit ownership help explain the popularity and endurance of the priority rule in science, by which all the credit of a discovery is supposed to go to the first discoverer
Female Diana Monkeys (Cercopithecus diana) have Complex Calls
No full textInternational audienceRecent literature on non-human animal communication has unearthed call combinations that appear to follow internal rules of composition (e.g., Coye et al. 2015, 2016, Dutour et al., 2019, Suzuki et al., 2016, Suzuki and Matsumoto, 2022). Specifically, various studies have found a rudimentary, non-recursive operation that allows the combination of two atomic units; this is sometimes referred to as 1-Merge in a typology proposed by Rizzi (2016). Some of these combinatorial systems have been analyzed with tools from formal linguistics. These include call combinations found in Putty-nosed monkeys (Schlenker et al., 2016a), Titi monkeys (Berthet et al., 2019), as well as the –oo suffix in the alarm call system of Campbell’s monkeys, an early example initially discussed by Ouattara et al. (2009), and further investigated by Kuhn et al. (2014) and Schlenker et al. (2014). The –oo suffix can be optionally attached to the root alarm calls hok and krak, modifying the root’s meaning into that of a less urgent alarm
Addressing climate change with behavioral science: A global intervention tournament in 63 countries
No full textInternational audienceEffectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventions’ effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behavior—several interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on people’s initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors
The Human and the Mechanical: logos, truthfulness, and ChatGPT
No full textThe paper addresses the question of whether it is appropriate to talk about 'mechanical minds' at all, and whether ChatGPT models can indeed be thought of as realizations of that. Our paper adds a semantic argument to the current debate. The act of human assertion requires the formation of a veridicality judgment. Modification of assertions with modals (John must be at home) and the use of subjective elements (I hope that John is at home) indicate that the speaker is manipulating her judgments and, in a cooperative context, intends her epistemic state to be transparent to the addressee. Veridicality judgments are formed on the basis of two components: (i) evidence that relates to reality (exogenous evidence) and (ii) endogenous evidence, such as preferences and private beliefs. 'Mechanical minds' lack these two components: (i) they do not relate to reality and (ii) do not have endogenous evidence. Therefore they lack the ability to form a belief about the world and a veridicality judgments altogether. They can only mimic that judgment, but the output is not ground in the very foundations for it
Revisiting Stanley Milgram’s Experiment: What Lessons Can We Learn from It Today?
No full textSince the publication of “Behavioral studies of obedience” in 1963, and then of “Obedience to Authority” in 1974, the experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram at Yale in the early 1960s has provoked many lively debates. The opening of his archives by Yale University (Blass 2002), the partial replication of the experiment (Burger 2009), interviews with former “guinea pigs” or collaborators (Perry 2012), as well as the more general context of the replicability crisis in experimental psychology (Ritchie 2020) have triggered a revival of these debates.On the basis of these new data, several aspects of Milgram’s experiments have been reexamined: their experimental protocol, which does not exactly match Milgram's account of it (Gibson 2019); the decision not to include in the interpretation interviews in which subjects claimed not to have been fooled by the device designed to deceive them (Perry, Brannigan & alii 2018); the lessons to be learned from the behavior observed (Burger, Girgis & Manning 2011; Reicher, Haslam & Smith 2012); the usefulness of these findings in explaining the behavior of ordinary perpetrators during genocides, and in particular the Shoah (Russell & Gregory 2015; Roth 2022); the moral legitimacy of the device itself (Perry 2012). Moreover, all of these investigations converge on the question of whether the crisis of reproducibility affects experiments on authority and, if so, to what extent. As Stuart Ritchie's (2020) cautious treatment of the Milgram case in his review of the reproducibility crisis shows, this question remains open.The fact remains that debates around one of the founding and paradigmatic works of experimental social psychology ultimately call into question the very value of this discipline or at least the direction it should take. Augustine Brannigan goes so far as to call for “the end of experimental social psychology” (Brannigan 2017, p. 141) in this regard. Finally, both Milgram and the psychologists and philosophers following in his wake interpreted the astonishment that his results aroused as a symptom of adherence to a mistaken anthropology. The situationist research program thus aimed to understand what this error is, where it comes from, and how to rectify it (Ross & Nisbett 1991; Doris 2005; Sabini & Silver 2005; Roth 2022). The subsequent interrogation of Milgram's results thus also calls into question the value of this philosophical program.The authority experiments were based on epistemological and ontological presuppositions that conditioned their design and interpretation, and that have thus far rarely been drawn out and directly discussed. For example, by designating his task as an “experiment on authority”, Milgram presupposed the existence of a concept of authority that would apply to the experiment in question, but about which he remained confused, because he was theoretically eclectic, relying as much on Hannah Arendt as on cybernetics (Milgram 1974). Stephen Gibson (2019) thus looked for a concept that could adequately describe what was actually taking place during the experiment and suggested that the Foucauldian concept of power was more suitable than the concept of authority.To take another example, Milgram's explicit goal was not only to reproduce in the laboratory an ordinary relationship of subordination, but to simulate the administrative and social structure that made possible the implementation of the extermination of the European Jews (Milgram 1963; Milgram 1974; Blass 2002). Against the prejudice according to which historical events are non-repeatable singularities, he thus presupposed the possibility of solving experimentally some of the explanatory problems that plague historians.In order to contribute productively to current debates on the value of Milgram's experiments, and more generally of social psychology, this special issue tries to identify the presuppositions, theoretical consequences, and justifications of the experiments
Coordination, rather than pragmatics, shapes colexification when the pressure for efficiency is low
No full textInternational audienceWe investigate the phenomenon of colexification, where a single wordform is associated with multiple meanings. Previous research on colexification has primarily focused on empirical studies of different properties of the meanings that determine colexification, such as semantic similarity or meaning frequency. Meanwhile, little attention was paid to the wordforms' properties, despite being the original approach advocated by Zipf. Our preregistered study examines whether word length influences word choice for colexification using a novel dyadic communication game (N = 64) and a computational model grounded in the Rational Speech Act (RSA) framework. Contrary to initial predictions, participants did not exhibit a strong preference for efficient colexification (namely colexifying multiple concepts using short words, when long alternatives are available). The results align more closely with a simpler coordination model, where dyads align on a functioning lexical convention with relatively little influence from the efficiency of that convention. Our study highlights the possibility that colexification choices are strongly determined by the pressure for coordination, with weaker influences from semantic similarity or meaning frequency. This is most likely explained by weak pressure for efficiency in our experimental design
Epistemic gratitude and the provision of information
No full textInternational audienceHuman society rests on communicated information, much of which is shared without an expectation of reward. We suggest that, like other forms of prosociality, this type of information provision is fueled by gratitude. To reflect the fact that information differs in some ways from other goods, we call this form of gratitude epistemic gratitude. In a first experiment (N=185), we show that participants are more grateful for information that provides more benefits, at a greater cost to the sender, that was sent intentionally, and gratuitously. Experiment 2 (N=198) shows that information shared with a large audience generates less gratitude in individual audience members. Experiment 3 (N=200) shows that information that can be further passed on to others elicits more gratitude. Experiment 4 (N=259) failed to show that gratitude increased especially when an initially doubted piece of information is confirmed. All experiments were pre- registerered, implemented online through Prolific with participants from the US, UK and Ireland. In the supplementary materials, we also report a series of inconclusive experiments testing whether participants think others communicate in a way that maximizes gratitude in the audience. In conclusion, we speculate on the consequences of epistemic gratitude—in particular, which type of information is more likely to elicit epistemic gratitude—for diverse cultural phenomena, from personalization in marketing to rumor diffusio
Mechanisms of mobbing call recognition: exploring featural decoding in great tits
No full textInternational audienceRecent research on bird calls has unearthed a striking result: birds sometimes react to the calls of other species that are neither geographically nor phylogenetically close. One mechanism explaining this response may be the recognition of specific acoustic features, also present in their own vocalisations, rather than the recognition of complete notes, with the result that unfamiliar calls may be understood if they contain the critical feature. Parids and other passerines produce mobbing calls with similar properties that are responded to across species (i.e., noisy, large frequency range notes reaching low frequencies and with numerous harmonics), that are therefore good candidates for recognition based on features. In a playback experiment, we explored the featural interpretation hypothesis by testing the response of free ranging great tits to artificial mobbing calls with varying acoustic properties. We first confirmed that they respond to artificial calls sharing all the targeted spectral properties (large frequency range, low frequency, noise and harmonics). In contrast, great tits did not respond to calls with the same rhythmicity but without the targeted features. We then tested whether great tits respond to calls that possess only one of the four above-mentioned properties. We show that great tits did not respond to any of the four treatments, and therefore no single specific spectral feature seems likely to explain great tits’ response to unknown calls. We discuss alternative mechanisms for decoding novel calls, notably through a similarity threshold