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The data revolution in justice
No full textThis article explores the transformative potential of data science in enhancing justice systems globally. Leveraging the increasing availability of judicial data and the advancements of the digital revolution, this paper demonstrates how policymakers can significantly improve access, efficiency, and fairness within justice systems—crucial components of economic development as discussed in a companion paper (Ramos-Maqueda and Chen, 2024). We introduce a comprehensive framework for evaluating, diagnosing, and experimenting with judicial processes to deepen our understanding of judicial performance using data science methodologies. Key areas of focus include the application of machine learning and “text-as-data” techniques to enhance efficiency and identify disparities in judicial rulings. Through detailed case studies and empirical evidence, we illustrate how these technologies can address systemic shortcomings and drive meaningful reforms. By identifying specific areas where data science can bridge existing gaps, we aim to provide actionable insights for policymakers. Our findings highlight the profound impact of data-driven approaches on fostering a more just society and promoting sustainable economic growth. The paper concludes by suggesting future research directions and practical applications of data science in judicial contexts to ensure continuous improvement and innovation
Invisible Threat : How Airborne Pollution Fuels Antimicrobial Resistance in the EU
Get PDFRecent scientific research suggests that the environment represents an important pathway for the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This paper is the first to provide causal estimates of the impact of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on AMR diffusion. I focus on EU countries and the period 2002 to 2019. To pin down causal effects, I use an instrumental variable approach that exploits temperature inversions as a source of exogenous shocks to air pollution. I find that a 1% increase in PM2.5 leads to about a 0.7% increase in average antibiotic resistance, but there is significant heterogeneity across pathogen-antibiotic combinations in their responsiveness to changes in pollution. I then separately estimate the direct impact of pollution on resistance, as well as the impact of an indirect channel via antibiotic consumption. When antibiotic use is accounted for, the direct influence of air pollution on AMR remains sizable and significant. Finally, I provide a counterfactual analysis assessing the impact of alternative air pollution control policies on resistance and compare their effectiveness vis-à-vis interventions aimed at reducing antibiotic use in humans. Findings imply that air pollution policies can be fruitfully leveraged in the fight against AMR propagation
Charles de Freycinet et les congrégations religieuses : l'échec d'une politique de conciliation (1880)
No full textUne bonne affaire pour l'héritier preneur à bail ! A propos de l'évaluation d'une donation de terres agricoles données à bail (Cass., 1ère ch. civ., 26 mars 2025, n° 22-23.937)
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Assumptions in Economics
No full textAny scientific discipline—any theory, formal or informal—rests on assumptions. These assumptions matter, and in the case of social sciences, they influence our vision of society and our policy recommendations. This chapter reviews and comments on assumptions most commonly made by economists—methodological individualism versus socially determined preferences, consequentialism, and utility comparisons—and discusses their attitudes toward the market and ethical choices. Economics combines positive and normative dimensions, seeking to describe behaviors while evaluating policies. Often adhering to utilitarian principles, economists emphasize preferences, including reconciling short- and long-term interests. They employ the “veil of ignorance" to assess policy fairness, acknowledging challenges in compensating policy losers. Consequentialism, central to economic analysis, evaluates actions based on outcomes. Economists also explore market failures—externalities, information asymmetries, and power dynamics—advocating for smart regulation to address ethical concerns while leveraging market incentives. Finally, methodological individualism underpins economic analysis, acknowledging social influences on preferences without attributing them entirely to social construction. Economists aim to balance theoretical assumptions with empirical data, ensuring robust, adaptable frameworks for understanding and improving societal outcomes
L’incompétence du juge d’instruction quant à la réalisation d’un interrogatoire de première comparution suivi d’une mise en examen sur un territoire étranger, à propos de l’arrêt rendu par la chambre criminelle le 30 avril 2025 n° 24-84.382
No full textMême si l’article 93-1 du Code de procédure pénale vise les auditions au sens large, il ne permet pas à un juge d’instruction français de procéder à un interrogatoire de première comparution suivi d’une mise en examen directement à l’étranger. Un tel acte « créateur de droits et rendant possible la comparution devant une juridiction pénale » dépasse, en effet, le cadre de la simple audition visée par ledit texte, et demeure exclu de son champ d’application, même avec l’accord des autorités judiciaires de l’État étranger
Une gérante de SCI respectueuse des clauses limitatives de pouvoir : quand la prudence contractuelle s’ajoute à la vigilance sociétaire (Cass. 3e civ., 3 avr. 2025, n° 23-20.566)
No full textRéparation par le juge français du préjudice subi à l’étranger résultant de la contrefaçon en ligne
No full textLe juge français est compétent pour connaître de la réparation de l’entier préjudice causé par des actes contrefaçon de droit d’auteur commis sur internet, y compris celui résultant de la consultation des vidéos à l’étranger, dès lors que la juridiction saisie est celle du lieu d’établissement de la personne condamnée par les juridictions répressives, sauf pour cette dernière, à démontrer que des juridictions étrangères ont été saisies pour la réparation du préjudice