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Patogeni lista trešnje i višnje u Srbiji
No full textIn recent years, sweet and sour cherry production in Serbia has increased. Under Serbian agroecological conditions, pathogens causing leaf diseases threaten the success of sweet and sour cherry production. In the period 2012-2019, the health status of cherries was monitored in more than 30 locations. Depending on the production system, the following leaf pathogens were identified: Blumeriella jaapii, Wilsonomyces carpophilus, Mycosphaerella cerasella, Phoma prunicola, Podosphaera clandestina and Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and morsprunorum race 1. Leaf pathogens caused premature defoliation, which adversely affected bud formation for the next growing season and increased susceptibility to freezing. Therefore, attention should be focused on correct leaf pathogen identification, and proper selection, application and rotation of fungicides.Poslednjih godina proizvodnja trešnje i višnje u Srbiji je povećana. U našim agroekološkim uslovima, patogeni lista ugrožavaju proizvodnju ovih perspektivnih voćnih vrsta. U periodu 2012-2019. godine praćeno je zdravstveno stanje trešnje i višnje, na više od 30 lokaliteta. avisno od sistema proizvodnje identifikovani su sledeći patogeni lista: Blumeriella jaapii, Wilsonomyces carpophilus, Mycosphaerella cerasella, Phoma prunicola, Podosphaera clandestina, Pseudomonas siringae pv. syringae i morsprunorum rasa 1. Patogeni lista izazivaju prevremenu defolijaciju, što negativno utiče na formiranje pupoljaka za narednu vegetaciju i povećanu osetljivost na izmrzavanje. Stoga pažnju treba usmeriti na ispravnu identifikaciju patogena, pravilan izbor i rotaciju fungicida različitog mehanizma delovanja, kao i optimalno vreme za njihovu primenu
Buckwheat seed quality during the five-year storage in various packing materials
No full textBuckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) seed, produced in three locations, was used in the present study. Seed was stored in paper, glass, wood and PVC packing materials under room temperature conditions (18 degrees C) for five years. The following parameters of seed quality were observed: viability, germination, dormancy and a 1000-seed weight. Standard laboratory methods were applied in the studies. The lowest viability after harvest was recorded in seeds stored in glass or PVC packing materials. All factors pointed to a great significance in the expression of viability, germination and seed weight maintenance. The highest value of germination (99%) was recorded in seeds produced in the location Karbulovo after two-year storage in the paper packing material. In the second year of storage, seed dormancy in paper packing material amounted to 0-0.1%. The seed weight changed during the storage period from 33.9 g to 24.4 g. The weight loss was the lowest in seeds stored in the paper packing material. The germination decline was slower in large than in small seeds. Obtained results indicate the importance of packing material for maintenance of seed qualitative traits. According to the gained results, seeds packed in paper packing material mostly retained their physiological and morphological traits
Studies on gene flow from herbicide resistant to weedy sunflower
No full textGene flow is a main concern associated with the use of herbicide resistant sunflower crops because it could transfer herbicide resistance traits to weedy sunflower. In order to estimate potential gene flow from imazamox and tribenuron-methyl resistant sunflower hybrids to weedy sunflower, field experiments and DNA analysis were conducted. The progeny of weedy sunflower which grown near imazamox (WS1) and tribenuron-methyl (WS2) resistant hybrid in previous experiments were used. In the field experiment, recommended rates of imazamox and tribenuron-methyl were applied to WS1 and WS2, respectively, and plants surviving were recorded. Herbicides effect on fresh weight of survived plants were also determined. The presence of mutations responsible for sunflower resistance to herbicides (imazamox and tribenuron-methyl) checked based on DNA analysis of selected survived plants. Percentage of survived plants in field experiment was recorded at maturity and depend on weedy sunflower accession (WS1 or WS2) and distance of their mother plants from resistant sunflower hybrid in previous experiment and was higher for WS2 (50.25%) than for WS1 (24.50%). As DNA analysis were not confirmed the presence of the point mutations responsible for sunflower resistance to imazamox and tribenuron-methyl
The description and molecular phylogenetic position of a new conifer-associated mite, Setoptus tsugivagus n. sp. (Eriophyoidea, Phytoptidae, Nalepellinae)
No full textA new vagrant eriophyoid mite species, Setoptus tsugivagus n. sp. Chetverikov (Eriophyoidea, Phytoptidae, Nalepellinae, Nalepellini), is described from the needles of the western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Rafinesque) Sargent (Pinaceae) in Vancouver, Canada. The new species can be distinguished from all other members of Setoptus by a distinct pattern of several short longitudinal ridges on the posterior half of the prodorsal shield. Elements of the anal secretory apparatus (ASA) were observed in adults of S. tsugivagus n. sp., suggesting that the ASA is present in both major phylogenetic lineages of Eriophyoidea (Eriophyidae s. l. and Phytoptidae s. l.). Therefore, this structure could be a synapomorphy for all Eriophyoidea. We briefly discuss the function and morphological variety of the ASA in Eriophyoidea. D2 28S rDNA sequences of four nalepelline species were obtained: Boczekella reticulata Bagnyuk 1987 (GenBank accession number MK124605), Nalepella tsugifoliae Keifer 1953 (MK124606), Setoptus pini Boczek, 1964 (MK124607), and S. tsugivagus n. sp. (MK124608). Molecular phylogenetic analyses of D2 28S rDNA sequences of the mites of the subfamily Nalepellinae confirmed monophyly of the tribe Nalepellini and retrieved Setoptus and Nalepella as polyphyletic. Additionally, our data indicate that 28S rDNA sequence KF782472.1, previously reported to be Trisetacus ehmanni Keifer 1963 by Li et al. (2014), belongs to another species of the genus Trisetacus, possibly T. quadrisetus (Thomas), and the sequence KF782471.1, previously reported to be Trisetacus sp., might belong to T. juniperinus (Nalepa). We also discuss the systematics of nalepellines and their host association with conifers
Influence of harvesting on quality of Alfalfa Forage used for Haylage and Hay
No full textThe paper presents the three years efficiency results (2011-2013) of the work and ways of harvesting (three types of mowers, with or without spreading the forage) influencing the quality of the forage (the content of crude protein and crude fiber) during the three days drying process. These results indicate that the harvesting method can strongly affect the work efficiency, energy consumption, the forage drying intensity and the quality of forage used for hay and haylage preparation. The best quality of the forage was achieved when a drum rotating mower PÖTTINGER CAT 185 was used. Negative correlation was found between content of crude protein and the crude fibre content, depending on the type of mower, varying in the range between r= -0.978 and r= -0.882 (PÖTTINGER CAT 185 r= -0.882 P≤0.05 to JF STOLL SB 200 r= -0.978 P≤0.001)
Integration of biological and conventional treatments in control of pepper bacterial spot
No full textBacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria is one of the most devastating pepper diseases in Serbia. Questionable seed quality, climatic conditions, and frequent irrigation during summer favour the disease occurrence and spread. The available management practices do not provide adequate disease control. Therefore, development of alternative and more sustainable disease management strategies is needed. Integration of classical and biological treatments could be an effective, environmentally safe option for reducing pepper bacterial spot severity. In order to develop an efficient integrated disease management program, we studied efficacy of biocontrol agents (bacteriophage strain KФ1 and two strains of Bacillus subtilis AAac and QST 713), systemic acquired resistance (SAR) inducer (acibenzolar-S-methyl - ASM), a commercial microbial fertilizer (Slavol), copper based compounds (copper hydroxide and copper oxychloride) in combination with or without mancozeb, and antibiotics (streptomycin sulphate and kasugamycin). They were applied as single treatments in two separate field experiments. Based on the single treatment efficacy, various combinations of the treatments were chosen for further testing in three separate field experiments. Additionally, we evaluated potential negative effect of ASM on pepper growth and yield in the growth chamber experiment. All the tested single treatments significantly reduced disease severity compared to the inoculated control (IC), except microbiological fertilizer and the antagonistic strain AAac. Integration of copper hydroxide, ASM and bacteriophages was the most efficient treatment, reducing the disease intensity by 96–98%. The results indicated that this combination may be an adequate alternative program for control of pepper bacterial spot
Evolution of host plant use and diversification in a species complex of parasitic weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
No full textWeevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) represent one of the most diverse groups of organisms on Earth; interactions with their host plants have been recognized to play a central role in their remarkable diversity, yet the exact mechanisms and factors still remain poorly understood. Using phylogenetic comparative analyses, here we investigate the evolution of host use and its possible role in diversification processes of Rhinusa and Gymnetron, two closely related groups of weevils that feed and develop inside plant tissues of hosts within the families Scrophulariaceae and Plantaginaceae. We found strong evidence for phylogenetic conservatism of host use at the plant family level, most likely due to substantial differences in the chemical composition of hosts, reducing the probability of shifts between host families. In contrast, the use of different plant organs represents a more labile ecological trait and ecological niche expansion that allows a finer partitioning of resources. Rhinusa and Gymnetron weevils initially specialized on plants within Scrophulariaceae and then shifted to the closely related Plantaginaceae; likewise, a gall inducing behavior evolved from non-galler weevils, possibly in response to resource competition, as galls facilitate larval development by providing enhanced nutrition and a favorable microhabitat. Results from trait-dependent diversification analyses suggest that both use of hosts within Plantaginaceae and parasitism on fruits and seed capsules are associated with enhanced diversification of Rhinusa and Gymnetron via low extinction rates. Our study provides quantitative evidence and insights on the ecological factors that can promote diversification in phytophagous insects that feed and develop inside plant tissues
The response of Chenopodium album L. and Abutilon theophrasti Medik. to reduced doses of mesotrione
No full textThe application of minimal doses of herbicides is very popular due to concerns about the negative impacts of herbicides on the environment and public health. Studies were conducted to estimate the possibility of using quick and non- destructive methods to investigate Chenopodium album L. and Abutilon theophrasti Medik. response to mesotrione. The studies were conducted in a controlled environment to determine the response of C. album and A. theophrasti to mesotrione using dose–response curves created based on plant dry weight, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and chlorophyll content. The obtained effective dose values showed that the studied weeds were susceptible to reduced doses of mesotrione. ED95 values estimated for both species for dry weight and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were lower than the recommended dose rate (120 g a.i. ha−1), with less than 85 g a.i. ha−1 needed to achieve a reduction of 95%, compared with untreated plants, while ED95 value (A. theophrasti: 182 g a.i. ha−1 and C. album: 180 g a.i. ha−1) for chlorophyll content for both species was above the recommended dose rates. Consequently, dry weight and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters are suitable for estimating the plant response to mesotrione, while chlorophyll content is not
Dynamic of Brassicogethes aeneus (F.) (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae) populations in Serbia’s downriver Danube section and their susceptibility to insecticides
No full textThis paper presents data on the dynamic of B. aeneus populations in winter oilseed rape in the downriver section of the Danube in Serbia, which were acquired by yellow water traps and a beating method. Their susceptibility to several insecticides of different classes (organophosphates, pyrethroids and neonicotinoids) (adult vial test and dipping test) was tested over two seasons (2009 and 2010). B. aeneus populations developing under the agroecological conditions that exist in Serbia were monitored to detect the moment of OSR infestation during its sensitive growth stages. Adults were counted, and the data revealed that they infest winter OSR crops during the stem elongation growth stage (BBCH 30-31), reaching a population peak at the green-yellow bud stage (BBCH 57-59), and exceeding the economic threshold, while the populations decreased substantially during the subsequent stage (BBCH 61-69). Laboratory test results did not confirm any changes in B. aeneus susceptibility/resistance to pyrethroid, organophosphate and neonicotinoid insecticides. Migration of B. aeneus populations was monitored as a way of developing predictive models for estimation of infestation severity and the timing of pest outbreaks under agroecological conditions existing in Serbia. As resistance to pyrethroids has been confirmed in B. aeneus populations in many European countries, their susceptibility will be further monitored
Bakterioze tikava
No full textProduction of cucurbits has a long tradition worldwide. Cucumber, watermelon and melon production is very important for many producers in some parts of Serbia. These crops are especially susceptible to phytopathogenic bacteria which can cause substantial losses in years with favorable weather conditions. In this paper major bacterial diseases of cucurbits are described, such as bacterial fruit blotch caused by Acidovorax citrulli, angular leaf spot caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans, bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris, bacterial wilt caused by Erwinia tracheiphila, cucurbit yellow wine disease caused by Serratia marcescens, bacterial leaf spot, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, inducing bacterial soft rot caused by Pectobacterium species.Biljke familije Cucurbitaceae imaju dugu tradiciju proizvodnje širom sveta. U pojedinim krajevima Srbije, naročito severnim, proizvodnja krastavca, lubenice i dinje predstavlja primarno zanimanje mnogih poljoprivrednih gazdinstava. Pojava bakterioza u godinama sa uslovima koji pogoduju nastanku infekcije, može značajno ugroziti proizvodnju ovih biljaka. U ovom radu predstavljena su najznačajnija bakteriozna oboljenja biljaka familije Cucurbitaceae, među kojima su: bakteriozna mrljavost plodova lubenice, čiji je prouzrokovač Acidovorax citrulli, uglasta pegavost lišća krastavca, prouzrokovana bakterijom Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans; bakteriozna uvelost krastavca prouzrokovana vrstom Erwinia tracheiphila; bakteriozna pegavost koju prouzrokuje Xanthomonas cucurbitae; potom žutilo vreža, čiji je prouzrokovač Serratia marcescens; zatim bakteriozna lisna pegavost prouzrokovana Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae; kao i bakteriozna vlažna trulež prouzrokovana vrstama roda Pectobacterium