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Rapport de mission à La Réunion. 29 mars – 5 avril 2025. Formations à l'utilisation du portail Wiktrop - Appui en malherbologie
Get PDFTransparent monitoring in practice: A guide to effective monitoring in the land sector. Book I – Background for understanding transparent monitoring approaches
Get PDFLand management plays a crucial role in addressing climate change, which makes transparent monitoring essential. Countries have considerable flexibility in setting targets, defining the scope of the land sector, and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from it. They are, however, required to do this in a manner that promotes transparency and provides sufficient accuracy, completeness, comparability, and consistency. An unprecedent amount of data is currently generated globally. It is available for assessing how land use and land management change over time and what the implications for greenhouse gas emissions and removals are. This data richness can serve as a solid foundation for generating high-quality products and services for tracking carbon stock changes. However, this large amount of information is also leading to confusion, with competing definitions and misinterpretation. The Transparent Monitoring project identified a set of criteria designed to overcome such challenges and strengthen the effectiveness of monitoring greenhouse gas emissions from the land sector. These criteria are introduced in this Book I. Transparent monitoring approaches refer to datasets, tools, and portals that support countries' needs in the land sector, by providing complementary data to what is mandated by their own monitoring systems. By taking advantage of transparent monitoring approaches, countries can increase their capacities for monitoring and reporting GHG emissions and removals from the land sector and advance in the implementation of the Paris Agreement's Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF). Book II includes a collection of case studies demonstrating successful implementation of transparent monitoring approaches
To climb or to fell? Identification of social-ecological conditions that promote sustainable fruit harvesting in Lowland Amazon palm swamps
Get PDFA well-documented environmental threat in the Amazonian region of Loreto, Peru involves harvesting the fruit from the dominant palm Mauritia flexuosa by chopping fruit-bearing females growing in carbon-dense peat swamps. Numerous conservation interventions have been proposed to protect the swamps, such as encouraging harvest of fruits by climbing the palms to preserve the resource instead of cutting them. These efforts have produced mixed success; some communities have embraced sustainable harvest methods, while others have not, despite the obvious benefits of climbing and the simple technology required. In this study, we aim to understand why some communities opt to harvest fruit sustainably while others do not, and to assess whether the experience of communities sustainably harvesting offers broader lessons for ecosystem management. Nine communities were visited in Loreto, where in-depth interviews were performed to identify economic, institutional, and cultural elements linked to fruit extraction practices. Field measurements were produced to evaluate ecological characteristics in harvested swamps nearby communities that mostly climb or mostly chop. The five communities that mostly climb placed high importance on the fruit, had resource management rules, and derived significant material benefit from the fruit. In contrast, the four communities that mostly chop derived only a marginal economic benefit from the fruit and tended to face obstacles to building systems of sustainable management of common property, such as poverty and problems associated with pollution from the oil industry. One community embraced climbing 30 years ago and observed remarkable social, economic, and environmental benefits. Through sustained support from NGOs and the regional government, this community was empowered to build a system of sustainable resource management on its own terms. Its capacity to develop and enforce its rules of harvest, ensured through robust communal trust, was key to its success
Expo-événement YAAY DUND. Régénérer le vivant. Rapport détaillé du projet
Get PDFCe rapport propose un descriptif détaillé du projet d'exposition-événement “YAAY DUND, Régénérer le vivant“, mené du 13 novembre au 08 décembre 2024 dans le cadre de la Biennale de l'art africain contemporain Dakar 2024. Ce projet a été porté par la Dynamique pour une transition Agroécologique au Sénégal (DyTAES), à l'initiative du Centre de coopération en Recherches Agronomiques pour le Développement (CIRAD). L'exposition a mis en lumière le rôle fondamental mais trop souvent occulté des femmes dans les systèmes alimentaires et la transition agroécologique en Afrique. L'exposition-événement s'est tenue dans un bâtiment éphémère éco-conçu, au pied du monument de la Renaissance africaine, à Dakar, Sénégal. Pendant toute la durée de l'exposition, le site a accueilli 2900 visiteurs et 18 événements, avec une programmation riche mêlant arts, sciences et dialogue politique, valorisant des thématiques ciblées en lien avec l'agroécologie et le genre (conférences, tables rondes, performances artistiques). L'expo YAAY DUND, Régénérer le vivant a aussi servi de lieu symbolique pour célébrer les 5 ans de la DyTAES, ainsi que les anniversaires conjoints du CIRAD, de l'Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA) et de l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)
Observatoire des agricultures du monde - Guide opérationnel
Get PDFLe Guide opérationnel de l'Observatoire des agricultures du monde pose les principes pour définir les types d'exploitations et caractériser leur diversité. Ciblant en priorité les exploitations familiales, les plus nombreuses dans le monde, il propose des clarifications conceptuelles et des repères simples pour construire des "systèmes d'informations" permettant de qualifier les différents types, d'en mesurer les poids relatifs et les performances multidimensionnelles, au regard des enjeux du développement durable. Il est destiné aux opérateurs de développement et aux organisations paysannes, autant qu'aux projets d'investissement portés par les États et les institutions financières, comme un outil d'aide à la décision en matière d'orientation des politiques publiques et des financements pour l'agriculture
Suppression of Aedes mosquito populations with the boosted sterile insect technique in tropical and Mediterranean urban areas
Get PDFAedes mosquitoes are the vectors of dengue viruses and other arboviruses, which threaten billions of people all over the world. The boosted sterile insect technique (boosted SIT) is a version of SIT in which irradiated sterile males also transmit a biocide to immature stages. We describe three field trials that were run in 2021: one against Aedes aegypti in La Reunion and two against Aedes albopictus in Spain, each using pyriproxyfen as a biocide. The relative density of adults (compared to their density in control sites: without sterile male release) decreased from 1.00 to 0.09, 95% credible interval [0.06, 0.15] (La Reunion, July) and to 0.02 [0.01, 0.03] and 0.11 [0.08, 0.16] (Spain, July and October). The success rate, corresponding to the proportion of traps with suppression greater than 80%, ranged from 0.43 to 0.71 in La Reunion, from 0.26 to 1.00, and from 0.50 to 0.70 in Spain. In Spain, suppression with boosted SIT was higher than with non-boosted SIT, in 2020 and 2022. This work is in line with the predictions of the model of a better efficacy of boosted SIT compared to SIT, together with partial protection from invasion of treated areas by fertile females, paving the way for larger-scale field trials
Role of activation progress on textural properties of biochar and their impact on tar cracking
Get PDFThe gasification process converts biomass into syngas and produces biochar, a porous solid by-product, potentially with a high surface area, ideal for tar cracking applications. In this study, biochars with varying textural properties were produced by activating them under CO2 and H2O atmospheres to different extents of conversion. The relationship between these properties—particularly surface area and pore size distribution—and the conversion of a model tar was then examined. Results show that while the activation agent (CO2 or H2O), which impacts pore size distribution, had minimal influence on tar conversion, the activation progress, controlling specific surface area, was crucial. At 850 °C, toluene conversion ranged from 35 % for biochar with 300 m2/g surface area to nearly 100 % for biochar with 800 m2/g. Additionally, activation improved gas quality, with higher concentrations of H2, CO, and CH4 correlating with increased biochar surface area
Breeding for pest resistance in coconut palm
No full textOne of the most important goals of coconut breeding today is to obtain coconut cultivars, tolerant or resistant to biotic stress, such as attacks by major coconut pests which are presently increased in threat due to climate change action. Pests on coconuts attack and disrupt the productivity of coconut plants and cause coconut productivity to decrease, and seedlings and mature bearing coconut trees can even die. The main pests that are making economically significant damage to coconut palm are insects, mites and nematodes. Among insects, Oryctes rhinoceros (Black Beetle), Rhynchoporus ferrugineus Oliver (Red Plam weevil), Brontispa longissima (hispine Beetle) and Aleurodicus cocois (Coconut Whitefly). Other major pests are Aceria guerreronis (coconut mite), and the red ring disease, caused by the nematode Bursaphelenchus cocophilus. Controlling and preventing pest attacks on coconut plants is very important to reduce yield losses. In response to herbivores, pathogens, and parasites, ranging from viruses to insects and mammals, plants have developed a large range of defensive strategies. Plant–pathogen interaction includes in a full continuum of outcomes, ranging from extreme susceptibility to tolerance, and up to complete resistance. The plant has one or more resistance genes that prevent the proliferation of the pathogen. So in the particular case of coconut pests, and in the context of the genetic improvement of coconut varieties, the concept of tolerance is more appropriate than that of resistance. One of the less costly and time-consuming methods for pest mitigation is to use tolerant varieties
Strengthening one health in the future of the Caribbean through a regional community of practice
Get PDFForty-four experts in animal, plant, environmental and human health and in social sciences, formed a Caribbean community of practice and formulated an aspirational One Health future for the region, the obstacles and solutions to necessary changes to achieve that future
