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Pet and stray dogs' contribution to zoonotic transmission pathways: A bibliometric review
Get PDFBased on a large-scale bibliometric dataset, domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) emerge as the most frequently cited host species in the context of zoonoses, being mentioned in at least 10% of publications for nearly a quarter of the pathogens recognized as zoonotic to humans. This review examines the contributions of pet and stray dogs to various zoonotic transmission pathways, highlighting some mismatches between research focus and actual epidemiological risks. Among zoonotic agents associated with dogs, helminths are disproportionately represented in the literature compared to bacteria and viruses. Pet and stray dogs exhibit distinct zoonotic risks due to differences in exposure patterns and human interactions. Stray dogs are frequently involved in environmentally transmitted diseases, particularly soil- and water-borne parasites, due to uncontrolled defecation and opportunistic behavior. Conversely, pet dogs pose greater risks for direct transmission, particularly via bites, close contact infections, and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. From a public health perspective, integrating dogs into One Health surveillance frameworks is crucial. Routine genomic monitoring of stray dogs could allow early detection of emerging zoonoses, while large-scale deworming programs, improved sanitation infrastructures, and responsible pet management would mitigate both environmental and direct transmission risks. Vector-borne zoonoses require differentiated control measures, including antiparasitic treatments for tick- and flea-borne infections and environmental interventions for mosquito- and sandfly-borne pathogens. This review focuses on pet and stray dogs only, due to the lack of consistent definitions and data availability for other canine categories. Future research should refine ecological and behavioral studies and dog–host interaction analyses to better quantify the zoonotic risks associated with each dog ecotype and guide targeted intervention strategies. This approach enables a more precise zoonotic risk stratification and contributes to effective disease prevention at the human–animal–environment interface
D1.1 Context analysis and co-creation methodology
Get PDFThis report is a deliverable of GALILEO Task 1.1: Context definition and context-based methodology development to co-create promising management innovations of AFSPs (M1–M8), led by CIRAD, with support of all in‑country partners. T1.1 sheds light on the social and institutional context of GALILEO project's focal zones and develops the multi‑actor co‑creation methodology. Deliverable D1.1 establishes the contextual baseline and a shared co‑creation pathway for eight Living Labs (LLs) across Senegal (2), Kenya (1), Ghana (3) and Cameroon (2), providing a harmonised evidence base and practical procedures to initiate multi‑actor design of agro‑(silvo‑) pastoral innovations. The tables in the section 3.1 offer condensed information about the LLs. The document synthesises country contributions developed under a common yet flexible methodology and sets out how each team assembled and analysed data to build a comparable foundation for subsequent tasks in WP1 and beyond. It is explicitly presented as a synthesis of the data collected and analysed in each LL and supporting materials produced through coordinated fieldwork and analysis, with methodological sensitisation sessions conducted to ensure consistent application in all sites.The overall description (title, size, coauthors) of the 4 countries (8 LLs) documents is available in ANNEX 8 and the original files (anonymized) are shared in Zenodo. The overall approach described in T1.1 articulated a sequence of “five‑step” process that combines secondary and primary sources in iterative cycles of collection and interpretation. After an initial organisation of roles and the desk review (about 500 documents screened), teams conducted key informant interviews (155 KII), launched internal data collection, and prepared the data analysis to inform two cornerstone activities: the baseline survey (under WP5) and the LL inception workshop. These, in turn, feed a second round of analysis that straddles several tasks of the GALILEO project (T1.2, T1.3, T2.1, T5.1). A comparative analysis of the eight LLs reveals clear ecological and institutional contrasts that shape co‑creation priorities. Three broad clusters emerge: Sahelian crop–livestock and rangeland systems in Senegal (Niakhar, Ouarkhokh); humid and semi‑deciduous cocoa landscapes in Cameroon and Ghana (Loum‑Tombel, Ntui‑Bokito, Aponoapono–Suhum, New Edubiase, Joabeso–Goaso); and mid‑altitude smallholder mosaics in Kenya (Embu). Across these contexts, recurrent challenges include rainfall variability, soil‑fertility decline, and market‑coordination gaps, while convergent opportunities centre on tree‑based regulation of microclimates, improvement of soil functions, and farmer‑led diversification. The synthesis points to differentiated lines of work within a shared co‑creation framework: rangeland and water‑governance options for Sahelian sites; tenure‑sensitive agroforestry, shade management and varietal choices for cocoa landscapes; and erosion control, input–service bundling and market access in the Kenyan highlands. Taken together, the comparative lens justifies a portfolio approach that flexes common methods to local conditions and deliberately fosters cross‑site learning around “robust” practices that travel well
Changement climatique, (im)mobilités et foncier : quels enjeux pour les agricultures familiales aux Suds ?
Get PDFPPR Infection crossing between domestic and wild hoofed mammals: Does this matter for virus eradication?
No full textThe epidemiological role of wildlife in peste des petits ruminants (PPR) has been recently confirmed by (1) emerging evidence for infection and epidemics in wild populations, especially following spillover of virus from domestic to wild species at the wildlife and livestock interface; (2) extensive evidence for PPR-induced pathology in wildlife species; and (3) spread of virus across landscapes independently of livestock. However, the pathogenesis of the virus in wildlife species and risk factors for disease remain poorly understood, whilst its impact on wildlife populations should not be underestimated and adds justification for its eradication. Nowadays, with a few exceptions, susceptible wildlife species mostly occur in remnant small populations, surviving in protected areas or remote isolated pockets, amounting to rarely more than tens of thousands of individuals, a situation that contrasts with the ubiquitous abundant domestic sheep and goat populations which occur in billions. In the context of an appropriate intensive small ruminant vaccination programme, infected wildlife should therefore not prevent the elimination of the virus from ecosystems. Exceptionally, some wildlife populations might provide an alternative transmission pathway for the virus to, and between, small domestic ruminants and potentially be part of the maintenance community for the virus (i.e. PPR episystems). In these cases, wildlife may be required to be incorporated more specifically into strategies for eradication using approaches that limit impacts on wildlife species conservation. In fact, wildlife and perhaps some atypical domestic animal hosts will provide useful sentinels during the process of eradication and should be a part of surveillance activities for PPR, enhancing the process to elimination. Before this can be done effectively, validated test protocols for identifying PPR antibodies in the sera of wildlife and atypical domestic host species need to be established. Whether the situation will be similar to rinderpest, where wildlife disease was not controlled and burned out in the absence of virus spillover from livestock, remains uncertain, whilst evidence is building to support this hypothesis. Eradication campaigns should move as rapidly as possible along the pathway for both reasons of livestock economy and conservation of biodiversity
Séminaire "cacaoculture agroforestière" en Afrique de l'Ouest : Comment concilier la production de cacao et la restauration du couvert forestier ?
Get PDFInfluence of organic waste amendments on uptake of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances from soil to crops: Insights from long-term field experiments
Get PDFThe use of organic waste products (OWPs) as soil amendments raises concerns due to the potential uptake and accumulation of several environmental contaminants, such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in plants. We developed an analytical procedure suitable for screening 75 anionic, zwitterionic, and cationic PFAS in plant tissues (limits of detection: 0.01–0.7 μg/kg). PFAS recoveries were verified in diverse types of crops representative of French agriculture, including maize and wheat (Mainland France) and sugarcane (Overseas France). In the second step, we applied this method to investigate PFAS uptake and accumulation in maize, wheat, and sugarcane grown in experimental fields of France. The ∑75 PFAS in crops harvested from these sites remained relatively low (0.01–2.5 μg/kg) without effects of OWP amendments on plant PFAS concentrations, despite an increase in PFAS in OWP-amended soils. A negative correlation between soil organic carbon and ∑75 PFAS in plants suggests a possible inhibition of PFAS uptake by crops as soil organic matter increases. The dominant PFAS in plant samples included perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA: 0.10–2.2 μg/kg), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA: 0.02–0.66 μg/kg), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS: 0.01–0.48 μg/kg), accounting for 64–80 % (PFBA), 14–16 % (PFOA) and 6–13 % (PFOS) of the total PFAS, with bioaccumulation factors higher than unity for PFBA and lower than unity for PFOS and PFOA. Bioaccumulation factors were significantly higher in young leaves than in grains, implying limited PFAS transfer to the edible plant tissues of maize and wheat. With the recent lower reference doses (RfD) recommended by the USEPA (2021–2024), the consumption of grains in this study can pose significant risks to humans; however, considering the RfD from EFSA, these crops are safe for human consumption
TROLL 4.0: Representing water and carbon fluxes, leaf phenology, and intraspecific trait variation in a mixed-species individual-based forest dynamics model - Part 2: Model evaluation for two Amazonian sites
Get PDFTROLL 4.0 is an individual-based forest dynamics model that jointly simulates the structure, diversity, and functioning of tropical forests, including their water balance, carbon fluxes, and leaf phenology, while accounting for intraspecific trait variation for a large number of species. In a companion paper, we describe how the model represents the physiological and demographic processes that control the tree life cycle in a 1 m resolution spatially explicit scene and uses plant functional traits measurable in the field to parameterize such processes across species and individuals (Maréchaux et al., 2025). Here we evaluate the performance of TROLL 4.0 for two Amazonian sites with contrasting soil and climate properties. We assessed the model's ability to represent forest structure, composition, and dynamics using lidar-derived spatial distribution of top canopy height and forest inventories combined with information on plant functional traits. We also evaluated the model's ability to represent carbon and water fluxes, as well as leaf area variation, at daily and fortnightly resolution over a decade, using detailed information from on-site eddy covariance towers, satellite data, and ground-based or airborne lidar data. We finally compared the responses of carbon and water fluxes to environmental drivers between simulated and observed data. Overall, TROLL 4.0 provided a realistic representation of forests at both sites. The simulated canopy height distribution showed a high correlation coefficient (CC) with observed aerial and satellite data (CC > 0.92), while the species and functional composition were well represented (CC > 0.75). TROLL 4.0 also realistically simulated the seasonal variability of carbon and water fluxes (CC > 0.46) and their responses to environmental drivers, while capturing temporal variations in leaf area (CC > 0.76) and its partitioning into leaf age cohorts. However, TROLL 4.0 overestimated annual gross primary productivity at both sites (mean RMSEP = 0.94 ± 0.67 kgC m−2 yr−1) and evapotranspiration at one site (mean RMSEP = 0.75 ± 0.63 mm d−1), likely due to an underestimation of the soil water depletion and stomatal control during the dry season. This evaluation highlights the potential of TROLL 4.0 to represent ecosystem fluxes and the structure, diversity, and dynamics of plant communities at a fine resolution, paving the way for model predictions of the effects of climate change, fragmentation, and forest management on forest structure and dynamics
TROLL 4.0: Representing water and carbon fluxes, leaf phenology, and intraspecific trait variation in a mixed-species individual-based forest dynamics model - Part 1: Model description
Get PDFTROLL 4.0 is an individual-based forest dynamics model that is capable of jointly simulating forest structure, diversity, and ecosystem functioning, including the ecosystem water balance and productivity, leaf area dynamics, and the tree community functional and taxonomic composition. It represents ecosystem flux processes in a manner similar to dynamic global vegetation models, while adopting a representation of plant community structure and diversity at a resolution consistent with that used by field ecologists. Specifically, trees are modelled as three-dimensional individuals with a metric-scale spatial representation, providing a detailed description of ecological processes such as competition for resources and tree demography. Carbon assimilation and plant water loss are explicitly represented at tree level using coupled photosynthesis and stomatal conductance models, depending on the micro-environmental conditions experienced by trees. Soil water uptake by trees is also modelled. Physiological and demographic processes are parameterized using plant functional traits measured in the field. Here we provide a detailed description and discussion of the implementation of TROLL 4.0. An evaluation of the model at two tropical forest sites is provided in a companion paper (Schmitt et al., 2025). TROLL 4.0's representation of processes reflects the state of the art, and we discuss possible developments to improve its predictive capability and its capacity to address challenges in forest monitoring, forest dynamics, and carbon cycle research
Inégalités en tout genre ? Accès à la terre et à la sécurisation foncière pour les femmes. Synthèse des résultats et enseignements à partir de deux études de cas à Madagascar et en Côte d'Ivoire
Get PDFCette synthèse présente les résultats clés d'une étude sur les inégalités foncières liées au genre coordonnée par le Cirad et mise en oeuvre par le consortium Cirad – IRD – Gret – Essa Antananarivo et Think Tany. À l'échelle de deux territoires ruraux (en Côte d'Ivoire et à Madagascar), l'étude cherche à répondre à deux grandes questions : quelles formes et quelle ampleur prennent les inégalités foncières liées au genre ? Quels sont les processus qui les génèrent, les amplifient ou les réduisent ? En termes d'analyse, l'étude s'intéresse à l'accès à la terre et à la sécurisation foncière. Elle démontre l'importance de mener différentes comparaisons : entre hommes et femmes en général, mais également, selon les contextes, entre hommes et femmes au sein de leurs groupes familiaux ou de leur couple. Elle confirme également l'importance de distinguer les femmes selon leur statut marital (en union ou solo, suite à une séparation ou un veuvage). En termes de résultats marquants, l'étude met en avant : la diversité des formes de propriété (individuelle, conjointe au sein du couple, familiale au sein de fratrie) ; les fortes asymétries de patrimoines fonciers (individuels et familiaux) entre hommes et femmes ; l'importance de l'héritage et la faible incidence du marché dans ces inégalités ; la plus forte probabilité pour les femmes que pour les hommes de se retrouver sans terre suite à une séparation ou à un veuvage. Elle propose enfin des pistes, en termes d'action publique, pour mieux prendre en compte la dimension genre sans l'enfermer dans des considérations normatives
A workflow to discover partial differential equations from data: Application to the dynamics of tree biomass
Get PDFMixed data and theory driven methods are promising approaches that can be used to bring better understanding of complex dynamics in life sciences. For vegetation growth, integrated knowledge may be lacking to design theoretical models like partial differential equations (PDE). This lack can be complemented by using data. The method presented in this paper is a generic computational workflow called CEDI that aims at discovering PDE models from data. As an illustration, we tested the workflow on biomass dynamics of three different 3D trees of specific architectural types. - The name CEDI represents the four steps composing the workflow: data Collection, Extrapolation, Differentiation and Identification. - The originality of this workflow is twofold: first, it encompasses the whole modeling process from the definition of the variables to the design of a PDE, and second it has been designed to be generic in a sense that it can apply to any dynamics and it covers most existing data driven PDE discovering methods. - The workflow offers a framework to better understand data driven PDE discovering methods and a tool for modeling any dynamics, provided that right data and knowledge and also good algorithm settings are available