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Beyond reducing deforestation: Impacts of a REDD+ project on household livelihoods
No full textUnderstanding why forest conservation initiatives succeed is essential to designing cost-effective programs. In this study, we investigate the impacts of a REDDþ project on both environmental and livelihood outcomes in the Brazilian Transamazon region, an area with historically high deforestation rates. Using counterfactual impact evaluation methods applied to survey and remote-sensing data, we assess the impact of the project over 2013–2019, from its first year until two years after its end. Based on a theory of change, we focus on land use and socioeconomic outcomes affected by the initiative. Our findings reveal specific impact mechanisms: forest conservation occurred primarily through reducing pasture expansion, while cattle production was maintained through intensification (increased stocking rates). Additionally, the project led to significantly higher agrobiodiversity among participating farms and promoted alternative livelihoods that generated greater revenue while using less land. These results suggest that conservation programs that combine conditional payments with technical assistance and support for adopting low-impact activities can effectively reduce deforestation in the short term and induce lasting changes in production systems, with positive effects persisting even after program completion
Les systèmes alimentaires : à la fois responsables et victimes du changement climatique
Get PDFLes interactions entre le changement climatique et les systèmes alimentaires sont aujourd'hui largement mises en avant dans les agendas nationaux et internationaux. Le Sommet des Nations unies sur les systèmes alimentaires de 2021 a fait de la rési- lience au changement climatique une de ses priorités. De même, lors de la COP28, en 2023, 159 pays ont signé une déclaration relative à l'inclusion de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation dans leurs engagements climatiques nationaux (voir chapitre 2). En effet, les systèmes alimentaires constituent un levier pour l'atténuation, notam - ment dans les pays industrialisés, et ils sont aussi un enjeu pour l'adaptation, parce qu'ils sont directement touchés par les effets du changement climatique. Les systèmes alimentaires désignent l'ensemble des activités nécessaires pour nourrir une population : ils englobent les étapes de préproduction (la production d'intrants), la production elle-même et les étapes de postproduction (transport, transformation, distribution, consommation) et la gestion des déchets aux différentes étapes. Le terme de systèmes agri-alimentaires (ou agri-food systems pour les Anglo-Saxons) est égale- ment utilisé, notamment dans plusieurs chapitres de cet ouvrage, et recouvre de même l'ensemble des activités, de l'amont à l'aval. L'approche systémique, inhérente au terme système alimentaire, met l'accent sur les inter actions entre les différentes activités et leurs impacts en termes socio-économiques, environnementaux (dont les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, GES) et nutritionnels (David-Benz et al., 2022 ; FAO, 2018 ; HLPE, 2017). En considérant l'ensemble des étapes, les systèmes alimentaires génèrent environ un tiers de toutes les émissions anthropiques à l'échelle mondiale (Crippa et al., 2021 ; Rosenzweig et al., 2020 ; Tubiello et al., 2022). Dans le même temps, les systèmes alimentaires sont aussi affectés par le changement climatique et par ses effets. Ce chapitre examine ces deux dimensions, tout en distinguant les différentes catégo - ries de pays. En effet, les pays industrialisés, compte tenu des caractéristiques de leurs systèmes de production, de leurs chaînes d'approvisionnement et de leurs habitudes alimentaires, sont particulièrement émetteurs de GES. Les pays en développement sont eux à la fois les moins émetteurs et les plus touchés. Dans une première section, nous présenterons les différents postes d'émissions de GES des systèmes alimentaires. Puis la seconde section traitera de l'impact du changement climatique sur les systèmes alimentaires. L'accent sera mis sur l'aval, beaucoup moins documenté que l'impact du changement climatique sur la production, en soulignant les risques pour la sécurité alimentaire, notamment dans les pays à faible revenu
SenCLIP: Enhancing zero-shot land-use mapping for Sentinel-2 with ground-level prompting
No full textPre-trained vision-language models (VLMs), such as CLIP, demonstrate impressive zero-shot classification capabilities with free-form prompts and even show some generalization in specialized domains. However, their performance on satellite imagery is limited due to the underrepresentation of such data in their training sets, which predominantly consist of ground-level images. Existing prompting techniques for satellite imagery are often restricted to generic phrases like “a satellite image of …”, limiting their effectiveness for zero-shot land-use/land-cover (LULC) mapping. To address these challenges, we introduce SenCLIP, which transfers CLIP's representation to Sentinel-2 imagery by leveraging a large dataset of Sentinel-2 images paired with geotagged ground-level photos from across Europe. We evaluate SenCLIP alongside other state-of-the-art remote sensing VLMs on zero-shot LULC mapping tasks using the EuroSAT and BigEarthNet datasets with both aerial and ground-level prompting styles. Our approach, which aligns ground-level representations with satellite imagery, demonstrates significant improvements in classification accuracy across both prompt styles, opening new possibilities for applying free-form textual descriptions in zero-shot LULC mapping. Code, dataset and pretrained models are available at https://github.com/pallavijain-pj/SenCLI
One health atlas
Get PDFThe One Health approach offers a comprehensive framework to address the interwoven health challenges arising from the interactions among humans, animals, plants and the environment. By promoting interdisciplinary and intersectoral collaboration, it aims to combat diseases, curtail antimicrobial resistance, and support agricultural and ecosystem sustainability. The success of One Health relies on robust political commitment, adequate funding and coordinated efforts among stakeholders. Moreover, education and public awareness are essential to facilitate cross-sectoral cooperation and tackle regional and economic disparities. This One Health Atlas is a detailed resource that explores the principles, practical applications and future pathways of the One Health concept. Following an introduction that highlights the ways that human, animal and ecosystem health are interdependent and stresses the urgency of operationalizing One Health, the atlas is organized into four key sections: Foundation and recent history; Zoonoses, agriculture and food security; Education, networks and governance: One Health in action; and future directions and emerging challenges. It concludes with a call for integrating science, policy and society to institutionalize One Health, emphasizing stakeholder engagement, local knowledge and collaborative efforts to tackle global health challenges effectively. It gives readers a holistic perspective on navigating and addressing the complexitiesof global health through the One Health framework. It provides practical guidance for implementing One Health, supporting decision-makers in translating the recently agreed international Pandemic Agreement into concrete actions at the national level. This atlas, combining concise texts and rich illustrations, is authored by over 150 experts from diverse continents and disciplines. It examines the intricate interconnections between human, animal, plant and environmental health. Serving as a valuable resource for educators, policy-makers, researchers, students and the informed public, it combines scientific rigor with accessibility to tackle critical issues such as zoonotic diseases and food security. By embedding One Health principles into global strategies, this atlas equips readers with the knowledge and tools necessary to develop innovative solutions for a healthier, more sustainable future
Terroir-based geographical indications in the face of climate change: The narrow path of a strategic reinterpretation of the link to origin
Get PDFGeographical indications are now confronted with the inevitable effects of climate disruption. The significant modification of production conditions undermines the causal relationship between the quality of a product and its production terroir, defined in the specifications, recognised by consumers and placed at the heart of the justification of GIs. More specifically, it is the geographical indications most linked to the terroir that require an innovation process to adapt to these changes. From a managerial approach revisiting the dynamics of adoption of geographical indications, this article proposes to examine the strategic conditions for the emergence of an innovation path to adapt to climate change, which would allow to maintain a strong link to the origin, the historical heart of the GI promise. This emerging strategy would fundamentally re-inscribe the act of production at the heart of its biophysical environment. It would advocate a processual definition of quality linked to origin, anchored in the co-evolution of production practices with an environment evolving under climate constraint. While our article establishes that this proposal goes against the dynamics of adoption of the GI over the last 20 years, it would however open synergistic and innovative paths between strategies for adapting to climate change and the agroecological transition of productions under GI
Could the aggressiveness of meloidogyne graminicola pose a significant threat to the main rice and wheat cultivars grown in France?
No full textThis study evaluates the threat to French agriculture of Meloidogyne graminicola, a rice root-knot nematode recently found in Lombardy, Italy. With a significant crop damage potential, M. graminicola raises concerns about its spread into France's key farming regions, especially the only rice-growing region in mainland France, the Camargue, and where rice and wheat rotations are common. Controlled bioassays compared the aggressiveness of four M. graminicola isolates from Italy, Vietnam, Cambodia and Borneo. These isolates were tested on selected rice cultivars and wheat species to evaluate infection potential. Results showed that the Italian isolate was less aggressive than the Asian isolates—particularly those from Cambodia and Borneo—with lower reproduction index and fewer galls on rice. Still, the Italian isolate successfully infected all the tested rice cultivars and both soft and durum wheat, which could enable its spread across France from the Camargue region. This study is the first to compare the aggressiveness of the Italian M. graminicola isolate with other aggressive isolates from other regions, providing crucial insights into the nematode's potential to spread to new European environments. The results highlight the need for surveillance, improved biosecurity and application of alternative nematode management strategies, such as diverse crop rotations or using resistant rice cultivars to counter this threat
Assessing the adoption of biosecurity measures among extensive livestock producers: A case study in the free-range pig sector of Corsica
Get PDFBackground: Increasingly exposed to emerging sanitary risks, extensive livestock farming systems are confronted with the imperative of incorporating biosecurity measures in their production models in order to limit the risk of introduction and diffusion of animal pathogens. Yet, ex-ante assessment methods of the likelihood of biosecurity measures implementation are poorly documented. Our study aimed at comparing alternative methods of elicitation of preferences to assess the attitude of extensive livestock farmers towards biosecurity measures. We used, as a case study, the Regional Porcine Sanitary Plan (RPSP) elaborated for the free-range pig sector of Corsica Island to meet the newly established national disease prevention requirements of France in the face of risk of African Swine Fever introduction. Methods: The RPSP imposed (1) a fencing of the breeding pigs' area, (2) the neutering of the pigs not used for breeding, and (3) a management process of dead pigs' carcasses found on pastures. We evaluated four attributes of the sanitary plan, including (1) proportion of the implementation cost covered by state subsidies, (2) mandatory carcass management, (3) people allowed to neuter gilts, (4) the age limit for neutering. We performed interviews of a sample of free-range pig farmers using three methods in parallel, namely (1) direct qualitative elicitation, (2) attributed-based stated choices and (3) semi-quantitative ranking of attributes. Results: Farmers' preference for a high subsidization of the sanitary plan and for enforcing the neutering of pigs at an early age was consistent across all used methods. Participants expressed heterogeneous preferences for the two other attributes. Half of the respondents were reluctant to entrust veterinarians with neutering gilts while the other half deemed veterinarians' intervention compulsory. Contradictory preferences were obtained on rendering carcass management mandatory depending on the elicitation method. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the added value of using choice-based methods, where respondents weigh the individual costs and benefits associated with different options, in combination with qualitative or semi-quantitative ranking methods in which farmers express their opinions and give more consideration to their community interest. It also reveals potential issues of heterogeneities among farmers' preferences that need to be taken into consideration in similar surveys
Unveiling synergistic antioxidant combinations for α-Tocopherol in emulsions: A spectrophotometric-mathematical approach
Get PDFThis study presents a novel method based on a spectrophotometric assay coupled with mathematical modeling (Weibull interactions modeling CAT) to evaluate synergistic interactions of antioxidants in an oil-in-water model emulsion. The approach addresses a major limitation in current assays by eliminating interference from pro-/antioxidant pathways induced by exogenous radical initiators or buffers, allowing for a more accurate assessment of antioxidant efficacy. Using the Weibull equation, key kinetic parameters (LagP, α, β) were extracted to characterize the impact of antioxidant combinations on lipid oxidation. Results showed that certain combinations, such as α-tocopherol with carnosic acid, dieckol, and myricetin, exhibited concentration-dependent synergistic effects. Among these, carnosic acid in equimolar ratios demonstrated particularly promising interactions. In contrast, ascorbic acid revealed antagonistic behaviour when combined with α-tocopherol. Additionally, the presence of ferrous ions significantly influenced antioxidant interactions, highlighting their role in modulating underlying mechanisms. Overall, carnosic acid and dieckol emerged as strong candidates for use in combination with α-tocopherol under specific conditions. This method provides a refined approach for screening antioxidant synergies and contributes to the development of more effective antioxidant formulations in emulsified systems
Huile de palme : le défi du biodiesel
No full textLes cours de l'huile de palme sont repartis à la hausse en 2024, portés par une médiocre récolte du producteur principal, l'Indonésie, et par la baisse des volumes disponibles à l'exportation dans l'archipel en raison de la priorité donnée à la production domestique de biodiesel. Sans plus de terres disponibles et plafonnant dans ses rendements, l'Indonésie, tout comme la Malaisie, le deuxième pays producteur et exportateur d'huile de palme, peine aujourd'hui à satisfaire l'appétit des consommateurs pour cette huile historiquement abondante et bon marché. Le fruit du palme reste la source la plus rentable d'huile végétale dans le monde, mais cet avantage agronomique n'exonère pas les producteurs de la nécessité d'innover davantage pour améliorer les rendements et la résilience des plantations aux aléas climatiques, d'arracher et de replanter quand bien même cela coûte, d'accroître les salaires d'une main-d'oeuvre désormais moins fidèle et plus exigeante, de dépenser plus pour gagner plus, en somme, de passer de l'épuisement d'une rente à la conquête d'un rendement. Après avoir inauguré l'année à 1 200/t en décembre 2024 et semble devoir évoluer au-dessus du seuil de $ 1 000 tout au long de 2025. Soustraire des volumes à l'exportation pour alimenter le marché domestique du biodiesel se promulgue d'un claquement de doigts dans un tempo rapide, améliorer les pratiques culturales et investir dans le rajeunissement des plantations est une tout autre partition
Les systèmes d'élevage face aux défis du changement climatique
Get PDFLes filières animales sont en pleine restructuration dans les pays industrialisés ainsi que dans les pays en développement et émergents. Les évolutions des dernières décennies — notamment la concentration des élevages et des industries de transformation et distribution — ont considérablement intensifié et étendu l'empreinte de l'élevage sur la planète. Le sous-secteur des productions animales est à présent considéré comme un contributeur majeur du changement climatique au sein du secteur agricole. La FAO (2023) évalue les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) des systèmes d'élevage (bovins, buffles, ovins, caprins, porcs et poulets) à environ 12 % de l'ensemble des émissions anthropiques. Mais au-delà des évaluations strictement quantitatives des émissions, ces impacts doivent être aussi analysés au regard de la diversité des systèmes impliqués et des multiples fonctions qu'ils assurent. Les finalités productives de l'élevage sont aujourd'hui envisagées de manière plus large. Il ne s'agit plus seulement d'assurer la sécurité alimentaire des populations, mais aussi de considérer les multiples services sociaux et environnementaux de cette activité (voir chapitre 10). Parmi ces services, certains contribuent d'ailleurs à l'atténuation des impacts de l'agriculture sur le changement climatique. C'est le cas par exemple du recyclage des résidus de culture par les animaux, de l'apport de fertilisants organiques, ou du stockage du carbone dans les sols de prairies. Or, face au changement climatique, ces multiples services sont fragilisés. L'élevage ne doit ainsi pas être seulement considéré comme un " problème " pour l'environnement, mais également comme une " solution " face au changement climatique, au regard de ses potentiels d'atténuation et d'adaptation. Après un point général synthétique sur l'état et l'évolution des filières animales dans le monde, ce chapitre aborde les principaux impacts du changement climatique sur les différents secteurs de l'élevage (hormis l'aquaculture) et montre comment il peut participer à des solutions d'adaptation et d'atténuation au sein de gouvernances en oeuvre à plusieurs niveaux