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Biobased Ligands Enable Catalysis with Base Metals
No full textFirst-row transition metal catalysis has already reshaped organic synthesis, offering more abundant and cost-effective alternatives to precious metals. However, the design of sustainable alternatives for the ligands that dictate metal reactivity remains an unresolved issue. In this work, we demonstrate that phosphines and phosphinites assembled from renewable building blocks can enable catalytic transformations mediated by base metals such as Cu, Ni, and Fe. Hydroboration of olefins, borylation of alkyl halides, hydrogenation of ketones, and dimerization of terminal alkynes are now achievable using homogeneous catalysts based on 3d metals and biobased ligands. The mild reaction conditions established in this study facilitate, among other applications, the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals, such as bexarotene, estrone, and nabumetone
Youth Entrepreneurship as a Pathway to Emancipation: Exploring Economic, Social, and Political Autonomy through a Case Study in Nigeria
No full textThis thesis explores youth entrepreneurship as a pathway to emancipation, with a specific focus on collective agency and networked structures in the Global South. Drawing on a qualitative case study of the Youth Sustainable Development Network (YSDN) in Nigeria, the study challenges dominant individualistic and neoliberal framings of entrepreneurship by examining how youth-led networks foster economic, social, and political autonomy. Grounded in theoretical perspectives from emancipatory entrepreneurship (Rindova et al., 2009), Freire’s (1970) critical consciousness, subaltern theory, and market-compatibility frameworks (Lewis & Crabbe, 2024), the research demonstrates that emancipation unfolds through shared learning, solidarity, and resistance to systemic exclusion, expanding the understanding of entrepreneurship as emancipation (Rindova et al., 2009). Through semi-structured interviews and document analysis, the study highlights how YSDN acts as both a space for entrepreneurial support and a site of critical education and civic engagement. Participants described their ventures as tools for social impact and political expression—often confronting the tensions between emancipatory goals and market demands. The findings show that while entrepreneurship is often promoted as a solution to youth unemployment, its emancipatory potential depends on collective infrastructure, access to resources, and the capacity to challenge dominant systems. This thesis makes three core contributions: it reconceptualises entrepreneurship as a collective and political process; it applies Freirean theory into entrepreneurial practice; and it surfaces the hidden agency of youth navigating subaltern conditions. The research concludes by calling for a paradigm shift in how youth entrepreneurship is supported and evaluated—urging stakeholders to prioritise justice, collective action, and sustainable development over market conformity
The Evolution of Critical Incident Technique Utilization in Nursing : Philosophical and Scientific Perspectives over a 40-year Period
No full textNursing science works within a clinical–practical field that requires robust research methods to capture and understand the complexity of nursing care. The Critical Incident Technique (CIT) is one such robust research method used to explore and describe individuals’ as well as society’s complexity, in terms of behavior. By the mid-1980s, CIT, originating in psychology, was considered useful for use in nursing care research, but criticism has advanced over the years from both philosophical (ontological and epistemological) and scientific (methodological and methods) perspectives. It is therefore important to know what is universal today and preferable when it comes to the choice of scientific theoretical paradigm, research design, data collection- and data analysis structure. The aim of this theoretical study was therefore to describe and elucidate CIT evolution in nursing science through philosophical and scientific reasoning and scrutinization over a 40-year period. Grounded in a humanistic and human-centered view, CIT has gained scientific support for its coherent and sound philosophic and scientific approach, under which continuous and successful periods of evolution have been undertaken over the years. Today, CIT principally uses an inductive explorative design that is analyzed using a qualitative research method, usually at the manifest descriptive level, as the original CIT once commenced with an essential focus on studying human behaviors, still in terms of actions but now also including the experiences that led to those actions. Future improvements should be in the spirit of the founder of CIT, who emphasized CIT as a flexible set of principles that must be modified and adapted to meet personal as well as societal specific needs
”Vi vill vara det mest paranoida företaget” : En kvalitativ studie av ett mindre företags cybersäkerhetsarbete
No full textParallellt med att cyberattacker och intrång blir vanligare, har det även lett till ett behov av strategiska cybersäkerhetsåtgärder. För småföretag med begränsade resurser, skapar det en större sårbarhet. Samtidigt förväntas småföretag att hantera flera utmaningar i fråga om att göra anpassningar till nya regelverk och direktiv, trots att regelverken oftast formuleras utan hänsyn till småföretags förutsättningar. Regelverken är främst riktade till större aktörer, och försvårar arbetet för småföretag. I denna kontext utreds specifika delar i relaterade regleringar av NIS 2-direktivet och ISO/IEC 27001. Cybersäkerhetsarbetet täcker den internationella infrastrukturen och omfattar även småföretag som ofta förbises, uppströms i leveranskedjan. För att utreda utmaningarna som småföretag ställs inför, används i denna studie, två frågeställningar som är applicerade på ett verkligt företag, där insikter och erfarenheter redogörs. Studiens utgångspunkt inkluderar teorin om institutionell isomorfism och användes vid utformning av undersökningens empiriska frågeställningar. Detta för att besvara utmaningar, möjligheter och småföretags faktiska uppfattning om regleringar. Genom att den kvalitativa forskningsansatsen tillämpas i ett mindre företag utfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer. I arbetets resultat och analys beskrivs studiens företag ur ett cybersäkerhetsperspektiv och dess anpassningar till regelverk. Problemet har behandlats i ett teoretiskt sammanhang och delats upp i olika teman, såsom drivkrafter och säkerhetsstrategier, arbetssätt och prioriteringar samt utmaningar och begränsningar. Detta uttrycks även i intervjufrågor med informanter för att säkerställa att syftet besvaras för en logisk struktur. Resultatet visar att cybersäkerhetsförmågan i småföretag är begränsade på grund av det komplexa samspelet mellan interna utmaningar, såsom motstånd till förändring, samt externa krav som exempelvis regelverk. Trots riskmedvetenhet och proaktivt arbetssätt, avgör en kombination av organisatorisk utveckling respektive tekniska lösningar. Studien bidrar till ett perspektiv i den samtida kontexten för cybersäkerhet inom småföretag samt lyfter faktiska insikter ur pågående säkerhetsarbeten. Den behandlar ytterligare perspektiv genom att beskriva informanternas uppfattningar, samt vilka möjligheter och utmaningar externa regleringar medför för dessa aktörer i verksamheten
Core Values and Reality : A Study of Challenges and Opportunities in Schools’ Values Education
No full textVärdegrundsarbetet är en central del av skolans uppdrag enligt läroplanen och omfattar frågor om demokrati, mänskliga rättigheter, jämställdhet och allas lika värde. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur värdegrundsarbete gestaltas i grundskolans praktik, med särskilt fokus på hur det kan integreras i de samhällsorienterande ämnena. Studien bygger på kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra verksamma lärare från två olika skolor. Resultatet visar att lärare upplever värdegrundsarbetet som komplext och kontextbundet, och att det kräver både medvetenhet och reflektion. SO-ämnena lyfts fram som en naturlig plattform för att arbeta med värdegrundsfrågor, men betoningen ligger samtidigt på att värdegrunden ska genomsyra hela skolmiljön. Studien visar även att lärarnas strategier för att hantera kontroversiella åsikter och normer i klassrummet varierar, och att arbetet formas utifrån både personliga och organisatoriska faktorer. Resultatet diskuteras i relation till tidigare forskning och läroplanens formuleringar
Kvinnors upplevelser av mäns våld i nära relationer : En kvalitativ studie utifrån självbiografier
No full text Bakgrund: En av tre kvinnor i världen har blivit utsatta för våld i nära relation där majoriteten utsatts av en manlig partner eller expartner. I Sverige har 46% av den kvinnliga befolkningen blivit utsatta för våld. Våld i nära relation innefattar psykiskt, fysiskt, sexuellt, digitalt, ekonomiskt våld och kontrollerande beteende. Vilket kan leda till fysiska och psykiska hälsokonsekvenser. Sjuksköterskan kan komma att möta dessa kvinnor i olika vårdkontexter och behöver därmed ha kunskap och förståelse för kvinnans upplevelser för att kunna ta del av hennes livsvärld. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av mäns våld i nära relation. Metod: Kvalitativ metod utifrån tre självbiografier skrivna av kvinnor som upplevt mäns våld i nära relation. Självbiografierna analyserades med manifest innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultat: Kvinnan upplevde en rad negativa känslor som påverkade hennes Psykiska mående. Genom ekonomisk kontroll, övervakning och isolering fick mannen henne att anpassa sig utefter hans behov, något som ledde till känslor av att vara Styrd och begränsad. De bra stunderna övervägde de dåliga vilket gjorde att kvinnan hoppades att mannen kunde förändras till det bättre. Samtidigt ville kvinnan lämna relationen, men kände inte att hon kunde det, vilket ledde till Ambivalens av känslor. Slutsats: Kvinnor som upplever mäns våld i nära relation utsätts för stort lidande. Forskning visar på att våldet kvinnan utsätts för påverkar hennes liv och mående negativt. Detta indikerar vikten att som sjuksköterska lyssna till den individuella berättelse för den unika upplevelsen, samtidigt som likheter mellan berättelser kan ses.
Janji Matogu: A Design Exploration into Places of Remembering and Forgetting
No full textThis design project explores the legacy of colonial heritage by examining the entanglement of personal (Micro History) and collective (Macro History) narratives. Starting from archival family records, it investigates how silences surrounding family histories of perpetrators contribute to broader societal amnesia and perpetuate the lasting impact of historical violence. In working with these records, it became evident that silence(s) and absence(s) are not only personal or emotional experiences but also structural conditions shaped by what is remembered, recorded, and made visible. This process revealed a gap in scholarship, particularly in Germany, where decolonial movements have gained momentum. Yet, missionary activities and their broader entanglement with colonialism and other forms of oppression remain underrepresented and understudied within the German culture of remembrance. Another gap that emerged was in the logic of archives themselves, which often upholds dominant narratives while excluding more plural, embodied, and relational ways of knowing. The project seeks to disrupt cycles of historical erasure by transforming static archival records into an embodied archive and opening up space for entangled histories and alternative narratives to emerge. Grounded in a norm-critical and translocal design approach, the project connects creative practices with memory work. It explores the use of dialogical and reflexive methods to foster restorative cultures of collective care and remembrance. Using autoethnographic and ethnographic methods, the project critically examines the implications of familial ties to colonial violence and the ethical responsibilities they entail. A field trip to Sumatra deepened this inquiry through direct engagement with the land and local communities, fostering a more situated and relational understanding of history. Through listening and dialogue practices, it creates a space for entangled histories to unfold as part of a broader process of collective and active remembering. In a transformative way, the project wants to contribute to a culture of remembrance that actively shapes the present and challenges thought patterns that persist today to prevent a repetition of the past
Order Management Process Optimization
No full textDetta arbete behandlar hur en befintlig orderhanteringsprocess kan kartläggas och effektiviseras. Arbetet använder sig vidare av olika förbättringsverktyg och metoder som vanligtvis används inom verkstadstekniska processer men inte har använts i samma utsträckning inom administrativa processer. Arbetet är en fallstudie som har använt kvalitativa metoder för att samla information och uppnå målet genom att besvara arbetets frågeställningar. Arbetet påbörjades med en litteraturstudie där lämplig information inom området hämtades in. Denna information kunde sedan appliceras i studien för att få ett resultat som uppnår arbetets syfte. Studien kom fram till att det går att effektivisera orderhanteringsprocessen genom att använda förbättringsverktyg som Fem Varför och Orsak-verkan-diagram, samt tillämpa metoder som brainstorming. Genom dessa metoder kunde studien ge förslag på förbättringar som kan genomföras för att åstadkomma en mer effektiv orderhanteringsprocess. This thesis addresses how an existing order management process can be mapped and streamlined. Furthermore, the work utilizes various improvement tools and methods that are typically used in manufacturing processes but have not been applied to the same extent in administrative processes. This thesis is a case study that has used qualitative methods to gather information and achieve its objectives by answering the study’s research questions. The study began with a literature review, where relevant information within the field was collected. This information was then applied in the study to produce results that fulfill the aim of the work. The study concluded that it is possible to streamline the order management process by using improvement tools such as the 5 Whys and Ishikawa Diagram, as well as methods like brainstorming. Through these methods, the study was able to propose improvements that can be implemented to achieve a more efficient order management process.
Multinational Attitudes Toward AI in Health Care and Diagnostics Among Hospital Patients
No full textIMPORTANCE The successful implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) in health care depends on its acceptance by key stakeholders, particularly patients, who are the primary beneficiaries of AI-driven outcomes. OBJECTIVES To survey hospital patients to investigate their trust, concerns, and preferences toward the use of AI in health care and diagnostics and to assess the sociodemographic factors associated with patient attitudes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study developed and implemented an anonymous quantitative survey between February 1 and November 1, 2023, using a nonprobability sample at 74 hospitals in 43 countries. Participants included hospital patients 18 years of age or older who agreed with voluntary participation in the survey presented in 1 of 26 languages. EXPOSURE Information sheets and paper surveys handed out by hospital staff and posted in conspicuous hospital locations. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was participant responses to a 26-item instrument containing a general data section (8 items) and 3 dimensions (trust in AI, AI and diagnosis, preferences and concerns toward AI) with 6 items each. Subgroup analyses used cumulative link mixed and binary mixed-effects models. RESULTS In total, 13 806 patients participated, including 8951 (64.8%) in the Global North and 4855 (35.2%) in the Global South. Their median (IQR) age was 48(34-62) years, and 6973 (50.5%) were male. The survey results indicated a predominantly favorable general view of AI in health care, with 57.6% of respondents (7775 of 13 502) expressing a positive attitude. However, attitudes exhibited notable variation based on demographic characteristics, health status, and technological literacy. Female respondents (3511 of 6318 [55.6%]) exhibited fewer positive attitudes toward AI use in medicine than male respondents (4057 of 6864 [59.1%]), and participants with poorer health status exhibited fewer positive attitudes toward AI use in medicine (eg, 58 of 199 [29.2%] with rather negative views) than patients with very good health (eg, 134 of 2538 [5.3%] with rather negative views). Conversely, higher levels of AI knowledge and frequent use of technology devices were associated with more positive attitudes. Notably, fewer than half of the participants expressed positive attitudes regarding all items pertaining to trust in AI. The lowest level of trust was observed for the accuracy of AI in providing information regarding treatment responses (5637 of 13 480 respondents [41.8%] trusted AI). Patients preferred explainable AI (8816 of 12 563 [70.2%]) and physician-led decision-making (9222 of 12 652 [72.9%]), even if it meant slightly compromised accuracy. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cross-sectional study of patient attitudes toward AI use in health care across 6 continents, findings indicated that tailored AI implementation strategies should take patient demographics, health status, and preferences for explainable AI and physician oversight into account
Swedish Hypersulfidic Soil Material Incubations Suggest Temperature Mainly Drives Regional Microbial Community Variation
No full textAcid sulfate soils impact surrounding ecosystems with pronounced environmental damage via leaching of strong acidity along with the concurrent mobilization of toxic metals present in the soils and, in consequence, they are often described as the nastiest soils on Earth. Within Sweden, acid sulfate soils are distributed mainly under the maximum Holocene marine limit that stretches the length of the country, some 2000 km north to south. Despite only minor geographical differences in the geochemical composition of the Swedish acid sulfate soils, their field oxidation zone microbial community compositions differ along a north-south regional divide. This study compared the 16S rRNA gene amplicon-based microbial community compositions of field oxidation zones (field tested pH _ 4.0) with reduced zone samples (field tested pH _ 6.5) collected from the same field sites throughout Sweden that had acidified (final pH _ 4.0) after laboratory incubation at approximately 20 degrees C. The previously identified regional differences observed in field oxidation zone microbial compositions were notably absent in the laboratory incubation samples. Instead, a commonly shared community was selected for with few statistically significant differences regardless of regional origin. For instance, the potential eurypsychrophilic Baltobacteraceae family was found in higher relative abundances in the northerly region of the field oxidation zone samples than the southern regions and was notably absent from the laboratory incubation samples. Furthermore, the microbial communities of the laboratory incubation samples were dominated by acidophilic autotrophic Acidithiobacillaceae and chemoheterotrophic Rhodanobacteraceae and Burkholderiaceae that have optimal growth temperatures (_= 20 degrees C) greater than what was experienced by the field oxidation zone samples when sampled (similar to 2 degrees C-9 degrees C). These data suggested that in the absence of significant geochemical differences, temperature was the predominant driver of microbial community composition in Swedish acid sulfate soil materials