Linnaeus University
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Knowledge as protection : A qualitative study regarding consequences that arises due to employees lack of knowledge about labour law.
No full textStudien undersöker vilka konsekvenser som kan uppstå för arbetstagare vid bristande kunskap om arbetsrätt genom intervjuer med fackligt förtroendevalda. Syftet med studien var att redogöra verkliga konsekvenser som kan uppstå till följd av arbetstagarens bristande kunskap om arbetsrättsliga rättigheter. Studien bygger på en induktiv ansats och baseras på sju semi-strukturerade intervjuer och utgår från en komparativ forskningsdesign. Empirin analyseras med inslag av grundad teori. Resultatet visar att konsekvenserna som uppstår för arbetstagare är att de kan omfattas av osäkra anställningar utföra arbete under farliga omständigheter i form dålig arbetsmiljö. Unga arbetstagare är mer benägna att utsättas för arbetsrättsliga konsekvenser. Riskerna skiljer sig beroende på vilken sektor man arbetar inom. Ansvaret ligger på individen att ta reda på informationen om arbetsrätten. Kollektivavtal har två centrala funktioner, dessa är att reglera gynnsamma arbetsvillkor och agera som ett verktyg för inflytande. Studiens slutsats pekar på att konsekvenserna är mångfaldiga och att kunskap om arbetsrätt är en viktig faktor för att motverka arbetsrättsliga konsekvenser.This study aims to explore the different consequences that may arise for employees due to a lack of knowledge regarding their labour law rights through interviews with union representatives. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate real-life occurrences that may arise due to a lack of knowledge regarding labour law rights. This study is based on an inductive approach and in which we conduct seven semi-structured interviews with a comparative research design. This study has drawn inspiration from grounded theory and the empirical data was analyzed through this method. The findings reveal that limited knowledge regarding labour law rights can result in precarious employment conditions, unsafe working conditions, increased vulnerability among young employees and disparities in risk between private and public sector. Furthermore, knowledge of labour law rights is perceived as a shared responsibility between employers and employees. Finally, the collective bargaining agreement has two central functions which are regulating favorable working conditions and serve as a tool for influence in the workspace. The conclusion of this study reveals that the consequences for employees are multifaceted and knowledge regarding labour law rights is an important factor to counteract labour law conflicts.
Local Power in Substations according to IT system : A comparison between two designs of grounding for local power
No full textI samarbete med Holtab har en standard för lokalkraft i ställverk jordade enligt IT-system tagits fram. Detta efter en undersökning grundad på litteraturstudier och intervjuer med experter inom elkraftteknik. I arbetet görs en djupdykning in i olika jordningssystem och skyddssystem. Det jämförs två olika metoder att jorda lokalkraften på IT och TN-S, i områden som lagar och förordningar, personsäkerhet och prisjämförelser
A transformative instruction model and task-oriented learning
No full textThis study is analytical research that examines a theoretical approach to transformative pedagogy (TP) and transformative learning (TL) in order to conduct a logical deductive construction of the transformative instruction model (TI model). The study aims to enhance the understanding and effectiveness of the interplay between teaching content and learning in the form of requires for the high-quality teaching of students in the cognitive development of mathematics. It also analyzes the conditions for transformative teaching and learning in a task-oriented context. The crucial psychological outcomes focus on the domains of TP and their interpretation within the context of Mezirow’s TL theory, emphasizing an instrumental, dialogic and self-reflective learning discourse, as well as meaning schemes in learning. The methodological approach is based on a systematic deductive analysis. The analytical results as a conceptualization and an analytical construction of a TI model related to transformative teaching and learning algebraic concepts. The TI model is the result of extending theoretical approaches to TP and TL, as well as logical connections to research about the formation of algebraic concepts. Benefits of the TI model is a new knowledge about an effective teaching of algebra, where students’ algebra learning, and knowledge development is crucial
Undersökning av Sambandet Mellan Upplevd Organisatorisk Värme och Kompetens och Karriäråtagande
No full textHow does a typical colleague’s warmth and competence relate to career field commitment, and does the same perception affect career commitment depending on the work arrangement (i.e., remote, hybrid, and onsite)? Previous studies on perceived organizational support and commitment have focused on how warmth and competence affect organizational trust, turnover intentions, and affective commitment, based on the traditional onsite environments. The current study focused on how stereotypical perceptions of warmth and competence in colleagues’ respective careers relate to career commitment, and an exploratory study was carried out to examine this relationship in different work arrangements. 350 professionals participated in data collection across various career fields using an online survey instrument. Contrary to our expectation, both warmth and competence showed a non significant association with career commitment. As expected, competence was significantly and positively related to career commitment among remote workers. However, no significant relationship between competence and career commitment emerged among hybrid and onsite workers. Regarding warmth, no clear differential patterns emerged for the relationship between warmth and career commitment when comparing remote, hybrid and onsite workers. The study presents a novel contribution to literature by demonstrating how stereotypical perceptions operate in flexible work arrangements and how they are associated with career commitment
Energy Consumption of GraphQL APIs : Analyzing the Impact of Optimization Techniques, Workload & Overfetching
No full textThis thesis investigates the energy consumption characteristics of GraphQL APIs, with a particular focus on how server-side behavior is affected by factors such as workload intensity, query optimization and common performance-improving techniques such as caching and batching. The motivation for this work lies in the growing demand for energy-efficient software systems and the limited research available on energy consumption trends of modern API technologies. To address these questions, a series of controlled experiments were conducted using a Fastify-based GraphQL server with energy measurements captured with PowerAPI. The results indicate that increased workload has minimal impact on energy usage, while caching significantly reduces power consumption and response time. Batching, however, increases energy use unless combined with caching. Query size alone was found to have some but limited influence. These findings provide insight into how developers can optimize GraphQL APIs for better energy efficiency and lay the groundwork for investigating other aspects of GraphQL and similar architectures
The Influence of Brexit on the Interdependence Between Stock Markets : A Study on the UK and Nordic Stock Markets
No full textThis thesis investigates the impact of Brexit on the UK and Nordic stock markets, focusing on how their interconnectedness and spillover dynamics evolved in the years following the Brexit referendum. Using advanced econometric models including EGARCH, and the TVP-VAR framework combined with the Diebold and Yilmaz spillover index, the study analyzes return and volatility transmission across selected indices representing the UK, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland from June 2014 to January 2025. The findings confirm that Brexit contributed to a decline in the UK's role as a central market influencer, with a notable shift from a net transmitter to a net receiver of shocks. In contrast, Nordic countries displayed heterogeneous responses, with some increasing their market influence while others’ influence diminished. The results suggest that Brexit facilitated regional decoupling, highlighting a restructuring in European financial markets amid de-globalization trends. This research enhances understanding of how major political shocks reshape regional financial networks and also highlights the importance of sectoral and structural factors in the countries studied. Future studies should explore a broader range of asset classes and could extend the observed timeframe to achieve even greater accuracy, aiding policymakers and investors in navigating times of change in the global economic landscape
Flow efficiency of production warehouse in the pharmaceutical industry
No full textBakgrund: Meribel Pharma är en kontraktstillverkare till läkemedelsföretag som för närvarande outsourcar stor del av sin lagerverksamhet. Deras produktionslager har en avsaknad av plats relaterat till produktionskapaciteten. I takt med omfattande globala riktlinjer och regler, har kraven på läkemedelskvalitet blivit allt mer central. En paradox i ämnet grundas i att GMP-regelverket kräver vissa nödvändiga åtgärder, men som kan ses som slöserier utifrån den flödeseffektivisering Value Stream Mapping (VSM) förespråkar. Syfte: Studien syftar till att identifiera slöserier i materialflödet inom Meribel Pharmas produktionslager genom en cVSM med fokus på GMP-reglerade kraven, för att förbättra flödeseffektiviteten. Vidare syftar studien att framställa riktlinjer för hur en fVSM kan utformas efter att dessa slöserier eliminerats, med branschspecifika krav inom läkemedelsbranschen. Metod: Studien applicerade en kvalitativ fallstudiedesign, genom intervjuer, observationer samt fokusgrupp. Mönsterjämförelse tillämpades för att generalisera till andra företag i branschen. Studien tog fram riktlinjer för hur VSM kan appliceras i en GMP-reglerad kontext. Resultat: Value Stream Mapping identifierade fyra slöserier i Meribel Pharmas materialflöde: onödiga transporter, väntetid, överflödigt lager och onödiga rörelser. Slöserierna yttrade sig i form av förflyttningar av material utan transformering, blockerade gångar, tillfällig placering av material och manuella hanteringsmoment. Integration av WMS, införande av externt provtagningsrum, dragande kanban-system, vertikal expansion samt implementering av 5S är åtgärder som kan användas för att reducera slöserierna. De branschspecifika riktlinjerna som tagits fram betonar vikten av att särskilja och reducera slöserier snarare än att eliminera dem. Det bör prioriteras kvalitet framför kortsiktiga vinstintressen. Fler flöden, som kvalitets- och dokumentationsflöden bör beaktas för bättre översikt. Background: Meribel Pharma is a contract manufacturer to pharmaceutical companies that currently outsources a major part of their warehouse operations. Their production warehouse has a lack of space relative to the production capacity. In line with extensive global guidelines and regulations, high-qualitative pharmaceuticals have become a central factor. A paradox in the subject is based on the fact that the GMP regulations require certain necessary arrangements, but which can be seen as waste based on the flow efficiency that Value Stream Mapping (VSM) advocates. Purpose: The study aims to identify waste in the material flow within Meribel Pharma’s production warehouse through a cVSM with focus on GMP-regulated requirements, in order to improve flow efficiency. Furthermore, the study aims to produce guidelines for how a fVSM can be designed after these wastes are eliminated, with specific requirements within the pharmaceutical industry. Method: The study applied a qualitative case study design through interviews, observations and focus group. Pattern matching was applied to generalize to other companies in the industry. The study provided guidelines on how VSM can be applied in a GMP-regulated context. Result: Value Stream Mapping identified four wastes in Meribel Pharmas’s material flow: unnecessary transport, waiting time, excessive inventory and unnecessary movement. The wastes were manifested in the form of movements of materials without transformation, blocked aisles, temporary placement of materials and manual handling of activities. Integration of WMS, implementation of an external pharmaceutical sampling room, pull-based Kanban system, vertical expansion and application of 5S are measures that can be used to reduce waste. The industry specific guidelines emphasize the importance of distinguishing and reducing wastes rather than eliminating. Quality should be prioritized over profit-driven operation. Consider more flows, such as quality and documentation flow for better overview
Börsturbulens & masspsykologi : En studie om marknadsfluktuationer, investeringsbeteende och psykologiska faktorers påverkan.
No full textToday, financial investments and popular savings are used by a large number of peopleglobally to increase their chances of growing their financial wealth. This, in turn, generatesconsiderable interest in market movements and investment behavior during periods of stockmarket turbulence, which can be influenced by psychological factors. This study presentsboth traditional finance, based on the Efficient Market Hypothesis, and behavioral financetheory, along with psychological concepts such as risk and loss aversion, and prospecttheory. Empirical studies are also included that examine whether mass psychology affectsstock market turbulence and which psychological factors may influence investmentbehavior. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether mass psychology affects stock marketturbulence and whether there are differences in investment behavior between Sweden andthe USA, based on analyses of bull market uptrends and bear market downtrends. The studyanalyzes 130 stocks and two index measures, compared across selected time periods.Relevant statistical measures, including t-tests, are applied to determine whether there is asignificant difference in investment behavior between the two countries or during differentmarket conditions. After applying the selected methods and conducting t-tests based on the calculated values,the results show that (based on two comparison indexes, 130 stocks, and six time periodswith three being bull markets and three being bear markets) that there are statisticallysignificant differences in investment behavior between the two countries. However, nostatistically significant differences were found between bull and bear markets within eachcountry.
Kontraktstillverkare ställs inför nya utmaningar när CSRD implementeras : En fallstudie på HP Tronic
No full textBackground: In 2023, the EU’s new sustainability reporting legislation, CSRD, came into force.The directive places high demands on companies' sustainability reports, and for contractmanufacturers, this presents particular challenges. This is because they often produce on behalfof other companies and deal with a wide range of customer-specified suppliers. The CSRDrequires the collection and verification of sustainability data across the entire value chain, whichbecomes especially challenging for contract manufacturers who do not have control over theselection of their suppliers. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how contract manufacturers can develop aneffective approach to ensure accurate and complete collection of the information required to meetthe demands of the CSRD. Furthermore, the study will discuss the requirements for supplierrelationships to ensure efficient and accurate data gathering. It will also identify the challengesfaced by the contract manufacturer HP Tronic in managing a large number of suppliers andpropose solutions to facilitate compliance and reduce the workload associated with sustainabilityreporting Method: The study is a qualitative study largely based on a case study conducted at HP Tronic.Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection, and interviewees were selected throughpurposive sampling and snowball sampling. To analyze the collected material, pattern matching,synthesis based on different outcomes, and explanatory building were applied. Results: To meet CSRD requirements, contract manufacturers need clear supplier agreements,strong relationships, internal expertise, and digital systems. Challenges such as customer-directedcontracts, communication issues, and asymmetric information make data collection complex.The solution lies in structured processes, standardized forms, and digital tools that ensure qualityand efficiency in sustainability reporting. Bakgrund: Under 2023 trädde EUs nya hållbarhetsrapporteringslag CSRD i kraft. Lagen ställerhöga krav på företags hållbarhetsrapporter och för kontraktstillverkare innebär detta särskildautmaningar. Detta eftersom de ofta producerar på uppdrag av andra företag och hanterar mångaolika kundstyrda leverantörer. CSRD ställer krav på att samla in och kvalitetssäkrahållbarhetsdata från hela värdekedjan vilket blir en utmaning för kontraktstillverkare som intesjälva kan välja sina leverantörer. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur kontraktstillverkare kan utveckla ett effektivtsätt för att säkerställa korrekt och komplett insamling av den information som krävs för attuppfylla kraven i CSRD. Vidare kommer kraven på leverantörsrelationer diskuteras för attsäkerställa effektiv och korrekt informationsinhämtning. Studien kommer även att identifiera deutmaningar som uppstår när kontraktstillverkaren HP Tronic hanterar ett stort antal leverantöreroch föreslå lösningar för att underlätta efterlevnad och minska arbetsbördan kopplad tillhållbarhetsrapportering. Metod: Studien är en kvalitativ studie som till stora delar bygger på en fallstudie gjord hos HPTronic. Vid datainsamlingen användes semistrukturerade intervjuer och intervjuobjekten valdesutifrån målstyrt urval samt snöbollsurval. För att sedan analysera det insamlade materialetanvändes mönsterjämförelse, syntes utifrån olika utfall samt att bygga upp en förklaring. Resultat: För att kontraktstillverkare ska kunna möta CSRD-kraven krävs tydligaleverantörsavtal, goda relationer, intern kompetens och digitala integrerade system. Utmaningarsom kundstyrda avtal, kommunikationsproblem och asymmetrisk information gördatainsamlingen komplex. Lösningen ligger i strukturerade rutiner, standardiserade formulär ochdigitala verktyg som säkerställer kvalitet och effektivitet i hållbarhetsrapporteringen.
Framtida efterfrågan och utmaningar för expressleveranser inom B2B : En fallstudie hos Boman Express Logistics och dess utmaningar i en föränderlig transportsektor
No full textAbstrakt Bakgrund: Tillverkningsindustrins ökade komplexitet, kortare ledtider och högre krav på flexibilitet har drivit fram ett växande behov av expressleveranser inom B2B. Samtidigt råder stor osäkerhet kring hur efterfrågan på dessa tjänster kommer att utvecklas, till följd av externa faktorer som digitalisering, automatisering och geopolitiska förändringar. För transportföretag som Boman Express Logistics innebär detta ett strategiskt behov av att förstå framtida marknadsförutsättningar och de operativa utmaningar som kan följa på leveransprocessen. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur efterfrågan på expressleveranser inom B2B kan utvecklas under olika framtidsscenarier och att identifiera vilka utmaningar transportföretag, med särskilt fokus på Boman Express Logistics, kan möta i sin leveransprocess. Metod: En kvalitativ fallstudie genomfördes där primärdata samlades in genom semistrukturerade och ostrukturerade intervjuer med tillverkningsföretag och transportaktörer. En scenarioanalys, grundad i PESTLE-analys och Porters fem krafter, användes för att formulera fyra framtidsscenarier. Vidare analyserades operativa utmaningar genom processkartläggning, mönsterjämförelser och en syntes av olika fall analys. Resultat: Studien identifierade fyra scenarier för framtida efterfrågan, från kraftig nedgång orsakad av additiv tillverkning och geopolitisk instabilitet till ökad efterfrågan i ett framtida express högtryck. Utmaningar återfinns i hela leveransprocessen från kundförfrågan, planering, hämtning, tullklarering och spårning, till leverans och kvittering. Vanliga utmaningar inkluderar informationsasymmetri, saknad flexibilitet i kapacitet, och brist på koordinering genom leveransprocessen. Nyckelord: Boman Express Logistics, Expressleveranser, B2B, Ökade kundkrav, Framtida marknadsefterfrågan, Tillverkningsindustrin, Scenarioanalys, Additiv tillverkning, Geopolitisk instabilitet, Operativa utmaningar, Leveransprocessen Abstract Background: The increased complexity of the manufacturing industry, shorter lead times, and higher demands for flexibility have driven a growing need for express deliveries within B2B. At the same time, there is significant uncertainty regarding how the demand for these services will evolve, due to external factors such as digitalization, automation, and geopolitical changes. For transport companies like Boman Express Logistics, this creates a strategic need to understand future market conditions and the operational challenges that may arise in the delivery process. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how the demand for express deliveries within B2B may develop under different future scenarios and to identify the challenges that transport companies, with a particular focus on Boman Express Logistics, may face in their delivery processes. Method: A qualitative case study was conducted, where primary data was collected through semi-structured and unstructured interviews with manufacturing companies and transport actors. A scenario analysis, based on a PESTLE analysis and Porter’s Five Forces, was used to develop four future scenarios. Furthermore, operational challenges were analyzed through process mapping, pattern comparison, and a synthesis of multiple case studies. Results: The study identified four future demand scenarios, ranging from a sharp decline caused by additive manufacturing and geopolitical instability, to increased demand during a future express logistics boom. Challenges are present throughout the delivery process from customer requests, planning, pickup, customs clearance, and tracking, to delivery and confirmation. Common challenges include information asymmetry, lack of flexibility in capacity, and insufficient coordination throughout the delivery process. Keywords: Boman Express Logistics, Express deliveries, B2B, Increased customer demands, Future market demand, Manufacturing industry, Scenario analysis, Additive manufacturing, Geopolitical instability, Operational challenges, Delivery process