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From the trenches to the lines: War and Protest in the Poetry of Wilfred Owen and Cahit Irgat
No full textBu çalışma, savaş karşıtı şiirin iki önemli ismi olan Wilfred Owen ve Cahit Irgat’ın savaşın neden olduğu fiziksel ve psikolojik yıkımı nasıl betimlediklerini karşılaştırmalı bir bakış açısıyla ele almaktadır. Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na asker olarak katılan Owen, siper savaşlarının acımasızlığını ve anlamsızlığını geleneksel kahramanlık anlayışlarını tersyüz ederek yansıtır. Cahit Irgat ise İkinci Dünya Savaşı bağlamında, cephede yaşanan yıkımlara ek olarak savaşın cephe gerisinde neden olduğu açlık, yoksulluk ve duygusal çöküntü gibi sivilleri etkileyen yönlerine odaklanır. Her iki şair de şiiri, milliyetçi ve militarist söylemlere karşı bir direniş biçimi olarak kullanmakta; savaşı insan merkezli bir bakış açısıyla, kayıp, yabancılaşma ve insanlıktan çıkarılma gibi temalar etrafında ele almaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Owen ve Irgat’ın şiiri yalnızca edebi bir araç olarak değil, aynı zamanda etik bir sorgulama ve toplumsal eleştiri zemini olarak nasıl kullandıklarını incelemektir. Çalışmada, her iki şairin eserlerinin hâkim savaş anlatılarını sorgulayan, daha insancıl ve barış odaklı bir dünya görüşünü savunan şiirsel tanıklıklar olduğu öne sürülmektedir.This study presents a comparative analysis of the ways in which Wilfred Owen and Cahit Irgat, two significant figures of anti-war poetry, portray the physical and psychological devastation of war. Owen, drawing upon his firsthand experiences as a soldier during the First World War, reflects the brutality and futility of trench warfare by subverting traditional notions of heroism. In addition to all destruction caused by war, Irgat, writing in the context of the Second World War, focuses primarily on the suffering of civilians, highlighting issues such as hunger, poverty, and emotional collapse on the home front. Both poets employ poetry as a form of resistance to nationalist and militarist discourses, offering a human-centered perspective that emphasizes loss, alienation, and the dehumanizing effects of war. The aim of this study is to examine how Owen and Irgat use poetry not only as a literary medium, but also as a vehicle for ethical reflection and social critique. It argues that their works function as poetic testimonies that challenge dominant war narratives and advocate for a more humane and peace-oriented worldview
Bal Arılarında Oktopamin ve Tyramine Reseptör Genlerindeki SNP’lerin Hijyenik Davranışla İlişkisi ve Islah Sürecine Etkisi
No full textHygienic behavior in honey bees is a critical for maintaining colony health, preventing the spread of diseases, and providing resistance to harmful parasites. This behavior is defined as the worker bees detecting diseased, dead or parasitized brood cells and removing and cleaning them from the honeycomb cells. This feature, which is the defense mechanism of the colony, has developed on a genetic basis in natural selection and controlled breeding processes. Therefore, understanding the genetic mechanisms of hygienic behavior has become an important research subject in honey bee breeding studies. Recent studies have shown that neurotransmitter systems and receptor genes in honeybees affect various social and cognitive processes, including hygienic behavior. It is known that biogenic amines, especially octopamine and tyramine, regulate the learning, memory, olfactory perception, decision-making mechanisms and social behaviors of bees. Octopamine receptor and tyramine receptor can have a direct effect on stress response, flight activity, foraging behavior and hygienic behavior by acting as stimulants in the nervous system. In this study, in order to understand the genetic basis of hygienic behavior in Efe ecotype honey bees (Apis mellifera anatoliaca), colonies showing hygienic and non-hygienic behavior were determined according to the pin-killed test. Then, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in the AmOA1 and AmTYR1 gene regions of worker bees belonging to these colonies. As a result of the sequence analysis, 10 polymorphisms were determined in the AmOA1 receptor gene and 11 polymorphisms were determined in the AmTYR1 receptor gene. However, no significant difference was observed in the distribution of these SNPs between colonies showing hygienic and non-hygienic behavior. These results indicate that there is no direct relationship between hygienic behavior in Efe Bees and SNPs in AmOA1 and AmTYR1 genes. Therefore, no differences were detected between colonies in terms of SNPs. The polymorphisms have not been reported before in Efe Bee and this contributes to the originality of the study. More comprehensive studies to be conducted in the future will increase the knowledge in this field and contribute to the development of new strategies for selecting colonies in terms of behavior in theRepublic of Turkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies [TAGEM/HAYSUED/A/21/A4/P4/2518]; Ege University Research Foundation [75598]This work was supported by the Republic of Turkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies (project no: (TAGEM/HAYSUED/A/21/A4/P4/2518) and Ege University Research Foundation (project no: 75598)
Comparison of the relaxation times of some chemical liquids using two different time-dimensional NMR devices
No full textZaman boyutlu nükleer manyetik rezonansında (TD-NMR) kullanılan spin-örgü (T1) ve spin-spin (T2) durulma süresi ölçümleri, onu farklı sıvı maddelerin ve bunların kombinasyonlarının moleküler dinamikleri hakkında bilgi edinmek için değerli bir teknoloji haline getirir. Bu araştırmada bazı sıvı bileşiklerin durulma sürelerini belirlemek için iki farklı proton NMR cihazı: yüksek çözünürlüklü Magritek Spinsol NMR (42MHz-1T) ve Bruker Minispec zaman boyutlu NMR (TD-NMR) (20MHz-0,5T) kullanıldı. Her iki cihaz tarafından elde edilen T1 ve T2 değerlerinin birbiriyle aynı eğilimde olduğu ve T1 durulma süresinin T2 değerinden daha uzun olduğu görülmüştür.
Yüksek çözünürlüklü Magritek Spinsolve NMR cihazının, manyetik alan gradyantı (homojenlik) değerleri açısından Bruker Minispec cihazından daha iyi performans gösterdiği, ölçüm sıcaklıklarının ve larmor frekans değerlerinin T1 ve T2 durulma süresine etkisi detaylı bir şekilde araştırılmıştır.The spin lattice (T1) and spin-spin (T2) relaxation time measurements used in time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR) make it a valuable technology for learning about the molecular dynamics of different liquid substances and their combinations. In this investigation two distinct proton NMR instruments were utilized to determine the relaxation times of several liquid compounds: the high-resolution Magritek Spinsolve NMR (42MHz-1T) and the Bruker Minispec time-domain NMR (20MHz-0.5T). It has been seen that T1 and T2 values obtained by both devices have the same tendency and the T1 relaxation time is longer than the T2 value. It's been investigated that the high-resolution Magritek Spinsolve NMR device outperforms the Bruker Minispec device in terms of magnetic field gradient (inhomogeneity) values, the effects of measurement temperatures and larmor frequency values on T1 and T2 relaxation times have been investigated in detail
Adsorption properties of alkali-activated stone wool
No full textAlkali-activated materials are actively studied as adsorbents for toxic metals, nutrients, and dyes from wastewater. They are produced using an environmentally friendly process from low-cost aluminosilicate precursors, and thus have significant potential for fostering the development of clean technology. One of the potential precursors is stone and glass wool, for which alkali activation has been successfully demonstrated in construction products. In this study, alkali-activated stone wool was assessed for adsorption for the first time. Stone wool manufactured without organic resin (SW) and another stone wool with organic resin being removed by heat treatment (SW-O) were alkali activated using NaOH, Na2CO3, NaAlO2, or Na silicate solution, and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry, and potentiometric titrations to understand the surface properties affecting adsorption. Comparative adsorption experiments were conducted using methylene blue (MB), cobalt (Co(II)), arsenite (As (III)), and NH4+ at 100 mg x L- 1 concentration, 1 g x L- 1 adsorbent dose, 24 h contact time, and pH of 7. The raw stone wools demonstrated almost no adsorption, whereas the alkali-activated stone wools adsorbed up to 78, 42, 3, and 18 mg x g- 1 of MB, Co(II), As(III), and NH4+, respectively. The samples prepared with the SW Na silicate demonstrated higher adsorption capacities for MB and Co(II). For As(III), an adsorption capacity was similar regardless of the mixture. The highest adsorption capacity for NH4+ was achieved with SW-O NaOH. The increased adsorption capacities were related to the increase in the specific surface area, more negative zeta potential, formation of tobermorite-like structures, and an increase in the quantity of surface OH groups. The varying adsorption levels of specified contaminants are possibly governed by their speciation at pH 7, aqueous radii, and the adsorption mechanism. This study demonstrated that stone wool-based adsorbents could have practically relevant potential for wastewater treatment.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye [TUBITAK BIDEB-2219, 1059B192200624]Cansu Kurtulus was supported as a postdoctoral researcher by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK BIDEB-2219) International Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program (Project No:1059B192200624) during this study. Mr. Jani Osterlund, Mr. Jarno Karvonen, and Mrs. Elisa Wirkkala are acknowledged for their help in laboratory work
Integrated personalized decision method with q-rung orthopair fuzzy data for underground natural gas storage site decisions
Get PDFLocation selection for underground natural gas storage is a multifaceted decision-making problem, as diverse factors are involved. Earlier studies on location selection for natural gas faced challenges such as uncertainty handling, methodical estimation of experts' reliability, capturing hesitation during factor significance calculation, and personalized location ordering. Therefore, the present work develops a novel integrated weighted aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS) methodology with generalized (q-rung orthopair) fuzzy information, considering three dimensions of uncertainty: membership grade, hesitancy grade, and non-membership grade, with a flexible window allowing experts easy preference articulation. The reliability of experts is calcu-lated using the Cronbach measure, and the importance of the criteria is computed based on the regret factor. A ranking algorithm is developed with a modified weighted aggregated sum product assessment formulation and choice vector to obtain personalized ordering of natural gas locations. The usefulness is illustrated using a case study of location selection for underground natural gas storage in India. Results show that, political acceptance the most crucial indicator when selecting an optimal underground storage location for natural gas. The outcomes concluded that the introduced integrated framework (i) is robust, even after alterations are realized for the weights of the criteria and strategy values, (ii) produces rank orders that are consistent with the earlier models, and (iii) yields broader rank values, to support better discrimination of alternative locations and appropriate backup management compared to the extant model. Finally, the benefits, shortcomings, and implications are discussed. The model introduced can be a novel guide for natural gas location selection and can aid investors in planning their investments
Classifying Weed Development Stages Using Deep Learning Methods
Get PDFThe control of harmful weeds holds a significant place in the cultivation of agricultural products. A crucial criterion in this control process is identifying the development stages of the weeds. The technique to be used is determined based on the weed's growth stage. This study addresses the application of deep learning methods in classifying growth stages using images of various weed species to predict their development periods. Four different weed species, obtained from seeds collected in TurkeyAfyonkarahisar-Sinanpa & scedil;a Plain, were used in the study. The images were captured with a Nikon D7000 camera equipped with three different lenses, and the ROI extraction was performed using Lifex software. Using these ROI images, deep learning models such as DenseNet, EfficientNet, GoogleNet, Xception, and SqueezeNet were evaluated. Performance metrics including accuracy, F1 score, precision, and recall were employed. In the 4class dataset with ROI annotations, DenseNet and Xception achieved an accuracy of 86.57%, while EfficientNet demonstrated the highest performance with an accuracy of 89.55%. Following the initial tests, it was concluded that classes 3 and 4 exhibited extreme similarity caused most of the prediction errors. Merging the said classes significantly increased the accuracy and F1 scores across all models. In image classification tests, SqueezeNet and GoogleNet demonstrated the shortest processing times. However, while EfficientNet lagged slightly behind these models in terms of speed, it exhibited superior accuracy. In conclusion, although the use of ROI improved classification performance, class merging strategies resulted in a more significant performance enhancement
Incorporating Ganoderma lucidum extract and powder with probiotic cultures (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis) enhanced the functional, textural, and sensory qualities of yogurt
No full textIn this study, the extract and powder obtained from the Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) were used in the production of yogurt, and also Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis bacteria were also inoculated. Furthermore, all values were also affected in parallel with the increase in the added ratio. Reishi mushroom powder and extract also increased the samples' total antioxidant and phenolic values. Among the samples, the highest total phenolic content was found in the 2EA-coded sample with 2.415 mg GAE/g and the lowest in the control sample with 0.630 mg GAE/g. The highest antioxidant activity was determined in the 2PA-coded sample with a value of 0.198. The powder and extract showed a prebiotic effect by contributing positively to the development of probiotic bacteria added to yogurt. The count of probiotic bacteria in yogurts with Reishi mushroom powder and extract increased by approximately 1.4 log cfu/g. Using powder and extract of the Reishi mushroom in yogurt production gave yogurt significant functionality
Flow stress and fracture strain behavior of galvanized low carbon EREGLI 1312 steel
Get PDFModeling the behavior of materials under the combined effects of stress, deformation rate and temperature on the flow stress and damage that may occur is extremely important, especially because of the requirements in simulations such as metal forming, blast, chip removal, etc. In order to use the desired material in the analysis, the model parameters that will be needed must exist in advance. Not every material does not have parameters, and obtaining them requires costly and long-term efforts. Among these models, one of the most preferred ones in simulation programs are the parameters of Johnson Cook (JC) flow stress and damage models. The aim of this study is to economically obtain the JC parameters describing the mechanical behavior of low carbon EREGLI 1312 steel in simple tensile tests and low stress ratio reference with the help of simulations of the tests. The damage model proposed byJC was used to predict the flowstress and damage behavior of our material. In order to determine the model parameters, tensile tests were applied to six different types of notched and unnotched specimens cut from plates at room temperature and under different speeds. Curve fitting and regression procedures were performed automatically with the program written for this purpose, and the data required for the calculation of the parameters were easily obtained by matching the simulated tests with the tensile tests. It was calculated that the parameters obtained can predict the material behavior at room temperature very closely for all strain rates. Compared to the test results, it can simulate the process of stress-strain variation until rupture with a small error of 3.63% on average. In this research, the JC flow stress and damage model parameters estimated for EREGLI 1312 steel were found to be safely used in simulations such as metal bending and deep drawing
Determination of molten magma parts of the Köroğlu caldera system using two-dimensional magnetotelluric resistivity models
No full textKöroğlu Kalderası'nın yer altı magmatik yapısı hakkında, özellikle kısmi ergime zonları ve olası artık magma rezervuarlarının varlığına ilişkin bilgiler oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu eksikliği gidermek amacıyla bu çalışma, yer altı kaldera ve kubbe gibi jeolojik yapıların belirlenmesi, ters çözümle elde edilen rezistivite modelleri üzerinden Rhyolite-MELTS termodinamik yaklaşımıyla eriyik oranı ve rezervuar geometrisinin tahmin edilmesi ve derin magmatik sistemin potansiyel jeotermal ısı kaynağı olarak değerlendirilmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında, kuzeydoğu–güneybatı doğrultulu dört profil boyunca yaklaşık 2–3 km aralıklarla yerleştirilen 36 geniş bantlı magnetotellurik (MT) istasyonundan zaman serisi verileri toplanmıştır. 0,032 ile 1000 saniye arasındaki periyotları kapsayan veriler, iki boyutlu rezistivite modellerine dönüştürülmüştür. Elde edilen modeller, yüzeye yakın dört adet iletken zonu (C1–C4) ve daha derinlerde yer alan bir iletken gövdeyi (C5) ortaya koymaktadır. Bu sığ iletken yapılar, hidrotermal akışkan yolları ve alterasyon zonları ile ilişkili olarak değerlendirilmiştir. C5 olarak adlandırılan derin iletken zon, 6–11 km derinlik aralığında, 5–10 ?·m özdirenç değerleriyle, 1–3 numaralı profillerde gözlemlenmiştir. Rhyolite-MELTS yazılımıyla yapılan termodinamik modelleme sonuçları, bu zonun kısmen kristalleşmiş felsik bir eriyik rezervuarı olduğunu ve %8,6–25 arasında eriyik fraksiyonuna, 740–846?°C sıcaklık aralığına ve %1–6 arasında çözünmüş su içeriğine sahip olabileceğini göstermektedir. Bölgedeki graben yapılarının, derin kökenli hidrotermal akışkanların yükselmesine olanak tanıyan geçirgen yollar sunduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu bağlamda, C5 zonu, Afyonkarahisar bölgesindeki aktif jeotermal sistem için potansiyel bir ısı kaynağı olarak değerlendirilmektedir.Subsurface magmatic conditions beneath the Köroğlu Caldera remain poorly understood, particularly regarding the presence of partial melt zones and potential residual magma reservoirs. To address this gap, the present study aims to identify subsurface geological structures such as calderas and domes, estimate melt fraction and reservoir geometry using resistivity models derived from magnetotelluric (MT) inversion, and evaluate the role of deep magmatic systems as potential geothermal heat sources. A total of 36 broadband MT stations were deployed along four northeast–southwest-oriented profiles at intervals of approximately 2–3 km. Time-series data covering periods between 0.032 and 1000 seconds were processed to construct two-dimensional resistivity models. These models revealed four near-surface conductive zones (C1–C4) and one deeper conductive body (C5). The shallow conductive features are interpreted as hydrothermal fluid pathways associated with alteration zones. The deeper conductor, referred to as C5, was identified in profiles 1 to 3 at depths between 6 and 11 km, with resistivity values ranging from 5 to 10 ?·m. Thermodynamic modeling using the Rhyolite-MELTS software indicates that this zone likely represents a felsic melt reservoir undergoing partial crystallization, with melt fractions of 8.6–25%, temperatures between 740 and 846?°C, and dissolved water contents ranging from 1% to 6% by weight. It is thought that graben structures in the region provide permeable pathways for the ascent of deep-sourced hydrothermal fluids. In this context, the C5 zone is considered a potential heat source for the active geothermal system in the Afyonkarahisar region
Influences of carbon quantum dots nanoparticle addition to diesel-microwave-assisted corn oil biodiesel-dimethyl carbonate fuel blends on combustion, performance and emissions
Get PDFIn the present study, the influences of the carbon quantum dots nanoparticle addition to diesel- microwave- assisted corn oil biodiesel-dimethyl carbonate fuel mixtures on combustion, performance and emissions were experimentally researched in a DI diesel engine at 4.12, 9.61, 15.10 and 20.60 Nm. Lower in-cylinder pressure was measured using fuel mixtures according to diesel. The rise of carbon quantum dot fraction in the fuel mixtures lead to decrease ID. It was also found that SFC declined with the addition of carbon quantum dot nanoparticle in the fuel blends. ITE increased by 6.66 % using CF QD120 ppm according to CF at 15.10 Nm. CD was shortened with fuel mixtures compared to diesel. Test results also showed that clear increase on MPRR and RI has been realized with fuel mixtures. Higher CO was measured using fuel mixtues. Nevertheless, the addition of carbon quantum dot to CF decreased CO emissions. CO declined by about 14.12 % with CF QD120 ppm according to CF at 20.60 Nm. Significant decrease was measured using carbon quantum dot addition on soot emissions whereas NOx emissions increased. Soot emissions reduced by 19 % with CF QD120 ppm compared to CF at 20.6 Nm