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It’s About Time! : The Sense of Agency Increases After Spontaneous vs. Planned Actions but It Decreases After Externally Planned Actions
No full textWhereas some actions are spontaneous and have consequences that are experienced nearly immediately, other actions are planned in advance, and there is a delay between the intention and the outcome. Currently, it is unclear how, if at all, the temporal dynamics of setting an intention impacts the sense of agency (Pacherie, 2015). The goal of this Registered Report was to address this issue and investigate how the delay between forming an intention and experiencing outcomes of one’s actions affects the sense of agency. Moreover, the mixed results obtained in past studies could indicate that contradictory mechanisms may be involved. To address these inconsistencies, we investigated two possible mediating processes: expectation-outcome congruence and a feeling of having an unconstrained choice. In two studies, participants performed a planned vs. unplanned vs. externally planned action, and their sense of agency, as well as proposed meditators, were measured. Study 1 was conducted online, used a between-subjects design, and additionally explored the moderating role of selected personality traits. Study 2 was conducted in the laboratory setting, used a within-subjects design, and additionally included an implicit measure of agency (i.e., a temporal binding task). In both studies, we found that the feeling of having an unconstrained choice, but not the expectation-outcome congruence, acted as a mediator between the planning manipulation and the explicit sense of agency. Specifically, participants reported a higher sense of agency after making spontaneous decisions compared to planned decisions because they felt that their choice was less restricted. In contrast, the sense of agency decreased even more when the plan was externally imposed.publishe
Intraspecific variability of social structure and linked foraging behavior in females of a widespread bat species (Phyllostomus hastatus)
No full textIntraspecific variation in morphology and behavior is widespread, especially in species with large distribution ranges. This includes foraging which can vary according to the local resource landscape. How this may be linked to differences in social structure, especially in socially foraging species is less known. Greater spear-nosed bats are well known for their large repertoire of often highly complex social behaviors. In Trinidad, they form stable groups of unrelated females that recruit other members to temporally unpredictable flowering balsa trees. We compared these findings with a dataset of capture data, GPS tracks, and observations collected over six years in a colony in Panamá. We found profound differences in the foraging behavior and group stability of Phyllostomus hastatus during the dry season where social behaviors were expected. Female bats did not coordinate commutes to exploit distinct foraging resources as a group. Instead, females commuted individually to very distant foraging areas which overlapped between groups. Linked to this we found groups to be unstable in size over the short and long term. Our findings highlight the large intraspecific variation and indicate a strong influence of the local resource landscape and associated benefits of social foraging on the social structure in these bats and possibly many other animals.publishe
Predicting invasion success of naturalized cultivated plants in China
No full text1. Plant invasions pose significant threats to native ecosystems, human health, and global economies. However, the complex and multidimensional nature of factors influencing plant invasions makes it challenging to predict and interpret their invasion success accurately.
2. Using a robust machine learning algorithm, random forest, and an extensive suite of characteristics related to environmental niches, species traits, and propagule pressure, we developed a classification model to predict the invasion success of naturalized cultivated plants in China. Based on the final optimal model, we evaluated the relative importance of individual and grouped variables and their prediction performance.
3. Our study identified key individual variables within each of three groupings: climatic suitability and native range size (environmental niches), phylogenetic distance to the closest native taxon and vegetative propagation mode (species traits), and the number of botanical gardens and provinces where species were cultivated (propagule pressure). Remarkably, when grouped variables were evaluated, the relative importance of grouped variables increased dramatically—by 13.5–17.7 times—compared with the cumulative importance of individual variables within a category. However, the relative importance of one category was primarily due to the number of variables within each category rather than its inherent characteristics.
4. Synthesis and applications . Our findings emphasize the necessity of developing data‐driven predictive tools for effective invasion risk assessment using large datasets. By identifying key individual variables, we recommend prioritizing surveillance of alien plant species with large native ranges and high climatic suitability. By evaluating grouped variables, we emphasize the significance of grouped variables in enhancing model interpretability by providing deeper insights into the complex interactions among individual factors within each predefined category. This comprehensive approach can not only identify the most influential predictors of invasion success but also equip policymakers with evidence‐based strategies for surveillance, early detection, and targeted intervention of invasive plants.publishe
From lectures to co-constructively developed inservice teacher training with the DiKoLAN framework
No full textIm Rahmen der Initiative lernen:digital entstehen deutschlandweit neue Fortbildungsangebote für Lehrkräfte. In diesem Artikel wird ein Ansatz zur ko‐konstruktiven Entwicklung von Fortbildungen basierend auf Konzepten der partizipativen Aktionsforschung vorgestellt. Zur Entwicklung des Aufbaus und der Inhalte der Fortbildung werden Erkenntnisse aus der fachdidaktischen Literatur, Lernziele aus den Bildungsplänen und die Expertise von Forschenden, Lehrpersonen und Fachleiterinnen und Fachleitern an staatlichen Seminaren für Aus‐ und Weiterbildung zusammengeführt, um eine Fortbildung zu entwickeln, die die Bedürfnisse aller Beteiligten berücksichtigt.publishe
Inefficiencies in the division of labour in human societies
No full textThe article reviews the long-standing debate on the division of labour in human societies from a sociological perspective. The division of labour is analysed as a secular trend towards increasing specialization on the one hand and as prevailing arrangements of specialization on the other. The dominant view in economics and other social sciences is that division of labour exists in human societies because it is efficient. We cast doubt on this view by discussing objections to the efficiency paradigm. We show that efficiency considerations, while important, are ultimately insufficient to explain both increasing specialization over time and prevailing arrangements of specialization in real life. As a broader framework, we briefly outline an explanatory triad of efficiency, norms and power. Social norms and power relations often complement unclear and ambiguous efficiency and performance criteria, but they can also conflict with principles of efficiency and rationality.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Division of labour as key driver of social evolution’.publishe
Impact of high-temperature processing steps on the long-term stability of charge carrier lifetime in n-type FZ-silicon
No full textIn this work, the long-term behavior of excess charge carrier lifetime in n-type FZ-Si wafers without presence of highly doped layers is investigated during illumination at elevated temperatures. Thereby, the influence of high-temperature processing steps such as short high temperature thermal treatment, often referred to as tabula rasa (TR), and phosphorus diffusion gettering is considered. Degradation of effective lifetime is observed as well as a very strong regeneration effect that significantly exceeds the initial effective lifetime value. The phosphorus gettering step appears to have no significant effect on the degradation and regeneration behavior. Samples subjected to a TR treatment show only bulk-related regeneration. Investigations in darkness showed that the bulk-related regeneration is carrier-induced and not necessarily light-induced. FT-IR measurements at 5 K showed that the samples with a TR step have a higher Oi concentration in the Si bulk and that the hydrogen-passivated vacancies (VH4) are dissolved. The regeneration behavior of the samples with a TR step could be correlated with a reduced vacancy concentration. Such a thermal processing step appears to offer a strong mitigation strategy.publishe
Beneficial Spillover Effects of Antipredation Interventions Support Human–Carnivore Coexistence
No full textReducing human–wildlife conflict is critical for global biodiversity conservation and supporting livelihoods in landscapes where people and wildlife co‐occur. Interventions intended to reduce conflicts and their negative outcomes are diverse and widespread, yet there is often a dearth of empirical evidence regarding effectiveness, particularly at appropriate spatiotemporal scales. We investigate an underappreciated question relevant to large carnivore–livestock systems globally regarding spillover effects of anti‐conflict interventions: Do fortified livestock enclosures modify carnivore predation on livestock for neighbors who lack such interventions? We use ca. 25,000 monthly reports from agropastoralists in an East African landscape critical for large carnivore conservation. Results from Bayesian multilevel statistical models demonstrate robust effects of fortified livestock enclosures in reducing reported predation not only in target households, but also in neighboring households that lack such fortification—a beneficial spillover effect. Results provide empirical evidence for policy and practice regarding tools to reduce large carnivore conflicts while pointing to the important role of complex‐systems processes in determining coexistence outcomes.publishe
Arts informed Research based on spiritual care research interviews : A workshop report
No full textBackground: In Arts informed Research (AiR), artistic forms of expression are used as a means of research. AiR is well suited to data relating to issues that cannot be adequately described in words. This is a common problem in Spiritual Care research.
Method: An interdisciplinary group endeavoured to interpret data from a qualitative research project on ‚boundary situations in health care’ by painting pictures as part of an exploratory workshop. Two passages from the audio recordings of the interviews were interpreted, and individual pictures, as well as a joint picture, were created. The group discussed the process and its outcomes.
Results: The workshop experiment of analysing passages from qualitative interviews in the field of Spiritual Care using artistic means produced promising insights.
Conclusion: AiR could enrich research areas like Spiritual Care, in which topics are often difficult to put into words.publishe
Exploring the born global firms from the Asia Pacific
No full textThis study aims to synthesize the extant research on the Born Global Firms (BGF) phenomenon, mainly focusing on the Asia Pacific region (APAC). We adopt the systematic literature review methodology to identify the main context-specific drivers (‘success factors’) and outcomes of BGFs’ accelerated internationalization and the challenges they face before, during, and after global expansion. The analysis and evaluation of relevant studies reveal several critical variables that need to be extensively investigated (separately and in tandem) by scholars in order to advance existing theories and, at the same time, explain the out-of-pattern behaviors of BGFs outside the typical ‘Western economy’ context. Among the core variables are international entrepreneurial orientation and culture adoption, organizational learning and networking strategies, global strategic human capital and network resources (as predictors of BGFs’ international performance) and resource constraints, institutional and cultural distances, and liabilities of newness, smallness, foreignness, outsidership, and emergingness (as constraints to BGFs’ success). By identifying the research gaps and proposing a comprehensive framework with promising avenues for future research into the phenomenon of BGFs from the APAC region, this study helps enhance our understanding of the global strategy formation and execution processes of international new ventures from ‘the East’ and stimulate interdisciplinary dialogue between international business, strategy, and entrepreneurship scholars.publishe
Kohärenz als Einheitsstiftung oder Relationierung in der Lehrerinnen- und Lehrerbildung
No full textDie institutionalisierte Lehrerinnen- und Lehrerbildung setzt sich aus unterschiedlichen Elementen (Institutionen, Akteurinnen- und Akteursgruppen, Phasen, Komponenten, Maßnahmen, Gegenständen und Individuen) zusammen, die als wenig aufeinander bezogen gelten. Der Beitrag diskutiert, wie in diesem komplexen Gefüge einerseits Kohärenz als Einheitsstiftung von Vereinbarem und andererseits als Relationierung von Divergentem gefasst wird.publishe