University of Konstanz
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Food-Based Dietary Guidelines of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) : Relevance for Medical Practice
No full textIm März 2024 hat die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung e. V. ihre überarbeiteten lebensmittelbezogenen Ernährungsempfehlungen für gesunde Erwachsene im Alter von 18 bis 65 Jahren mit omnivorer Ernährungsweise veröffentlicht. Ziel der Überarbeitung war es, mithilfe eines mathematischen Optimierungsmodells Verzehrmuster zu definieren, welche die Krankheits- und Umweltlast reduzieren und gleichzeitig die Verzehrgewohnheiten in Deutschland berücksichtigen. Als
Gesundheitsaspekte wurden eine angemessene Energiezufuhr, eine bedarfsdeckende Versorgung mit Nährstoffen entsprechend der DGE/ÖGE-Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr und Assoziationen zwischen Lebensmittelzufuhr und dem Risiko für das Auftreten von Erkrankungen einbezogen. Mathematische Optimierung gilt bei der Entwicklung von lebensmittelbezogenen Ernährungsempfehlungen als State-of-the-art-Methode, um die verschiedenen Anforderungen gleichzeitig zu erfüllen. Die DGE empfiehlt in den daraus hervorgegangenen DGE-Empfehlungen „Gut essen und trinken“ eine pflanzenbetonte Mischkost. Diese sind mit den grundlegenden Empfehlungen von medizinischen Leitlinien zur Prävention und Therapie ernährungsmitbedingter Erkrankungen konsistent, gleichzeitig können sie als wissenschaftlich fundierte Grundlage für deren Erstellung dienen. Für viele Menschen mit solchen Erkrankungen ist allerdings eine individualisierte ernährungstherapeutische Betreuung durch qualifizierte Fachkräfte erforderlich. DieDGE-Empfehlungen unterstützen nicht nur die gezielte Auswahl gesundheitsfördernder Lebensmittel, sondern auch eine bedarfsgerechte Nährstoffzufuhr. Damit leisten sie einen zentralen Beitrag für die Prävention und Behandlung ernährungsmitbedingter Krankheiten in der erwachsenen Bevölkerung.publishe
The Unseen Targets of Hate : A Systematic Review of Hateful Communication Datasets
No full textMachine learning (ML)-based content moderation tools are essential to keep online spaces free from hateful communication. Yet ML tools can only be as capable as the quality of the data they are trained on allows them. While there is increasing evidence that they underperform in detecting hateful communications directed towards specific identities and may discriminate against them, we know surprisingly little about the provenance of such bias. To fill this gap, we present a systematic review of the datasets for the automated detection of hateful communication introduced over the past decade, and unpack the quality of the datasets in terms of the identities that they embody: those of the targets of hateful communication that the data curators focused on, as well as those unintentionally included in the datasets. We find, overall, a skewed representation of selected target identities and mismatches between the targets that research conceptualizes and ultimately includes in datasets. Yet, by contextualizing these findings in the language and location of origin of the datasets, we highlight a positive trend towards the broadening and diversification of this research space.publishe
Students’ motives for restricting academic freedom : Viewpoint discrimination and prosocial concerns
No full textWe advance the understanding of so-called “cancel culture” at the university by presenting the results of three survey experiments among university students. Designed in an “adversarial collaboration” among researchers with competing perspectives, these experiments disentangle whether students’ preferences for curtailing academic freedom are based on viewpoint discrimination, professional academic standards, or prosocial concerns. Our findings show that a substantive share of university students support viewpoint-based restrictions on academic discourse. While they also apply academic and prosocial criteria, they apply them more strongly to conservative viewpoints. The results further show that conservative statements are perceived as causing more social harm. However, prosocial concerns do not fully explain the higher demand for ideological viewpoint discrimination. These results are important because they can inform the debate about universities as ideological spaces—a view often invoked in recent government-led attacks on academic freedom.publishe
The Three Most Common Needs for Training on Measurement Uncertainty
No full textMeasurement uncertainty is essential for assessing, stating and improving the reliability of measurements. An understanding of measurement uncertainty is the basis for confidence in measurements and is required by many communities, including national metrology institutes, accreditation bodies, calibration and testing laboratories, and legal metrology, universities and different metrology fields. An important cornerstone to convey an understanding of measurement uncertainty is to provide training.
This article identifies the status and needs for training on measurement uncertainty in each of the above communities and among those who teach uncertainty. It is the first study to do so across many different disciplines, and it merges many different sources of information with a focus on Europe. As a result, awareness of the training needs of different communities is raised and teachers of uncertainty are supported in addressing their audiences’ needs as well as in improving their uncertainty-specific pedagogical and technology-related knowledge.
The three needs that are most commonly encountered in the communities requiring an understanding of measurement uncertainty, are 1) to address a general lack of training on measurement uncertainty, 2) to gain a better overview of existing training on measurement uncertainty in several communities, and 3) to deliver more training on specific technical topics, including the use of a Monte Carlo method for propagating probability distributions and treating multivariate measurands and measurement models. These needs will serve to guide future developments in uncertainty training and will, ultimately, contribute to increasing the understanding of uncertainty.publishe
Gram‐scale Access to (3,11)‐Cyclotaxanes – Synthesis of 1‐Hydroxytaxuspine C
No full textHerein we present the semi‐synthesis of complex taxane diterpenoid 1‐hydroxytaxuspine C. Starting from cheap and abundant 10‐deacetylbaccatin III, a scalable and robust route was developed, enabling an unprecedented gram‐scale access to the intricate (3,11)‐cyclotaxane scaffold. In addition, this represents the first synthetic access to C1‐hydroxylated cyclotaxanes. The natural product is synthesized in 17 steps, with the reactions being performed on decagram‐scale up to an advanced intermediate, establishing the scalability of this approach.publishe
Integration durch Recht? : Erfolge und Grenzen der rechtlichen Gemeinschaftsbildung in der Europäischen Union
No full textpublishe
(When) Do Parties Affect Economic Inequality? : A Systematic Analysis of 30 Years of Research
No full textDespite 30 years of research on economic inequality, the question of whether government ideology affects inequality remains unresolved. As rising inequality poses a major challenge to contemporary democracies, we ask: (when) do parties matter regarding inequality? Our systematic analysis finds that research is divided, with a tendency toward a pessimistic “no.” We decipher the factors that account for this split in theoretically predictable ways. We assess the roles played by the type of inequality, the time horizon, and the impact of policy channels. Bivariate and multivariate analyses of 393 TSCS-regression findings show how the type of inequality and a neglect of top incomes, a focus on short- rather than long-term effects, and the inclusion of policy channels that absorb the effects of parties strongly codetermine the results. Effects septuple depending on how these factors are combined. We draw three lessons that, when combined, foster a shift toward a more optimistic perspective on the latitude of politics.publishe
Making FAT10 with a Reactive C-terminus for E3 Ligase Screening
No full textBackground: FAT10, a ubiquitin-like modifier, targets proteins to the 26S proteasome for degradation, similar and in addition to ubiquitin. However, FAT10 utilizes its own enzyme cascade, including E1 (UBA6), E2 (USE1), and various E3 ligases. To date, Parkin is the only identified E3 ligase for FAT10, but about 800 different E3-enzymes were reported for ubiquitin. In this study, we aimed to generate a branched FAT10-USE1 conjugate with a reactive C-terminus for the purpose of screening potential E3 ligases. Our method is simple, cost effective and does not require expensive lab equipment. We were able to avoid organic solvents and extreme pH or salt conditions.
Methods: The proteins were expressed at a low temperature for 7–8 hours and purified using affinity resin. Conjugation was achieved through a radical thiol–yne coupling reaction. The resulting products were analyzed by Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining and Western blotting.
Results: FAT10-SH was successfully purified using a Strep-Tactin column and chitin resin, while USE1-GFP was purified via Ni-affinity chromatography. Notably, FAT10-alkene-USE1-GFP conjugates were successfully generated using IA-alkyne, but not STP-alkyne.
Conclusion: In this study, we developed novel FAT10-based probes suitable for E3 ligase screening, which may facilitate future investigations into FAT10 biology. The method can be easily adapted to other ubiquitin like modifiers.publishe
Newcomers' self-assessed visibility and their perceptions of discrimination : The case of Turks and Syrians in Germany
No full textUsing survey data collected among recent Turkish and Syrian immigrants in Germany, we examine the relationship between newcomers’ self-assessed phenotypic visibility, their level of education, and their perceptions of discrimination. Theoretically, we argue that individuals who can be identified by visible cues, such as skin colour or a headscarf, face more and more persistent discrimination than others. In addition, according to the ‘integration paradox’, more educated individuals are more likely to interpret ambiguous negative incidents as discriminatory. Finally, while education generally reduces the risk of being exposed to discrimination due to the greater popularity of skilled migrants, this reduction is less pronounced for visible migrants. Based on these arguments, we expect perceptions of discrimination to be particularly pronounced among visible and highly educated individuals. In this group, a high risk of being discriminated against coincides with high aspirations for equality—and a pronounced awareness of unequal treatment. The results show that even within the same groups of origin, respondents who report that their foreign roots are visible to others perceive significantly more experiences of discrimination than those who report that they are not recognizable by visible characteristics. Migrants with higher levels of education do not generally perceive more discrimination than those with lower levels of education. Instead, it is the subgroup of visible and highly educated migrants who report particularly high levels of discrimination.publishe
Sustainable software development in science – insights from 20 years of Vanted
No full textSustainable software development requires the software to remain accessible and maintainable over long time. This is particularly challenging in a scientific context. For example, fewer than one third of tools and platforms for biological network representation, analysis, and visualisation have been available and supported over a period of 15 years. One of those tools is Vanted, which has been developed and actively supported over the past 20 years. In this work, we discuss sustainable software development in science and investigate which software tools for biological network representation, analysis, and visualisation are maintained over a period of at least 15 years. With Vanted as a case study, we highlight five key insights that we consider crucial for sustainable, long-term software development and software maintenance in science.publishe