Trends in Renewable Energy
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Double Carbon Coated LiCoPO4 Nano Composite as High-Performance Cathode for Lithium Ion Batteries
Get PDFPolyacene(PAS)/carbon and acetylene black(AB)/carbon coated lithium cobalt phosphate composites were synthesized via the solid state reaction method using co-precipitated Co3(PO4)2·8H2O and Li3PO4 mixture as its precursor. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was performed to investigate the structure and phase of all the samples. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows that the double carbon layers coated on the surface of LiCoPO4 successfully. The LiCoPO4/C, LiCoPO4/PAS and LiCoPO4/AB delivered a capacity of T 120.92, 121.07 and 138.06 mAh×g-1 at 0.1C, respectively. The double carbon coated LiCoPO4 electrode delivered an initial discharge capacity of 147.12, 143.51 mAh×g-1 after AB/glucose, PAS/glucose coating, which maintained at 59.5% and 61.7% after 15 cycles at the 0.1C rate, respectively.Citiation: Yu, Y., Zhao, H., Chen, Y., Feng, Z.-k., Liu, X., and Yang, H. (2020). Double Carbon Coated LiCoPO4 Nano Composite as High-Performance Cathode for Lithium Ion Batteries. Trends in Renewable Energy, 6, 1-11. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2020.6.1.0010
Mathematical Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Array Configurations with Partial Shaded Modules
Get PDFSolar-based photovoltaic (SPV) cells produce power from sunlight through the photovoltaic effect. The yield voltage of a single PV cell is small, so the voltage is extended by interfacing PV cells in series arrangement known as PV module or panel. Solar PV array comprises of series and parallel connections of modules in the grid structure with a few columns and rows. The various kinds of SPV array configurations or topologies are shaped by changing the number of electrical connections between module to module in an array. This paper presents the mathematical examination of 6×6 size regular SPV array configurations, including Total-Cross-Tied, Parallel, Honey-Comb, Series-Parallel, Series, Bridge-Linked types beneath un-shading case, and different proposed shading cases (primarily short narrow, short wide, long narrow, and long wide shadings). The electrical proportionate circuit of the SPV array setups was analyzed by Kirchhoff’s laws at distinctive nodes and loops in a sun powered PV array. The location of global maximum power point (GMPP) was determined hypothetically and distinguished in Matlab/simulation software at various shading conditions.Citation: Raju, V.B., and Chengaiah, C. (2020). Mathematical Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Array Configurations with Partial Shaded Modules. Trends in Renewable Energy, 6, 121-143. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2020.6.2.0011
Business Analytics and IT in Smart Grid - Part 2: The Qualitative Mitigation Impact of Piecewise Monotonic Data Approximations on the iSHM Class Map Footprints of Overhead Low-Voltage Broadband over Power Lines Topologies Contaminated by Measurement Differences
Get PDFBusiness analytics and IT infrastructure preserve the integrity of the smart grid (SG) operation against the flood of big data that may be susceptible to faults, such as measurement differences. In [1], the impact of measurement differences that follow continuous uniform distributions (CUDs) of different magnitudes has been investigated via initial Statistical Hybrid Model (iSHM) footprints during the operation of overhead low-voltage broadband over power lines (OV LV BPL) networks. In this companion paper, the mitigation efficiency of piecewise monotonic data approximations, such as L1PMA and L2WPMA, is qualitatively assessed in terms of iSHM footprints when the aforementioned measurement difference CUD of different intensities are applied.Citation: Lazaropoulos, A. (2020). Business Analytics and IT in Smart Grid - Part 2: The Qualitative Mitigation Impact of Piecewise Monotonic Data Approximations on the iSHM Class Map Footprints of Overhead Low-Voltage Broadband over Power Lines Topologies Contaminated by Measurement Differences. Trends in Renewable Energy, 6(2), 187-213. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.17737/tre.2020.6.2.0011
Business Analytics and IT in Smart Grid - Part 1: The Impact of Measurement Differences on the iSHM Class Map Footprints of Overhead Low-Voltage Broadband over Power Lines Topologies
Get PDFDue to the smart grid (SG) operation, the power utilities are dealing with a cataclysm of big data that demands advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure and business analytics while one cause of this growth is the nature of the power grid operation that demands real-time measurements. In [1], [2], the theoretical framework and the numerical results for the interoperability of Deterministic Hybrid Model (DHM), initial Statistical Hybrid Model (iSHM), the definition procedure and the class maps have been presented for the overhead low-voltage broadband over power lines (OV LV BPL) networks as well as the iSHM footprints. On the basis of the five real indicative OV LV BPL topologies of [1], [2], the impact of measurement differences that follow either continuous uniform distributions (CUDs) or normal distributions (NDs) of different intensities is first highlighted on iSHM footprints.Citation: Lazaropoulos, A. (2020). Business Analytics and IT in Smart Grid - Part 1: The Impact of Measurement Differences on the iSHM Class Map Footprints of Overhead Low-Voltage Broadband over Power Lines Topologies. Trends in Renewable Energy, 6(2), 156-186. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.17737/tre.2020.6.2.0011
Implementation of ANN technique for performance prediction of solar thermal systems: A Comprehensive Review
Get PDFSolar thermal systems (STS) are efficient and environmentally safe devices to meet the rapid increasing energy demand now a days. But it is very important to optimize their performance under required operating condition for efficient usage. Hence intelligent system-based techniques like artificial neural network (ANN) play an important role for system performance prediction in accurate and speedy way. In present paper, it is attempted to scrutinize the approach of ANN as an intelligent system-based method to accurately optimize the performance prediction of different solar thermal systems. Here, 25 research works related to various solar thermal systems have been reviewed and summarized to understand the impact of different ANN models and learning algorithms on performance prediction of STS. Using ANN, a brief stepwise summary of researchers’ work on various STS like solar air heaters, solar stills, solar cookers, solar dryers and solar hybrid systems, their predictions (results) and architectures (network and learning algorithms) in the literature till now, are also discussed here. This paper will genuinely help future researchers overview the work concisely related to solar thermal system performance prediction using various types of ANN models and learning algorithm and compare it with other global methods of machine learning. Citation: Ahmad, A., Ghritlahre, H. K., and Chandrakar, P. (2020). Implementation of ANN technique for performance prediction of solar thermal systems: A Comprehensive Review. Trends in Renewable Energy, 6, 12-36. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2020.6.1.0011
Statistical Channel Modeling of Overhead Low Voltage Broadband over Power Lines (OV LV BPL) Networks - Part 1: The Theory of Class Map Footprints of Real OV LV BPL Topologies, Branch Line Faults and Hook-Style Energy Thefts
Get PDFDue to the significant volatility of Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) networks regarding their circuital and topological characteristics, channel statistical modeling recently gains special attention from the BPL communications engineers. Among the recently presented channel attenuation statistical models, initial statistical hybrid model (iSHM) and modified statistical hybrid model (mSHM) have been theoretically defined and applied to overhead medium voltage (OV MV), underground medium voltage (UN MV) and overhead high voltage (OV HV) BPL networks so far. Apart from the iSHM and mSHM definition and application, the theory of the definition procedure of new virtual distribution and transmission BPL topologies, which describes the phases towards defining statistically equivalent BPL topologies and topology subclasses to the real indicative ones, has been demonstrated as well as the class maps, which are 2D capacity contour plots with respect to the channel attenuation statistical distributions (CASDs) parameters of iSHM and mSHM.In this pair of papers, iSHM, mSHM, the definition procedure of new virtual BPL topologies and the class mapping are first applied to overhead low voltage (OV LV) BPL networks. Based on the class maps and the BPL topology database of Topology Identification Methodology (TIM), the required theory for illustrating the footprint of the real OV LV BPL topologies is first presented on class maps in this paper. On the basis of the class maps and the BPL topology database of Fault and Instability Identification Methodology (FIIM), the required theory for illustrating the footprint of the OV LV BPL topologies with branch line faults is first identified on class maps in this paper. On the basis of the class maps and the BPL topology database of hook style energy theft detection method (HS-DET method), the required theory for illustrating the footprint of the OV LV BPL topologies with a hook style energy theft is first demonstrated on class maps in this paper.Citation: Lazaropoulos, A. (2020). Statistical Channel Modeling of Overhead Low Voltage Broadband over Power Lines (OV LV BPL) Networks - Part 1: The Theory of Class Map Footprints of Real OV LV BPL Topologies, Branch Line Faults and Hook-Style Energy Thefts. Trends in Renewable Energy, 6(1), 61-87. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.17737/tre.2020.6.1.0011
Process Design of Microalgae Slurry Pump
Get PDFMicroalgae are a renewable source of dietary supplements, bioactive compounds, and potential energy. Once harvested, the microalgal medium is dewatered to form a slurry for downstream processing. This article outlines a process design for pumping the microalgae slurry. The pump requirements for delivering the Chlorella slurry with 5, 10 or 20 wt% solids at one tonne per hour (1,000 kg/h) and 10 bar were calculated. The 5 wt% microalgae slurry is a Newtonian fluid with a viscosity of 1.95 mPa×s. The 10 wt% and 20 wt% microalgae slurries are non-Newtonian fluids, whose viscosity depends on the shear rate (g). The viscosity of 10 wt% and 20 wt% microalgae slurries is 1.504 (g = 50 s-1)/1.155 (g = 100 s-1) and 1.844 (g = 50 s-1)/1.219 (g = 100 s-1) mPa×s, respectively. The pump power requirements are mainly governed by the delivery pressure. The effect of the pipe length and the number of elbows is negligible. The effective power of the pump is calculated as 0.267-0.275 kW. To fulfill this duty, a ZGB type single-stage single-suction centrifugal slurry pump can be selected, which would provide enough shear rate to reduce the viscosity of the microalgae slurry and give required shaft power. Citation: Li, J., Qu, Y., Gong, Y., Yang, C., Yang, B., Liu, P., Zhang, B., and Ding, Y. (2020). Process Design of Microalgae Slurry Pump. Trends in Renewable Energy, 6(3), 234-244. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2020.6.3.0012
A Comprehensive Study on Re-arrangement of Modules Based TCT Configurations of Partial Shaded PV Array with Shade Dispersion Method
Get PDFThe conventional Total-Cross-Tied (TCT) Solar photovoltaic (SPV) array configuration has the highest power output as compared to other configurations or topologies in most cases of partial shading. But the performance of TCT configuration is affected under shading conditions, resulting in multiple peaks occurring in the output PV characteristics. To improve the performance of TCT array configuration under different shading scenarios, it is only necessary to reposition or rearrange the PV modules in the TCT Solar PV array based on the arrangement of puzzle numbers, without altering the electrical contacts of the TCT array configuration. The main objective of this study is to investigate the performance of rearrangement of modules in SPV array based new TCT array configurations with shade dispersion technique and compare the global maximum peak power (GMPP) of SPV array, mismatch losses, Fill-Factor, efficiency and number of required electrical connections or ties between array modules with proposed optimal arrangement of modules under shading (non-uniform irradiance) conditions. For this study, one uniform irradiance case and total 14 partial shading patterns were considered. MATLAB/Simulink software was used for modeling and simulation of 6×6 size different rearrangement based TCT array and proposed optimal SPV array configurations.Citation: BALARAJU, V., and Chengaiah, C. (2020). A Comprehensive Study on Re-arrangement of Modules Based TCT Configurations of Partial Shaded PV Array with Shade Dispersion Method. Trends in Renewable Energy, 6, 37-60. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2020.6.1.0011
Business Analytics and IT in Smart Grid - Part 3: New Application Aspect and the Quantitative Mitigation Analysis of Piecewise Monotonic Data Approximations on the iSHM Class Map Footprints of Overhead Low-Voltage Broadband over Power Lines Topologies Contaminated by Measurement Differences
Get PDFBig data that overwhelm smart grid (SG) are susceptible to errors that can further affect business analytics and related human decisions. In [1], the impact of measurement differences that follow various distributions has been examined via initial Statistical Hybrid Model (iSHM) footprints while the mitigation impact of piecewise monotonic data approximations has been qualitatively assessed via corresponding iSHM footprints in [2]. In this companion paper, the potential of applying piecewise monotonic data approximations in the intrinsic procedure of iSHM rather than its inputs and the quantitative mitigation analysis of piecewise monotonic data approximations against measurement differences via iSHM footprints are proposed for the overhead low-voltage broadband over power lines (OV LV BPL) topologies.Citation: Lazaropoulos, A. (2020). Business Analytics and IT in Smart Grid - Part 3: New Application Aspect and the Quantitative Mitigation Analysis of Piecewise Monotonic Data Approximations on the iSHM Class Map Footprints of Overhead Low-Voltage Broadband over Power Lines Topologies Contaminated by Measurement Differences. Trends in Renewable Energy, 6(2), 214-233. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.17737/tre.2020.6.2.0011
The Role of Information Technology Department against the Hook Style Energy Theft in Smart Cities - Ad-Hoc Overhead Low-Voltage Broadband over Power Lines (OV LV BPL) Networks
Get PDFThis paper investigates the possibility of detecting the hook style energy theft in the overhead low-voltage (OV LV) power grids through the hook style energy theft method (HS-DET method) when ad-hoc overhead Low-Voltage Broadband over Power Lines (OV LV BPL) networks are deployed by the Information Technology departments of the power utilities. Without the need for the deployment of a complete and permanent OV LV BPL network across the OV LV power grid, the impact of the deviation from the initial measurement positions and of longer ad-hoc OV LV BPL topologies on the detection efficiency of HS-DET method is assessed by using the already validated percent error sum (PES) metrics and appropriate contour plots.Citation: Lazaropoulos, A. (2019). The Role of Information Technology Department against the Hook Style Energy Theft in Smart Cities - Ad-Hoc Overhead Low-Voltage Broadband over Power Lines (OV LV BPL) Networks. Trends in Renewable Energy, 5(2), 117-150. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.17737/tre.2019.5.2.009