Trends in Renewable Energy
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Current Status of Research on Methanol as an Alternative Fuel to Conventional Fuels
Get PDFWith the rapid development of China's economy and society, the domestic demand for automobiles is growing explosively. At the same time, the dependence of China's crude oil on foreign countries exceeds 65%. This is a great hidden danger to the sustainable development of China's economy and energy security. Automobile consumes a large amount of petroleum resources, and automobile exhaust is one of the main factors causing environmental pollution. In view of the dual pressure of energy saving and emission reduction, methanol has been favored by many researchers for its many advantages (such as cleanliness, environmental protection, renewable and high accessibility). In this paper, the resource extensibility of methanol, the physicochemical properties of methanol, the application characteristics of methanol in internal combustion engine and the comparison of the combustion performance of methanol with traditional fuels are summarized and analyzed. Citation: Lan, D. (2022). Current Status of Research on Methanol as an Alternative Fuel to Conventional Fuels. Trends in Renewable Energy, 9(1), 22-33. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.17737/tre.2023.9.1.0014
Energy Conversion and Conservation Technology in Facing Net Zero-Emission Conditions and Supporting National Defense
Get PDFConversion technology is a solution that was born to solve energy problems and human needs. Without energy, all human activities ranging from households and jobs to the industry cannot work as they should, but energy conversion that uses conventional fuels will cause new issues such as climate changes. Therefore, energy conservation is very important for sustainability and energy saving. So, by reducing energy use, the pollution produced will decrease. This paper focuses on the introduction of energy conversion and conservation technology based on a qualitative literature review to deal with net-zero emission conditions. The conversion technology is environmentally friendly and efficient, and is committed to following the international Net Zero Emissions (NZE) agreement, renewable energy conversion technology and new technologies (fuel cells) to meet Indonesia's defense equipment and defense needs. Indonesia's energy use (2019) consists of oil 35%, coal 37.3%, gas 18.5%, hydropower 2.5%, geothermal 1.7%, biofuel 3%, and other renewables at nearly 2%. In 2013 Indonesia's recoverable shale resources obtained a value of 8 Billion Barrels. Because of that the total CO2 emissions resulting from energy use in Indonesia are 581 MtCO2 in 2019. Efforts to fulfil Indonesia's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) continue to be carried out, so that Indonesia's target is to enter a state of net-zero emission by 2060. Fuel cell technology has the potential to be applied in the Indonesian National Army, because of its relatively small size, light weight, zero-emission, high specific energy and zero-noise.Citation: Idris, A., Sasongko, N., & Kuntjoro, Y. (2022). Energy Conversion and Conservation Technology in Facing Net Zero-Emission Conditions and Supporting National Defense. Trends in Renewable Energy, 8(1), 49-66. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.17737/tre.2022.8.1.0013
Introduction of Abnormal Combustion in Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines and the Detection Method
Get PDFAs a clean, environmentally friendly and renewable energy source, hydrogen as an alternative engine fuel can greatly reduce atmospheric pollution and alleviate the shortage of oil resources, and is the most promising alternative fuel for vehicles among new fuels. However, due to its fast combustion rate and wide ignition limit, hydrogen often shows abnormal combustion phenomena (such as pre-ignition, backfire and knock), when it is used in the engine, thus affecting the performance and normal use of engines. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen as an alternative fuel for the engine are summarized according to the characteristics of hydrogen. On this basis, the mechanism, influence factors and harm of abnormal combustion in the hydrogen internal combustion engine are analyzed and summarized, which provides a theoretical basis for solving abnormal combustion problems. Finally, several commonly used abnormal combustion detection methods are summarized.Citation: Liu, J. (2022). Introduction of Abnormal Combustion in Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines and the Detection Method. Trends in Renewable Energy, 8, 38-48. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2022.8.1.0013
Application and Research Progress of Heat Pipe in Thermal Management of Lithium-Ion Battery
Get PDFLithium-ion batteries have the advantages of high energy density, high average output voltage, long service life, and environmental protection, and are widely used in the power system of new energy vehicles. However, during the working process of the battery, the working temperature is too high or too low, which will affect the charging and discharging performance, battery capacity and battery safety. As a result, a battery thermal management system (BTMS) is essential to maintain the proper ambient temperature of the working battery. Thermal management of power batteries is a key technology to ensure maximum battery safety and efficiency. This paper discusses the significance of thermal management technology in the development of new energy vehicles, introduces the main technical means of thermal management of lithium-ion batteries for vehicle, and focuses on the current state of research on the use of various types of heat pipes in lithium-ion batteries. Finally, the use of heat pipes in the thermal control of lithium-ion batteries is promising.Citation: Ning, Y., Tao, R., Luo, J., and Hu, Q. (2022). Application and Research Progress of Heat Pipe in Thermal Management of Lithium-Ion Battery. Trends in Renewable Energy, 8, 130-144. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2022.8.2.0014
Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN) Algorithm for Predicting Wind Speed Patterns in East Nusa Tenggara
Get PDFThe Paris agreement compels all countries to make major contributions to the zero-emission scheme, a legally binding international treaty on climate change. This fulfilment must be supported by technological developments towards Society 5.0, forcing every country to develop renewable energy (clean energy) on a large scale. One of the renewable energies with the highest efficiency is wind power generation. Its construction requires a large cost, and the best location must consider the high wind speed. East Nusa Tenggara Province is one of the locations in the border area with insufficient electricity. The choice of location was supported by military operations in guarding the border which required a lot of energy. Therefore, it is necessary to predict wind speed patterns based on historical data from the database so that wind power plants can be realized. One of the best methods for long-term prediction of wind speed is the backpropagation neural network (BPPN) method. Wind speed data was used from January 2003 to December 2020 with a total of 216 data sets obtained from NASA. It should be noted that January 2003 to December 2010 data is positioned as input data, while training target data is from January 2011-December 2015. Validation data is determined from January 2016-December 2020. The best predictive architecture model is 8-11-5- 5, learning rate is 0.4 and epoch is 20,000. Prediction accuracy is very good with a mean square error (MSE) value of 0.007634 and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 11.62783. The highest wind speed was shown in February 2018 as 10.75 m/s.Citation: Gunawan, A., Thamrin, S., Kuntjoro, Y. D., and Idris, A. M. (2022). Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN) Algorithm for Predicting Wind Speed Patterns in East Nusa Tenggara. Trends in Renewable Energy, 8, 107-118. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2022.8.2.0014
Life Cycle Assessment of a Coke Cleaning Agent
Get PDFThe life cycle assessment of the coke cleaning agent developed by a university-enterprise cooperation project was conducted. This cleaning agent has the characteristics of phosphorus-free, environmentally friendly, and broad market prospects. The life cycle assessment of the established model showed that the GWP of producing 1kg of coke cleaning agent is 1.19 kg CO2 eq, PED is 13.17 MJ, WU is 186.74 kg, AP is 3.63E-03 kg SO2 eq, ADP is 7.75E-05 kg antimony eq, EP is 1.30E-03 kg PO43-eq, RI is 1.16E-03 kg PM2.5 eq, ODP is 4.63E-06 kg CFC-11 eq, and POFP is 1.85E-03 kg NMVOC eq .The uncertainty of the results is between 4.20% and 24.05%. The carbon footprint (GWP) analysis showed that the production process of isotridecanol polyoxyethylene ether, isopropanol, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether M and isodecanol polyoxyethylene ether contributed significantly. The average sensitivity analysis showed that the most influential processes were sodium lauryl amphoacetate, isopropanol, and tripropylene glycol methyl ether. Citation: Gong, Y., Yang, C., Qu, Y., Li, J., Yang, B., Ding, Y., and Zhang, B. (2022). Life Cycle Assessment of a Coke Cleaning Agent. Trends in Renewable Energy, 8(1), 67-83. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2022.8.1.0014
A Review of the Effect of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) on Combustion and Emission Performance of Internal Combustion Engines
Get PDFIn order to reduce the environmental pollution caused by conventional internal combustion engines, the application of natural gas in internal combustion engines and the combustion and emission performance of natural gas internal combustion engines have been widely studied by scholars. Because the physical and chemical properties of natural gas are different from those of conventional gasoline or diesel, the operating performance of natural gas internal combustion engines in practical applications is also different from that of conventional internal combustion engines. This paper presents the physicochemical properties of compressed natural gas, the two combustion modes (premixed combustion and non-homogeneous diffusion combustion) in internal combustion engines and the effect of compressed natural gas on the performance of internal combustion engines. Compared with gasoline engines, natural gas internal combustion engines have relatively lower power and higher effective power loss; lower effective fuel consumption rate in terms of economy; and lower CO and NOx emissions than gasoline engines in terms of emissions.Citation: Liang, Y. (2022). A Review of the Effect of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) on Combustion and Emission Performance of Internal Combustion Engines. Trends in Renewable Energy, 8, 119-129. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2022.8.2.0014
Current Status of Research on Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines
Get PDFIn this paper, the research on biodiesel or blending with other fuels is reviewed. Based on the current status of biodiesel research, this paper introduces the current research progress, combustion and emission characteristics, blending with other fuels, and development direction of biodiesel. The combustion, emission, and spray of biodiesel are not exactly the same as diesel, so it is not suitable to be used directly in diesel engines. Biodiesel can be blended with diesel, ethanol, ammonia and other fuels to improve its power performance and reduce harmful emissions. This review can serve as an important reference for those who want to engage in biodiesel research, and a quick understanding of biodiesel research before.Citation: Liu, G. (2022). Current Status of Research on Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines. Trends in Renewable Energy, 9(1), 11-21. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.17737/tre.2023.9.1.0014
World on the Road to 100% Renewable Energy
Get PDFIn the study, the current and future status of renewable energy resources were compiled in the light of large databases of national and international renewable energy institutions, and the latest situation in the world in the transition to 100% renewable energy was examined. The extent of the goal for the transition to 100% renewable energy has been determined, and predictions have been made based on all this information. In today’s world where energy and environmental problems are on the agenda, countries’ transition to renewable energy is the primary solution. This goal is called the transition to 100% renewable energy, which brings advantages such as providing needed energy and producing clean energy. Today, renewable energy sources account for more than one-third of the global energy capacity, and the world is rapidly moving towards 100% renewable energy. Compared with 2017, the total amount of renewable energy in 2018 increased by 181 GW, and the number of countries with an increase in the proportion of renewable energy increased. Taking into account the external dependence of the use of fossil fuels and environmental issues, this development is at a promising level in the future. In order to shift from highly polluting oil resources to natural gas and renewable resources, this article aims to investigate the current global energy transition trends, and then propose some important strategies to get closer to upstream goals and obligations in this way.Citation: Norouzi, N., and Fani, M. (2021). World on the Road to 100% Renewable Energy. Trends in Renewable Energy, 7, 114-126. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2021.7.1.0013
Life Cycle Assessment of A Hydrocarbon-based Electrified Cleaning Agent
Get PDFThe electrified cleaning agent requires a moderate volatilization rate, low ozone-depleting substances value, non-flammable, non-explosive and other characteristics. This study performed a whole life cycle assessment on a hydrocarbon-based electrified cleaning agent. The life cycle model is cradle-to-grave, and the background data sets include power grid, transportation, high-density polyethylene, chemicals, etc. The analysis shows that the global warming potential (GWP) of the life cycle of 1 kg of electrified cleaning agent is 2.08 kg CO2 eq, acidification potential (AP) is 9.49E-03 kg SO2 eq, eutrophication potential (EP) is 1.18E-03 kg PO43-eq, respirable inorganic matter (RI) is 2.13E- 03 kg PM2.5 eq, ozone depletion potential (ODP) is 4.91E-05 kg CFC-11 eq, photochemical ozone formation potential (POFP) is 2.89E-02 kg NMVOC eq, ionizing radiation-human health potential (IRP) is 3.16E-02 kg U235 eq, ecotoxicity (ET) is 2.69E-01 CTUe, human toxicity-carcinogenic (HT-cancer) is 4.32E-08 CTUh, and human toxicity-non-carcinogenic (HT-non cancer) is 2.31E-07 CTUh. The uncertainty of the results is between 3.46-9.95%.The four processes of tetrachloroethylene production, D40 solvent oil production, tetrachloroethylene environmental discharge during product use, and electricity usage during product disposal have substantial effects on each LCA indicator, so they are the focus of process improvement. Changes in power consumption during production and transportation distance of raw materials have little effect on total carbon emissions. Compared with the production process of single-solvent electrified cleaning agent tetrachloroethylene and n-bromopropane, the production of the electrified cleaning agent developed in this study has its own advantages in terms of carbon footprint and other environmental impact indicators. Carbon emissions mainly come from the power consumption of each process, natural gas production and combustion, and other energy materials for heating. It is recommended to use renewable raw materials instead of crude oil to obtain carbon credits based on geographical advantages, and try to use production processes with lower carbon emissions, while the exhaust gas from the traditional production process is strictly absorbed and purified before being discharged