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Honor w krainie niekonsekwencji. Wokół myśli Józefa Tischnera, Adama Michnika i Leszka Kołakowskiego
No full textHonor is one of the values permanently inscribed in the traditional ethos of the Polish culture. In the past centuries, it was a feature distinguishing only one social class – the nobility. However, as a result of cultural changes, the concept of honor was democratized, thus entering the universal system of values, shaping the entire social structure. The above notwithstanding, the understanding of this concept had not become homogenized in the process. Even today, one can still observe the concurrence of different styles of thinking about honor, manifest in a variety of coexisting patterns of honorable behavior and particular attitudes to honor, whose respective uniqueness depends on socio-cultural contexts. It is, therefore, possible to speak of the honor of peasants or Highlanders, or of the honor of an oppositionist or an intellectual, and it stands to reason that in each case the sense of the concept will prove to be slightly different. In this text, the author presents the results of an analysis of the ways in which honor is understood by Józef Tischner and Leszek Kołakowski – two Polish thinkers who played important roles in the intellectual life of Poland in the second half of the twentieth century. These considerations are further complemented by a reflection on one of the leading activists of the democratic opposition in the final years of the Polish People’s Republic, an influential writer, journalist, editor, author of Z dziejów honoru w Polsce. Wypisy więzienne [From the History of Honor in Poland. Prison Notes] and numerous other books – Adam Michnik. An insight into his views on honor, and the reflection on the stance he adopted, combined with the analysis of Tischner’s position, allows the author to reconstruct Leszek Kołakowski’s ideal of honor, whose currency transgresses time.Honor jest jedną z wartości trwale wpisanych w tradycyjny ethos polskiej kultury. W dawnych wiekach był wyróżnikiem jednej tylko warstwy społecznej – szlachty, lecz w wyniku przemian kulturowych pojęcie honoru uległo demokratyzacji i zagościło w uniwersalnym systemie wartości obejmującym całą strukturę społeczną. Rozumienie tego pojęcia nie uległo jednak homogenizacji. Można zatem dostrzec różne style myślenia o honorze i różne wzorce postaw człowieka honorowego w zależności od kontekstu społeczno-kulturowego. Są przesłanki, by mówić między innymi – każdorazowo w nieco innym znaczeniu tego słowa – o honorze chłopskim, góralskim, inteligenckim, o honorze opozycjonisty czy intelektualisty. W przedstawionym tekście autor prezentuje wyniki analizy sposobów rozumienia honoru u dwóch polskich myślicieli, którzy odegrali ważną rolę w polskim życiu intelektualnym drugiej połowy XX wieku – Józefa Tischnera i Leszka Kołakowskiego. Uzupełnieniem rozważań jest ukazanie postawy i poglądów Adama Michnika, jednego z czołowych działaczy opozycji demokratycznej ostatnich lat PRL oraz wpływowego pisarza, publicysty i redaktora, autora między innymi książki Z dziejów honoru w Polsce. Wgląd w jego refleksję na temat honoru połączony z analizą stanowiska Tischnera pozwala autorowi podjąć próbę rekonstrukcji ideału honoru u Kołakowskiego – ideału, którego ważność jest ponadczasowa
Un gesuita tedesco contro la tortura agli inizi del Seicento Friedrich Spee von Langenfeld
No full textWitch hunts were common in many European countries in the modern period. The period of the greatest persecution on the German area was between the second half of the 16th and the first half of the 17th century. Friedrich Spee von Langenfeld was one of the most determined opponents of witchcraft trials. This German Jesuit, professor, and poet was a staunch opponent of the trials involving torture. As a confessor to the women sent to the stake during executions, he wrote Cautio Criminalis – a work depicting not only the cruelty of the trials but also condemning all those responsible for the judgments and sentences handed down.Witch hunts were common in many European countries in the modern period. The period of the greatest persecution on the German area was between the second half of the 16th and the first half of the 17th century. Friedrich Spee von Langenfeld was one of the most determined opponents of witchcraft trials. This German Jesuit, professor, and poet was a staunch opponent of the trials involving torture. As a confessor to the women sent to the stake during executions, he wrote Cautio Criminalis – a work depicting not only the cruelty of the trials but also condemning all those responsible for the judgments and sentences handed down.
Przyczyny i następstwa desakralizacji – problemy adaptacji obiektów sakralnych do nowych funkcji
No full textAdaptation of sacred buildings to new functions is an increasingly common subject in Europe. The article discusses the causes of desacralization – secularization and laicization of society – and its effects, as well as the subject of deconsecration (removal of the church’s consecration) analysed in the light of the provisions of the Code of Canon Law. Examples of adaptations of European sacred buildings to new purposes were described, allowing the subject to be presented in the most comprehensive manner possible.Problematyka związana z adaptacją obiektów sakralnych do nowych funkcji pojawia się w Europie coraz częściej. W artykule omówiono przyczyny desakralizacji – zjawiska sekularyzacji i laicyzacji społeczeństwa, a także jej następstwa – problematykę zniesienia święceń z kościoła czyli eskksekrację, która została zanalizowana w świetle zapisów Kodeksu Prawa Kanonicznego. Dokonano opisu adaptacji obiektów sakralnych do nowych funkcji na wybranych europejskich przykładach, które pozwoliły na przedstawienie tematyki w najszerszy możliwy sposób
Nędza kondycji ludzkiej i religia
No full textThe present essay is devoted to various aspects of the misery of the human condition and their references to religion, as conceived of by Leszek Kołakowski and Józef Tischner. After a preliminary presentation of the two thinkers, the author discusses example aspects of the misery in question, showing at what points Kołakowski’s thinking differed from that of Tischner. However, the author finds that the key issue is the evolution that took place in the views on this subject in each one of them. This evolution shows that Kołakowski’s and Tischner’s hopes for overcoming that which each one of them, in his own manner, understood as the misery of the human condition in the Polish localness were not fulfilled. Thus, Poles did not manage to attain universalism, as perceived by both the thinkers in the context of the Western European culture. This finding, however, involves a question about what in the contemporary culture, and particularly religion is local, and what is universal.Niniejszy esej jest poświęcony różnym aspektom nędzy kondycji ludzkiej i ich odniesieniom do religii, tak jak rozumieli tę kwestię Leszek Kołakowski i Józef Tischner. Po wstępnej prezentacji postaci obu myślicieli autor omawia przykładowe aspekty wspomnianej nędzy, pokazując zarazem, w jakich punktach myślenie Kołakowskiego różniło się od myślenia Tischnera. Kluczową kwestią jest jednak dla autora ewolucja, jaka dokonała się w poglądach na ten temat u każdego z nich z osobna. Ewolucja ta pokazuje, że nie spełniły się nadzieje Kołakowskiego i Tischnera na przezwyciężenie tego, co każdy z nich na swój sposób rozumiał jako nędzę kondycji ludzkiej w polskiej lokalności. Tym samym Polakom nie było dane dojście do uniwersalizmu, postrzeganego przez obu myślicieli w kontekście kultury zachodnio-europejskiej. Stwierdzenie to pociąga jednak za sobą pytanie, co we współczesnej kulturze, a zwłaszcza religii jest lokalne, a co uniwersalne
Общественно-политическая активность польской шляхты Правобережной Украине в конце XIX – начале ХХ века
No full textThe article deals with the socio-political life of the Polish nobility of the Kiev province in the late nineteenth – early twentieth century. After the January Uprising of 1863, a characteristic feature of tsarist policy was the russification of the Polish people in Ukraine, especially the wealthy. From the end of the XIX century begin to create the first political parties and organizations. Large landowners and nobility join these political processes. The Polish social movement of the Right Bank of Ukraine is characterized and activity of the Polish organizations of nationalist, charitable, cultural and educational orientation at the beginning of the XX century is considered.The article deals with the socio-political life of the Polish nobility of the Kiev province in the late nineteenth – early twentieth century. After the January Uprising of 1863, a characteristic feature of tsarist policy was the russification of the Polish people in Ukraine, especially the wealthy. From the end of the XIX century begin to create the first political parties and organizations. Large landowners and nobility join these political processes. The Polish social movement of the Right Bank of Ukraine is characterized and activity of the Polish organizations of nationalist, charitable, cultural and educational orientation at the beginning of the XX century is considered
Powstanie Prowincji Małopolskiej Towarzystwa Jezusowego w 1926 r.
No full textThe aim of the article is to present the process of establishing the Society of Jesus in the Małopolska Province. The article will discuss the division of the Polish Province of the Society of Jesus in 1925, from which two new administrative units of the Jesuit Order emerged: the Polish Province and the Małopolska Vice Province. Then, the functioning of the Małopolska Vice Province until 1926 and the finalization of the division of the Polish Province and the establishment of the Małopolska Province will be presented.The aim of the article is to present the process of establishing the Society of Jesus in the Małopolska Province. The article will discuss the division of the Polish Province of the Society of Jesus in 1925, from which two new administrative units of the Jesuit Order emerged: the Polish Province and the Małopolska Vice Province. Then, the functioning of the Małopolska Vice Province until 1926 and the finalization of the division of the Polish Province and the establishment of the Małopolska Province will be presented
Konserwatyści galicyjscy wobec kwestii ukraińskiej w okresie rządów namiestnika księcia Eustachego Sanguszki (1895–1898)
No full textThe article presents the policy of the Galician conservatives towards the Ukrainian in the years 1895–1898. During this period, Prince Eustachy Sanguszko was the governor of Galicia. According to an unanimous opinion, he was to be a continuator of Kazimierz Badeni’s political line in the field of Polish-Ukrainian relations. Unfortunately, the governor did not manage to normalize mutual relations. This was due to, on the one hand, the rise in radical sentiment among the Ukrainian society, and on the other hand, the weakening of the political camp ruling the country caused, inter alia, by internal reshuffles. All this meant that instead of easing the mutual opposites, the Polish-Ukrainian conflict began to grow more and more.The article presents the policy of the Galician conservatives towards the Ukrainian in the years 1895–1898. During this period, Prince Eustachy Sanguszko was the governor of Galicia. According to an unanimous opinion, he was to be a continuator of Kazimierz Badeni’s political line in the field of Polish-Ukrainian relations. Unfortunately, the governor did not manage to normalize mutual relations. This was due to, on the one hand, the rise in radical sentiment among the Ukrainian society, and on the other hand, the weakening of the political camp ruling the country caused, inter alia, by internal reshuffles. All this meant that instead of easing the mutual opposites, the Polish-Ukrainian conflict began to grow more and more
Serve leadership adattiva per superare e risolvere le crisi
No full textAbstract Organizations can deal with emergencies, even those related to the covid-19 pandemic if led by creative leaders, which is a prerequisite for the professional affirmation and development of everyone in the organization. The author emphasizes the importance of the work of Heifetz, Linsky and Grashow who, fully referring to the principles of Darwin’s evolutionary biology, recalls the importance of “adaptive leadership”, characterized by the ability to change ways of thinking and acting.Abstract Organizations can deal with emergencies, even those related to the covid-19 pandemic if led by creative leaders, which is a prerequisite for the professional affirmation and development of everyone in the organization. The author emphasizes the importance of the work of Heifetz, Linsky and Grashow who, fully referring to the principles of Darwin’s evolutionary biology, recalls the importance of “adaptive leadership”, characterized by the ability to change ways of thinking and acting
Po wojnie o ujście Wisły. Wojsko kwarcianie w 1630 r. a zagrożenie turecko-tatarskie
No full textAfter the end of the war with Sweden over the Vistula Estuary in 1629, the quarter army moved to the Ukrainian lands at the beginning of 1630. At that time, the Poles were afraid of the invasion of the Kantemir’s Republic of Poland, but also of the Turks themselves, led by the Beillerbei from Ochakiv Murtazy Pasha. Poland was by no means prepared for such aggression. In Lviv, heavy negotiations of the military commission with soldiers considering the payment for the Prussian war. What is worse, a Cossack uprising broke out in Ukraine and Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski moved with the greater part of the army to suppress the rebellion. In addition, there was a confederation in the Polish army, headed by Janusz Wiliński, lieutenant of the Hussar banner, voivode of Bracław, Mikołaj Potocki. Eventually, all disputes were resolved. On the other hand, the growing conflict with the Ottoman Empire could be smoothed out again through diplomatic channels. Aleksander Piaseczyński was sent to Istanbul and he was assured that the peace treaty of 1623 was still in force. On the occasion, five articles were written in which the Polish side. It was stated there to stop the Cossack attacks and pay gifts to the Khan, and the Turks to remove the Nogai Horde from Budziak and ensure the security of the Crown borders by the Khanate.After the end of the war with Sweden over the Vistula Estuary in 1629, the quarter army moved to the Ukrainian lands at the beginning of 1630. At that time, the Poles were afraid of the invasion of the Kantemir’s Republic of Poland, but also of the Turks themselves, led by the Beillerbei from Ochakiv Murtazy Pasha. Poland was by no means prepared for such aggression. In Lviv, heavy negotiations of the military commission with soldiers considering the payment for the Prussian war. What is worse, a Cossack uprising broke out in Ukraine and Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski moved with the greater part of the army to suppress the rebellion. In addition, there was a confederation in the Polish army, headed by Janusz Wiliński, lieutenant of the Hussar banner, voivode of Bracław, Mikołaj Potocki. Eventually, all disputes were resolved. On the other hand, the growing conflict with the Ottoman Empire could be smoothed out again through diplomatic channels. Aleksander Piaseczyński was sent to Istanbul and he was assured that the peace treaty of 1623 was still in force. On the occasion, five articles were written in which the Polish side. It was stated there to stop the Cossack attacks and pay gifts to the Khan, and the Turks to remove the Nogai Horde from Budziak and ensure the security of the Crown borders by the Khanate
Remarks on Some Aspects of Messianism
No full textThis is an English translation of a paper by Emilia Ehrlich OSU (1924–2006), a long-time secretary and close associate of John Paul II, published in Polish in 1982. Ehrlich reviews the history of Polish Messianism and propounds its original theological interpretation. She compares Polish messianic ideas with the biblical sense of Messianism as well as with the concept of the messianic people found in the documents of Second Vatican Council and developed by Cardinal Karol Wojtyła in his Sources of Renewal. The teaching of the three offices of Christ, as she argues, allows a new theological assessment of many claims of Polish Messianism.This is an English translation of a paper by Emilia Ehrlich OSU (1924–2006), a long-time secretary and close associate of John Paul II, published in Polish in 1982. Ehrlich reviews the history of Polish Messianism and propounds its original theological interpretation. She compares Polish messianic ideas with the biblical sense of Messianism as well as with the concept of the messianic people found in the documents of Second Vatican Council and developed by Cardinal Karol Wojtyła in his Sources of Renewal. The teaching of the three offices of Christ, as she argues, allows a new theological assessment of many claims of Polish Messianism