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Visione messianica e realismo della storia in Giovanni Paolo II
No full textPaweł Rojek in his Liturgia dziejów [Liturgy of History] rightly pointed the importance of Polish messianism for the understanding of John Paul II. It is especially convincing when one consider the early poetry of the future Pope, the testimony of his personal secretary sister Emilia Ehrlich, and the importance of suffering, both in theological reflexion, and personal life of John Paul II. Nevertheless, papal messianism was a very special kind. First, the concept of nation, adopted by John Paul II, did not exclude the universal dimension of humanity. The pope applied the principles of his theology of nation not only for Poland, but also for many others nations, and in many occasions prised the multinational political formations. Secondly, for him, the missions of nations were connected rather with martyrdom than historical victories. Most importantly, John Paul II united the messianistic vision with a very realistic approach to the history. In result, his ideas turned out to be a fatal threat for communist regimes in Eastern Europe. The Solidarity movement in Poland, inspired by John Paul II, might be seen as an attempt of realisation of this specific messianistic vision.Paweł Rojek in his Liturgia dziejów [Liturgy of History] rightly pointed the importance of Polish messianism for the understanding of John Paul II. It is especially convincing when one consider the early poetry of the future Pope, the testimony of his personal secretary sister Emilia Ehrlich, and the importance of suffering, both in theological reflexion, and personal life of John Paul II. Nevertheless, papal messianism was a very special kind. First, the concept of nation, adopted by John Paul II, did not exclude the universal dimension of humanity. The pope applied the principles of his theology of nation not only for Poland, but also for many others nations, and in many occasions prised the multinational political formations. Secondly, for him, the missions of nations were connected rather with martyrdom than historical victories. Most importantly, John Paul II united the messianistic vision with a very realistic approach to the history. In result, his ideas turned out to be a fatal threat for communist regimes in Eastern Europe. The Solidarity movement in Poland, inspired by John Paul II, might be seen as an attempt of realisation of this specific messianistic vision.Paweł Rojek in his Liturgia dziejów [Liturgy of History] rightly pointed the importance of Polish messianism for the understanding of John Paul II. It is especially convincing when one consider the early poetry of the future Pope, the testimony of his personal secretary sister Emilia Ehrlich, and the importance of suffering, both in theological reflexion, and personal life of John Paul II. Nevertheless, papal messianism was a very special kind. First, the concept of nation, adopted by John Paul II, did not exclude the universal dimension of humanity. The pope applied the principles of his theology of nation not only for Poland, but also for many others nations, and in many occasions prised the multinational political formations. Secondly, for him, the missions of nations were connected rather with martyrdom than historical victories. Most importantly, John Paul II united the messianistic vision with a very realistic approach to the history. In result, his ideas turned out to be a fatal threat for communist regimes in Eastern Europe. The Solidarity movement in Poland, inspired by John Paul II, might be seen as an attempt of realisation of this specific messianistic vision
Pracownik organu nadrzędnego parafii katolickiej jako jej pełnomocnik procesowy
No full textAccording to the Polish law governing court proceedings in civil matters, parties may act before court as represented by court agents. A court agent of a legal person may be an employee its superior authority. The author in the article shows, using legal and theological arguments, that the superior authority of the Catholic parish is not a diocesan curia (as it was recognized by one of the courts in Poland), and not even a diocese, but only the diocesan bishop. As a consequence, only a person employed by the diocesan bishop can represent a parish before the courts.Zgodnie z polskim prawem regulującym postępowanie sądowe w sprawach cywilnych, strony mogą występować przed sądem poprzez pełnomocników sądowych. Pełnomocnikiem osoby prawnej może być pracownik organu nadrzędnego. Autor artykułu pokazuje, używając argumentów prawnych i teologicznych, że organ nadrzędny parafii katolickiej nie może być utożsamiany z kurią diecezjalną (jak uznał to jeden z sądów powszechnych w Polsce), a nawet nie jest nim diecezja, lecz jedynie biskup diecezjalny. W związku z tym tylko osoba zatrudniona przez biskupa diecezjalnego może reprezentować parafię przed sądami powszechnymi
Artysta Bolesław Jarosław Cybis: krótki szkic życia i twórczości do 1939 roku wraz z wyborem źródeł
No full textA sketch of life of an outstanding, but a little forgotten, artist Bolesław Jarosław Cybis, who lived in years 1895–1957, is presented in the article, but the author discusses only period till 1939. On the basis of an analyses of ma-terials five stages in his biography have been separated: Crimean-Petersburg (1895–1912), Kharkov (1912–1919), Istanbul (1920–1923), Varsovian (1923–1939) and American (1939–1957). The article has been based on sources that have been unknown so far. The materials are stored in the Archive of Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, and they are connected with studies, employment, and the artist’s private life. Special attention has been paid to Kharkov time which became the time of choosing an occupation and also time of avant-garde, a dominating arts movement at that time, which became also his style of creating.A sketch of life of an outstanding, but a little forgotten, artist Bolesław Jarosław Cybis, who lived in years 1895– 1957, is presented in the article, but the author discusses only period till 1939. On the basis of an analyses of materials five stages in his biography have been separated: Crimean-Petersburg (1895–1912), Kharkov (1912–1919), Istanbul (1920–1923), Varsovian (1923–1939) and American (1939–1957). The article has been based on sources that have been unknown so far. The materials are stored in the Archive of Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, and they are connected with studies, employment, and the artist’s private life. Special attention has been paid to Kharkov time which became the time of choosing an occupation and also time of avant-garde, a dominating arts movement at that time, which became also his style of creating
Senior policy as an element of local government activities in Tarnów
No full textThis article is an analysis of the social policy of practical activities implemented for seniors in the environment of their local residence. Tarnów was chosen as the local environment, in which seniors are the majority of the population. It discusses the principles of social policy, the resources of the Tarnów local government, activities and initiatives for seniors in Tarnów as well as the objectives and tasks of the Tarnów local government implemented in 2015–2020The analysis of social policy shows that the local government authorities in Tarnów organized many valuable and good initiatives for the benefit of seniors. This is demonstrated by the cafeteria of activities undertaken by social institutions (state and local government), non-governmental organizations, religious associations (church), and other economic entities (enterprises and business). However, there are some lacunae, especially in the area of care standards.This article is an analysis of the social policy of practical activities implemented for seniors in the environment of their local residence. Tarnów was chosen as the local environment, in which seniors are the majority of the population. It discusses the principles of social policy, the resources of the Tarnów local government, activities and initiatives for seniors in Tarnów as well as the objectives and tasks of the Tarnów local government implemented in 2015–2020The analysis of social policy shows that the local government authorities in Tarnów organized many valuable and good initiatives for the benefit of seniors. This is demonstrated by the cafeteria of activities undertaken by social institutions (state and local government), non-governmental organizations, religious associations (church), and other economic entities (enterprises and business). However, there are some lacunae, especially in the area of care standards
The Learning and teaching process of children from socially excluded communities
No full textThe current problem of the low standard of the educational system for pupils from socially excluded communities is that it is not a flexible system and the primary schools do not only provide an educational but also a space to socialize for children. It is important to create a functioning education strategy that will not only respond to specific aspects of the personality of children from excluded communities, but will also be able to create a stimulating environment for them to develop. The emergence of socially excluded communities is the result of several factors; some examples are the low social status of families, low level of parental education and school aspects in the locality where primary school is associated with segregation. The social development of children from an early age is influenced by the family and the environment where their education takes place.The current problem of the low standard of the educational system for pupils from socially excluded communities is that it is not a flexible system and the primary schools do not only provide an educational but also a space to socialize for children. It is important to create a functioning education strategy that will not only respond to specific aspects of the personality of children from excluded communities, but will also be able to create a stimulating environment for them to develop. The emergence of socially excluded communities is the result of several factors; some examples are the low social status of families, low level of parental education and school aspects in the locality where primary school is associated with segregation. The social development of children from an early age is influenced by the family and the environment where their education takes place
Honor in the land of inconsistency. On ethical reflections of Józef Tischner, Adam Michnik, and Leszek Kołakowski
No full textHonor is one of the values permanently inscribed in the traditional ethos of the Polish culture. In the past centuries, it was a feature distinguishing only one social class – the nobility. However, as a result of cultural changes, the concept of honor was democratized, thus entering the universal system of values, shaping the entire social structure. The above notwithstanding, the understanding of this concept had not become homogenized in the process. Even today, one can still observe the concurrence of different styles of thinking about honor, manifest in a variety of coexisting patterns of honorable behavior and particular attitudes to honor, whose respective uniqueness depends on socio-cultural contexts. It is, therefore, possible to speak of the honor of peasants or Highlanders, or of the honor of an oppositionist or an intellectual, and it stands to reason that in each case the sense of the concept will prove to be slightly different. In this text, the author presents the results of an analysis of the ways in which honor is understood by Józef Tischner and Leszek Kołakowski – two Polish thinkers who played important roles in the intellectual life of Poland in the second half of the twentieth century. These considerations are further complemented by a reflection on one of the leading activists of the democratic opposition in the final years of the Polish People’s Republic, an influential writer, journalist, editor, author of Z dziejów honoru w Polsce. Wypisy więzienne [From the History of Honor in Poland. Prison Notes] and numerous other books – Adam Michnik. An insight into his views on honor, and the reflection on the stance he adopted, combined with the analysis of Tischner’s position, allows the author to reconstruct Leszek Kołakowski’s ideal of honor, whose currency transgresses time.Honor is one of the values permanently inscribed in the traditional ethos of the Polish culture. In the past centuries, it was a feature distinguishing only one social class – the nobility. However, as a result of cultural changes, the concept of honor was democratized, thus entering the universal system of values, shaping the entire social structure. The above notwithstanding, the understanding of this concept had not become homogenized in the process. Even today, one can still observe the concurrence of different styles of thinking about honor, manifest in a variety of coexisting patterns of honorable behavior and particular attitudes to honor, whose respective uniqueness depends on socio-cultural contexts. It is, therefore, possible to speak of the honor of peasants or Highlanders, or of the honor of an oppositionist or an intellectual, and it stands to reason that in each case the sense of the concept will prove to be slightly different. In this text, the author presents the results of an analysis of the ways in which honor is understood by Józef Tischner and Leszek Kołakowski – two Polish thinkers who played important roles in the intellectual life of Poland in the second half of the twentieth century. These considerations are further complemented by a reflection on one of the leading activists of the democratic opposition in the final years of the Polish People’s Republic, an influential writer, journalist, editor, author of Z dziejów honoru w Polsce. Wypisy więzienne [From the History of Honor in Poland. Prison Notes] and numerous other books – Adam Michnik. An insight into his views on honor, and the reflection on the stance he adopted, combined with the analysis of Tischner’s position, allows the author to reconstruct Leszek Kołakowski’s ideal of honor, whose currency transgresses time
Z pałacu do klasztoru. Panowanie Zofii Aleksiejewnej – niekoronowanej carowej Rosji
No full textThe predecessors of Sophia Alekseyevna were as firmly embedded in the history of Russia as she was. An example would be Zoe Palaiologina, Elena Glinskaya, Marina Mniszech or Agafya Grushetskaya. Without a brief discussion of these women, it is impossible to understand the attempt to break out of the existing conventions of the protagonist of the paper. Thanks to her intelligence and character, Sophia became the guardian of two tsars. The boys did not have much to say during her regency. Her position was weakened by unsuccessful expeditions to Vasily Golitsyn. Struck down by Peter the Great and imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent, she tried to seize power without success.The predecessors of Sophia Alekseyevna were as firmly embedded in the history of Russia as she was. An example would be Zoe Palaiologina, Elena Glinskaya, Marina Mniszech or Agafya Grushetskaya. Without a brief discussion of these women, it is impossible to understand the attempt to break out of the existing conventions of the protagonist of the paper. Thanks to her intelligence and character, Sophia became the guardian of two tsars. The boys did not have much to say during her regency. Her position was weakened by unsuccessful expeditions to Vasily Golitsyn. Struck down by Peter the Great and imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent, she tried to seize power without success
Henryk IV Probus. Podstawowe problemy badawcze. Próba podsumowania, cz. 1
No full textThe figure of Henry IV Probus, despite the rich literature on the subject, still arouses interest and controversy. The subject of discussion is both the reconstruction of the facts related to this reign and the prince’s assessment. The article presents an overview of research positions on these issues. The work is also a short variant of the biography of Henryk Probus, in which the material presented in chronological terms concerns life and activities, as well as foreign and internal policy. The general image of the principality of Wrocław during the reign of Henry IV Probus was also presented, with particular emphasis on Wrocław as the capital of the principality.The figure of Henry IV Probus, despite the rich literature on the subject, still arouses interest and controversy. The subject of discussion is both the reconstruction of the facts related to this reign and the prince’s assessment. The article presents an overview of research positions on these issues. The work is also a short variant of the biography of Henryk Probus, in which the material presented in chronological terms concerns life and activities, as well as foreign and internal policy. The general image of the principality of Wrocław during the reign of Henry IV Probus was also presented, with particular emphasis on Wrocław as the capital of the principality
