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A preliminary investigation of the archaeology of whaling stations on the Southern Coast
Full text linkShore whaling represents the earliest period of European settlement in the lower South Island. While the history of whaling has been well documented, little systematic work has been carried out on the archaeology of whaling. A site survey was undertaken in order to establish a basis for any further investigation of shore whaling in the area. This initial brief was extended to include analysing an 1844 survey that included the Otakou station and an excavation of the Wellers Rock try-works at Otakou.
Throughout this work both the data collected and the methods used to collect it have been analysed and assessed
Prosopopoeia in Ciceronian Oratory
Full text linkThis thesis examines the form and function of prosopopoeia in Cicero’s speeches. Prosopopoeia – the rhetorical device in which an orator fabricates and delivers a discourse as another character – offers an alternative to the orator’s own speech for the communication of information and emotion. The most recent study on the device, D.S. Mayfield’s Variants of Rhetorical Ventriloquism, suggests that “it is always significant rhetorically in whose mouth words are being put – at what time, in which context and whose presence, by which means, and (above all) in the interest of what or whom” (Mayfield 2019, 147-148). This study seeks to evaluate Mayfield’s claim in the practice of Ciceronian oratory by examining when Cicero used the device, whom he portrayed, and how the device contributed to his persuasive aims.
A preliminary examination of extant rhetorical theory up to and including Quintilian provides context for Cicero’s practice, identifying a range of potential effects the device could enact. Ancient theory also raises several questions about taxonomical distinctions between types of prosopopoeia, which are briefly discussed to further contextualise Cicero’s practice. Following this, eight of Cicero’s speeches are discussed in chronological order: Pro Quinctio; Pro Roscio Amerino; In Verrem 2.5; the First Catilinarian; Pro Caelio; In Pisonem; Pro Plancio; and Pro Milone. Notable prosopopoeiae in these speeches are identified and evaluated in relation to their persuasive effect on the audience, identifying a diverse range of uses for the device such as generating indignation or pity, and the delineation of characters. Particular attention is paid to the significance of the choice of speaking character and to the emotion generated through the change in speaking-situation.
I argue that several patterns emerge in Cicero’s use of the device, many of which have a grounding in rhetorical theory. Moreover, I suggest that it is possible to divide Cicero’s use of prosopopoeia into three categories based on the type of speaking character: deceased and abstract individuals, representations of a client, and representations of an opponent. This investigation shows that these categories present different means of delineating characters, and are attuned to achieving different persuasive effects
Dietary Fat Intake and Contributing Food Sources of New Zealand Adolescents: Summarising a Decade
Full text linkBackground: Dietary fat is an essential macronutrient to support rapid growth and development during adolescence, in addition to maintaining numerous metabolic and physiological roles. However, adolescents are vulnerable to the development of poor dietary habits, typified by higher than recommended intakes of total and saturated fat, which may put them at increased risk of developing chronic diseases later in life. Up to date figures are unavailable due to it being a decade since any national nutrition data was collected among this population.
Objective: To investigate dietary fat intake and contributing food sources of fat among male and female adolescents 15-18 years in New Zealand, comparing intakes between the sexes and against current recommendations to highlight any changes over the past decade and identify areas of concern.
Design: The SuNDiAL (Survey of Nutrition Dietary Assessment and Lifestyle) study is a cross- sectional, multi-centre survey of 266 adolescent females and 135 males 15-18 years of age in New Zealand. Female participants in the study were enrolled between February and September 2019 while males were enrolled between February and April 2020. Self-administered questionnaires were used for the collection of demographic information as well as health and vegetarian status. Two non-consecutive 24-hour recalls were used to assess dietary intake and the Multiple Source Method (MSM) was used to adjust for usual intake. Dietary intake data was collated and analysed using the FoodWorks nutrient database. Anthropometric measures (weight and height) were taken during on-site visits to participating schools.
Results: Estimated mean intakes of total fat as a percentage of total energy in this study exceeded recommendations for both sexes (males: 37.5% (36.5-38.4); females: 36.5% (35.8-37.2)). Saturated Fatty Acid (SFA) intakes were also higher than recommended, with approximately 90% of the population not meeting the current Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR). Although improvement for polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) intakes were seen when compared to the Adult Nutrition Survey 2008/09 (ANS 08/09), intakes remain low (males: 5.6% (5.2-6.0); females: 5.5% (5.3-5.7). The major food groups of saturated fat for males included poultry, milk and cheese while for females they were cheese, bread-based dishes and biscuits. Primary food sources of polyunsaturated fat were poultry, nuts/seeds and grains/pasta for males, and nuts/seeds, bread and potatoes/kumara/taro for females.
Conclusion: While some positive differences were observed in fat intakes among New Zealand adolescents since the last national survey, overall levels are suboptimal and could be improved by reducing saturated fat and increasing polyunsaturated fat intake. Further research is required to evaluate fat intakes within a nationally representative sample and determine if trends seen in this study are characteristic of intakes across the whole population
Under Surveillance: Does Global Positioning System (GPS) Monitoring of Offenders Really Work and What Does the Dynamic Risk Assessment Offender Re-Entry (DRAOR) Really Tell Us?
Full text linkAppropriate supervision and risk assessments are critical in offender management, but require effective tools and accurate risk assessments to guide decisions and interventions appropriately. This research sought to investigate the effectiveness of Global Positioning System (GPS) monitoring in preventing re-offending, whilst considering the impact of GPS monitoring on the offender’s psychological and emotional wellbeing. The second aim was to evaluate the utility of the Dynamic Risk Assessment Offender Re-entry (DRAOR) in predicting future re-offending and examining whether such predictions were different in a matched sample of GPS monitored offenders (n = 220) versus non-GPS monitored (n =219) over a 24-month follow-up period. All participants were male offenders released from prison within New Zealand. The results showed statistically significant differences for ‘non-violent’ and ‘violent’ re-offending rates, with GPS monitoring being associated with lower rates of recidivism. The findings demonstrated that the DRAOR may be better at predicting violent and general recidivism, rather than technical violations and overall re-offending in this sample. There was no evidence of increased psychological distress in those men subject to GPS monitoring. The DRAOR’s utility in predicting re-offending came primarily from the Stable scale, demonstrating the highest predictive accuracy for re-offending when compared to the Acute and Protective scales. The final assessment predicted re-offending better than the initial assessment. The amount of change on the DRAOR scores was dependent on the individual’s re-offence status, in that the scores had decreased more substantially for those who did not re-offend compared to those who did, demonstrating the value in monitoring risk. However, the DRAOR’s utility in predicting future re-offending was essentially identical across GPS and non-GPS monitored groups
The Issue Of Teleology In Spinoza: A Defence Of The Standard Interpretation
Full text linkCurrent scholarship offers two competing accounts of Spinoza’s views on the issue of teleology, which I label Standard Interpretation and Modest Interpretation respectively. Several texts, including Ethics 1 Appendix, support the Standard Interpretation: they make the point that Spinoza rejects all forms of teleology and teleological explanations. A second group of remarks, most of which occur in Part 3 of the Ethics, suggests that the chief claim of the Modest Interpretation is correct: Spinoza seems to accept some meaningful forms of teleology and teleological explanations. In this thesis, I build a new case for the Standard Interpretation. I assess divine causality and human causality in Spinoza and show that, given other Spinozistic assumptions, one and the same activity underlies all of causation. In particular, two metaphysical commitments preclude Spinoza’s endorsement of divine teleology: causal determinism and necessitarianism. These commitments amount to a failure to meet two conditions that Spinoza places on final causation: (i) that an agent has the ability to choose freely, and (ii) that an agent chooses among a range of possible states. I show that Spinoza’s reasons for rejecting teleology in God also apply mutatis mutandis to the activity of singular things. By providing such an account I hope to debunk one of the main assumptions of the Modest Interpretation: namely, that Spinoza’s fundamental distinction between substance and mode gives him the flexibility to deny teleological activity to God but to attribute it to finite beings
Modern Treaty Making and the Limits of the Law
No full textIn recent years, several Australian states have formally committed to treaty negotiations with the First Peoples whose traditional lands they claim. The emerging treaty processes in Australia build on both the comprehensive land claim agreements currently under negotiation in Canada, as well as the historic treaties struck between First Peoples and colonial powers in North America and Aotearoa New Zealand. Parties engaged in these negotiations appropriately view treaties as mechanisms through which First Peoples and non-Indigenous political communities can settle ongoing tensions surrounding political autonomy, citizenship, and pluralism. However, it is not clear whether these processes can produce such outcomes. In this paper, we contend that although fairer processes of negotiation may avoid some of the problems of historic treaties, modern treaty making in Canada, Australia, and elsewhere, will fail to meet the parties’ aspirations unless greater attention is paid to building relational characteristics. We do so by outlining the promises and perils in modern treaty making with an eye towards understanding the limits of the law.Peer Reviewe
Sex workers challenging stereotypes: a case study in Dunedin, New Zealand
Full text linkThis thesis examines the nature of social stigmatization surrounding prostitution in New Zealand, and the ways in which the public reacts to perceived problems of prostitution.
It is important to recognise that prostitution is a broad term that encompasses situations from forced sexual slavery and trafficking of women, to legal, voluntary sex work. In New Zealand sex work is largely voluntary, as in many other 'western' countries. The 1995 UN Beijing Women's Conference differentiated between forced and voluntary prostitution, reflecting the opinion that different forms of prostitution exist, not all necessarily abusive or exploitative. In New Zealand, as in other places, prostitution is quietly tolerated; laws exist to criminalise it but no serious attempt is ever made to eradicate the problem. Many would argue, though, that it should be eradicated. Prostitution is construed as a social problem. For many people the institution of prostitution represents the degradation of women. 'Red light' areas, street walkers, and brothels are viewed as a symbol of urban decay and a direct assault on proper moral standards. By contrast, however, many prostitutes themselves view sex work as a legitimate occupation, and argue that it should not be subject to moral condemnation or prohibitive legislation. This gap between public perceptions of prostitution, and sex workers' own opinions are an important aspect of the 'problem of prostitution'.
Prostitutes are typically treated as 'other', differentiated from 'respectable' women. Many sex workers criticise the simplistic stereotypes that are often used to characterise the 'prostitute world', however. The stereotypical portrayals of the prostitute usually involve themes such as prostitutes as degraded victims; as spreaders of disease; or as junkies. Prostitution is a metaphor for criminality, violence, drugs, and degradation. But while these are often taken as common sense 'facts' of prostitution, many sex workers contest these characterisations that are assumed to be inherent in prostitution. Many workers argue that those stereotypes of prostitution are not how they have personally experienced selling sex.
The wide range of sex workers' experiential voices that have emerged over the past few decades has led to a change in the nature of theoretical discussions on prostitution. First-hand accounts have problematised universal theories on prostitution by the diversity of opinions and experiences from different women and men selling sex. Workers have described situations of complete control and sexual empowerment within the contract, to situations of abuse, exploitation, and degradation, and everything in between. These contradictions exist between workers as well as within the individual worker. The diversity and complexity of experiences have therefore disrupted large-scale theories that seek to reduce prostitution to universal models.
This thesis will examine the tension between sex workers' attitudes and the public conceptualisations of prostitution, looking at what the prostitution contract means for different groups. It also investigates how the popular stereotypes and myths surrounding commercial sex are constantly evoked, typically characterising prostitution as a site of violence and degradation. The sex workers' own perspectives are explored to show how the stereotypes usually fall short of giving a reasonable representation of commercial sex
Normalising the ‘ugly’ to Reduce Food Waste: Exploring the Socialisations that Form Appearance Preferences for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables
Full text linkFruits and vegetables that fail to conform to an aesthetic standard are labelled suboptimal and are often devalued and ultimately discarded. Although consumers perceive suboptimal produce negatively, little is known about how these perceptions are formed and indeed the socialisation process behind them. Using 11 focus group discussions with New Zealand children aged 5–11 years (N = 97), this study explores these socialisations. The results show that family practises around growing and repurposing suboptimal produce, learning about suboptimal produce waste, and acting on that knowledge when making produce choices, facilitates the acceptance of suboptimal produce. Alternatively, observations of parents' produce choice behaviours, and parents' instructions or norms for choosing, preparing, and eating produce socialise the rejection of suboptimal produce. The implications of the study show how environmental sustainability with respect to the food waste problem could be effectively addressed if public policy moves towards strategies that “normalise” suboptimal produce. The interventions recommended show how public campaigns would be more effective by targeting children, who are not only concerned about environmental sustainability, but also through their growing agency and positive pester‐power may influence households to reconsider how food is valued
Ideal Attributes of Functional Foods Helping the Immune System Recover From the Impact of Air Pollution: A Consumer-Led Product Design
Full text linkAir pollution is becoming an increasing problem in many developing economies with China being one of the countries most effected. Four Consumer Idealized Design (CID) workshops were conducted in Suzhou to explore the ideal product attributes consumers require in functional foods designed to combat the adverse impact of air pollution. A tablet was the most common format in the supplement designs and the majority of conventional-foods were designed as either snacks, drinks, or dairy options. Effective health claims were considered to be “boosting immunity” for products designed for long-term use and “relieving respiratory symptoms” for products designed for use in acute situations. Supplements and conventional-format functional foods were perceived as having different health benefits and target markets. Consumers’ attention to food safety suggested product producers should apply multi-methods to communicate the safety of their products to consumers. This study was the first to utilize CID workshops with Chinese consumers and will help inform industry product development
Health and wellbeing of under-25 year olds in MidCentral and Whanganui 2019
Full text linkIn this report the New Zealand Child and Youth Epidemiology Service (NZCYES) presents information to assist in the planning and funding of services that can collectively improve, promote and protect the health and wellbeing of children and young people aged under-25 years. This is the final of three age-based reports: indicators presented in 2017 had a focus on the first five years of life, and the 2018 report had a focus on the health and wellbeing of under-15 year olds.
Data for the indicators presented in this report were extracted in 2019 from a range of routinely collected national datasets. The report provides an analysis of the most recent data available for each indicator at the time of writing. Unadjusted rates should be interpreted in light of the differing patterns in age structure, ethnic composition, social and material deprivation in each DHB and in Aotearoa overall. Evidence for good practice is presented for each section, compiled from published scholarly literature and from publicly available guidelines, policies, and reports. Where possible, the evidence for good practice includes discussion of equity issues relevant to each indicator, to inform service planning and delivery.
The two review topics included in this report were selected by DHB representatives: Alcohol use in young people by Lee Smith and Promoting mental wellbeing in schools by Judith Adams and Georgia Richardson. These two sections of the report can inform strategies to promote health and wellbeing for all young people. Intervention and treatment services, supportive environments, and healthy cultural norms around drinking are some key components to addressing hazardous alcohol consumption in Aotearoa’s youngest generations. Through school-based initiatives, services can support the mental wellbeing of children and adolescents and thus invest in their long-term flourishing.
Navigating sexual and reproductive health is important to the lives of many young people. Information on reproductive planning and pregnancy rates can provide an indication about the accessibility of services and provide an indication about the future social and economic participation of this generation of young people and the sustainability of the overall population and economy.1 These indicators are presented in the section on Reproductive health.
The section on Mental Health presents information on the prevalence of selected mental health diagnoses in young people, the mental health services utilised by young people and the hospitalisations of young people that are associated with mental health issues.
Selected indicators about substance use and smoking, alcohol and drug service utilisation, and alcohol and drug hospitalisations are presented in the Substance use section. These indicators are important for overall wellbeing, growth, and long-term health of children and young people and inextricably linked to other wellbeing measures presented in the 2019 report.
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child establishes that every child is deserving of a state-level commitment towards the promotion of their social, spiritual and mental wellbeing, as well as towards their protection from all forms of violence and harm.2 The section on Safety and Security provides an overview of indicators relating to the protection of children and young people in Aotearoa, including information about assault and self-harm.
Supporting and adding value to the lives of children and young people with cancer is an important part of planning and funding decisions and is presented in the section on Cancer.
The report appendices describe the processes used in compiling information for these reports, including the methods used to develop evidence for good practice, and the statistical methods used in the data analyses. The appendices give further information about the data sources used for the indicators in the report, explanation about classification of ethnicity and social and material deprivation, and a list of the clinical codes relevant to each indicator.
In summary, the 2019 report on health and wellbeing of under-25 year olds presents data and interpretation on a set of relevant indicators extracted from national health datasets. The data used were the most recent available at the time of writing, and provide a snapshot of achievements and challenges in these areas. This report cannot address questions that require outpatient data, as these are not yet available at a national level. Developing systems that can provide a fuller picture of outpatient and primary health care data is important to inform child health service planning at national and DHB levels. The NZCYES is liaising with the Ministry of Health as they develop and roll out a patient flow system that will include primary care and outpatient data