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Permian arc volcanism and aspects of the general geology of the Skippers Range, NW Otago
Get PDFThe Skippers Range in NW Otago is a structurally isolated block bounded by the Alpine Fault to the northwest, the Glade-Darran Fault to the west and the Hollyford Fault to the east. Within it are five intrusive and fault bounded units: The Mantle Volcanics Formation, Twin Lakes Trondhjemite, Skippers Formation, Slip Hill Intrusives and Mount
Webb Gneiss. A small probably fault bounded conglomerate unit of unknown age occurs along the southwestern boundary of the Twin Lakes Trondhjemite.
The Mantle Volcanics Formation is an undeformed, moderately southwest dipping > 1300 m sequence of Early Permian pyroclastic and epiclastic volcanogenic marine sediments extensively intruded by cogenetic basaltic dikes and sills. The sediments are predominantly coarse breccias and crystal lithic tuffaceous sandstones deposited by debris- flows and high-density turbidites on the flanks of an active and at least partially emergent volcanic edifice. A diverse fossil fauna from a new locality has been collected and includes the first reported occurrence of Eurydesmidae in New Zealand. The intrusive rocks span a continuous range from high MgO to high Al2O3 tholeiitic basalts, are characteristically clinopyroxene phyric often with crystals of quite large size and many can be classed as ankaramites. The intrusive suite is shown to be derived from high MgO, Cr and Ni primary parental melts which are represented in the dikes. These melts were emplaced into high crustal levels and erupted often with high crystal contents but without having undergone significant fractionation. The rocks of the Mantle Volcanics Formation have an incipiently developed greenschist facies mineral assemblage but have not fully equilibrated to these conditions. The Mantle Volcanics Formation represents a portion of the Brook Street Terrane, a north trending discontinuous belt of lower Permian island-arc derived volcanics and volcaniclastic sediments offset by the Alpine Fault, and a discussion of this entity is included.
To the west of and separated from the Mantle Volcanics Formation by the Wilmot Fault and the Twin Lakes Trondhjemite pluton is the Skippers Formation with a structural thickness of approximately 2 km. This is composed of essentially three protolithic types: layered ultramafics, a crustal level basic dike/sill complex and highly deformed basaltic tuffaceous sediments. Taken together, these units represent scraps of dismembered island-arc basement possibly formed in a fore-arc setting. The whole of the Skippers Formation is characterised by well equilibrated greenschist facies and actinolite (after ?clinopyroxene) blastoporphyritic textures similar to clinopyroxene porphyritic textures in the Mantle Volcanics Formation are common in all three protoliths.
Three tabular granitoid plutons, the Twin Lakes Trondhjemite between the Mantle Volcanics and Skippers Formations and two coterminous dioritic bodies, Slip Hill Diorite and Slip Hill Granodiorite, between the Skippers Formation and schists and gneisses of the Mount Webb Gneiss are exposed in the Range. The contacts of the Twin Lakes Trondhjemite are presently faulted but there is evidence of it being intrusive into the Mantle Volcanics Formation and Skippers Formation placing a relative age constraint on their juxtaposition. The Slip Hill Intrusives are fault bounded to the east with the Skippers Formation and the Slip Hill Diorite is shown to be intrusive into the earlier deformed Mount Webb Gneiss. The Slip Hill Diorite is very similar to the Mistake Diorite, which intrudes Brook Street Terrane rocks in the Eglinton Valley, in terms of age (Early Triassic) and petrography.
The Mount Webb Gneiss was previously mapped and correlated with the Thurso Formation occurring along the coast of northern Fiordland. Some questions are raised as to the viability of this correlation
Dietary habits in relation to breakfast consumption among adolescent males in New Zealand
Get PDFBackground: Adolescence is a vulnerable period of life whereby dietary habits are still being formed. These habits include regular breakfast consumption, which has been linked to several health benefits, including a lower body mass index and overall better diet quality. Previous literature identified that breakfast is a meal commonly skipped by adolescents. Breakfast consumption and associated dietary habits of adolescents have not been examined in New Zealand since the Adult Nutrition Survey 08/09, thus it is necessary to provide up to date data on this.
Objective: To assess the dietary habits of male adolescents, aged 15-18 years, in New Zealand. In particular, this thesis will investigate associations between breakfast consumption patterns and weight status and overall diet quality of these adolescents.
Design: The SuNDiAL (Survey of Nutrition, Dietary Assessment and Lifestyles) project is a nationwide, cross-sectional study focusing on male adolescents between the ages of 15-18 years in New Zealand. Six schools were recruited throughout New Zealand, with a total of 135 participants completing enrolment. Of these participants, 122 completed a dietary habits questionnaire, which was used to determine frequency of breakfast intake as well as food group intakes. Dietary data was also obtained through two 24-hour dietary recalls which was used to calculate energy, macronutrients and fibre intake via FoodWorks. Height and weight were measured and the World Health Organisation growth charts were used to determine Z-scores. Socioeconomic status was defined based on the 2018 New Zealand Deprivation Index, categorising the participants into low, medium or high deprivation categories depending on their corresponding scores. The prioritised ethnicity method was used to allocate participants into one of the following ethnic groups: Māori, Pacific, Asian, New Zealand European and Others.
Results: The current study found that 57.4% of participants consumed breakfast every day, while 9.8% reported not usually consuming breakfast. Of those consuming breakfast regularly (≥5 days a week), 69% were of a healthy weight status, compared to 63% of those who never/rarely consumed breakfast. There were a higher percentage of participants in the high deprivation category consuming breakfast never/rarely compared to that of regular breakfast eaters. Regular breakfast eaters had higher mean energy intakes (10343 kJ/day (95% CI: 9749-10937)), along with mean fibre intakes (25.7 g/day (95% CI: 24-28)), and a higher percentage of energy from carbohydrates (44% of energy from carbohydrates), compared to those consuming breakfast never/rarely. Forty-eight percent and 21% of regular breakfast eaters met the MOH guidelines for servings of fruits and vegetables, respectively, compared to 25% and 10% respectively, for those never/rarely consuming breakfast.
Conclusion: This study indicates that, in New Zealand adolescent boys, regular breakfast consumption promotes healthier overall eating habits and is associated with a healthy weight status. The results of this study also identify areas that need improvement in terms of the breakfast consumption and associated dietary habits in New Zealand male adolescents. More specifically, those in high deprivation areas were more likely to skip breakfast. Further research, with a larger and more representative population, is required to validate the findings of this study
Added sugar intakes and food sources in New Zealand adolescent boys aged 15-18 years
Get PDFBackground: High added sugar intake is often associated with increased body weight and oral health problems. Despite media attention over the past few years, added sugar intake in adolescents was last assessed using the data from the New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey (NZ ANS) 08/09.
Objectives: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate added sugar intake and food sources in adolescent boys enrolled in New Zealand (NZ) secondary schools. The data in this thesis formed part of a nationwide study, the Survey of Nutrition Dietary Assessment and Lifestyle (SuNDiAL) project.
Design: Adolescent boys aged between 15 and 18-year-old enrolled in schools across NZ were recruited via in-school presentations. Once the participants consented, they were required to perform an online questionnaire asking their sociodemographic, health and dietary habits. Anthropometric measurements (height, weight, ulna length) and blood pressure were measured at schools. Dietary information was taken by performing two 24-hour dietary recalls (first was done in-person, second was done via phone/video call). Dietary data were entered into FoodWorks 9 (Xyris Software Australia Pty Ltd). Multiple Source Method (MSM) was used to adjust for usual intake. Intakes of total sugar and individual sugars (glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose) were reported. As added sugar variable was unavailable in the Foodfiles 2018 database, the amount of sucrose reported in this study was interpreted directly to be assumed added sugar. Natural sugar was calculated by deducting the amount of assumed added sugar from total sugar.
Results: The ethnicities distribution in this study was made up of 54.1% NZ European, 8.9% Maori, 2.2% Pacific and 30.4% Asian. Approximately 32% of the boys were classified as overweight or obese. The mean (95% CI) intake of total and assumed added sugar were 100 (92, 108) g/d and 44 (39.7, 48.3) g/d respectively. The top five contributing food sources of assumed added sugar were fruit; non-alcoholic beverages; sugar/sweets; cakes and muffins; biscuits. Most of the boys (99%) met the recommendation by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) of <10% of total energy intake from added sugar. When assumed added sugar was used in-place of free sugar, only about 4% of them met the conditional recommendation by the World Health Organization (WHO) of <5% of total energy intake from free sugar.
Conclusion: Compared with the last nationally representative nutrition survey, there appears to be a reduction in total and added sugar (sucrose) consumption. The results should be cautiously interpreted given the limitations in measuring added sugar intake. There is also a shift of food sources of added sugar where intake of non-alcoholic beverages has reduced. However, education on food sources of added sugar should still be focused on future nutritional interventions. This inclusion of added sugar as a variable in New Zealand FoodFiles would also provide a more robust estimate of added sugar intakes in this demographic. Therefore, our data collected from a convenience, non-representative sample are suggestive, rather than being definitive, of added sugar intakes in adolescent boys. This uncertainty in intake warrants further research at a nationally representative level. A survey of adolescent attitudes to added sugar could help clarify shifts in consumer purchasing
Agony, Exclusion and Colonial Reproduction: A critical examination of the Doctrine of Difference in Aotearoa New Zealand
No full textThis article examines how contemporary legal discourse perpetuates and reproduces colonial structures and some less risky alternatives. It does so through an inquiry into how First Peoples enter into legal relationships with the Crown. In this inquiry, we combine the doctrine of discovery, a well-known concept in the literature of Indigenous peoples and law, with the “dynamic of difference”, a concept stemming from ‘Third World Approaches to International Law’, to generate what we call the “doctrine of difference”. The doctrine of difference aids in orienting legal discourse within broader conceptualisations of power to better understand the risks that arise when First Peoples enter into legal relationships with the Crown. One way of entering into legal relationships is to use rights-based legal discourse. Through the doctrine of difference, we argue that this requires rights claimants to construct themselves as subjects of a pre-existing legal discourse, which reproduces the universalising and naturalising dynamics associated with colonialism. In contrast, First Peoples may enter into a legal relationship through an agonistic deliberative process that re-centres and invests in place-based legalities, languages and forms of life. Such agonistic deliberative alternatives may partially avoid some of the universalising and naturalising effects (re)produced by rights-based legal discourse.Peer Reviewe
Inequalities in sustainable transport use in Aotearoa New Zealand: gender, intersectionality, and commuting using sustainable modes
Get PDFBackground:
Sustainable transport (ST) offers significant public health benefit. Increasing ST-use, as an alternative to motor-vehicle transport, is a significant strategy for reducing/mitigating environmental damage. Furthermore, ST is an effective strategy to combat physical inactivity and the negative health outcomes related to this. Finally, ST-use has numerous social benefits by facilitating social interactions and therefore helping to build social capital.
Because ST has numerous public health benefits for individuals, communities, and the planet, a deeper understanding of trends and inequities is extremely important. Understanding how gender, especially when examined from an intersectional perspective, taking into account ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES), connect to determine transport use will shed light on some of the barriers and enablers to ST-use.
Methods:
I performed a cross-sectional study using data from three different Censuses – Census 2001, Census 2006 and Census 2013. The Census collects data on many aspects of NZ life, including travel-to-work. I analysed respondents’ answers to this question, looking specifically at people who cycled, used public transport (public bus or train) (PT) or walked/jogged to work.
I compared the prevalence of cycling, PT-use and walking to work between women and men, overall and in different groups: women and men of different ethnicities, and different NZDep quintiles. I compared use of each mode across each group over time to see if there were changes in ST-use between 2001 and 2013. I also performed logistic regression to further investigate the association between gender and ST mode choice. I controlled for demographic variables, SES variables and household characteristics.
Results
Cycling, PT or walking were not common modes of transport among men or women. Women, regardless of ethnicity or SES or Census year, were more likely to use PT or walk to commute Men, regardless of SES or ethnicity or Census year, were more likely to cycle to work. Although women were less likely to cycle compared to men, they were more likely to use sustainable modes overall. However, despite these consistent trends across ethnic group and NZDep quintiles, ST-use did differ by sociodemographic group and by gender within each sociodemographic group.
Discussion
Strategies need to be introduced to increase ST-use. However, for strategies to be effective, they need to take into account the differences in ST-use among New Zealand’s population. This research showed that there are significant differences in ST-use between women and men. Furthermore, this research also showed the importance of approaching gender from an intersectional perspective when investigating gendered associations with ST as ST-use varied by ethnicity and NZDep quintile within each gender and by gender within each ethnic group and NZDep quintile.
Many of the differences in ST-use are connected to how gender (from an intersectional perspective) operates in society, effecting social processes on individual, interactional and institutional-levels. Strategies to increase ST-use must address these multi-level gendered barriers and enablers of ST-use. I discuss three potential strategies to increase ST-use in New Zealand, in light of my findings: further research, high-quality infrastructure and approaching transport as a social policy
Image analysis of x-ray computed tomographic datasets, quantification of porosity, and applications to understanding fracturing of rock masses
Get PDFX-ray Computed Tomography (CT) is a non-destructive and powerful imaging technique allowing scanned objects to be three-dimensionally inspected and characterized across a wide range of sample sizes (from meters to micrometres) and resolutions (millimetres to nanometres). For this reason, X-ray CT has been widely applied in many geosciences disciplines and its use grows exponentially with developments of imaging technologies and techniques. The majority of the applications concern petrophysical analysis of rock cores and plugs to estimate, from 3D images, petrophysical parameters such as porosity and permeability, the latter by means of flow simulations within the separated pore volume, without the need of laboratory analyses. Due to the huge impact that pores, pore throats, and fractures have on permeability, a critical step in the image analysis is the characterization of these features by measuring their size, shape, and orientation. This type of analysis is of particular interest in oil and mining industries, and disciplines such as hydrology, volcanology, and structural geology. However, a complete match between laboratory- and image-based measurements is often difficult to obtain because factors such as image resolution, feature size, presence of artifacts, and lack of specific imaging techniques limit and bias the analysis.
Imaging artifacts, such as the Partial Volume Effect (PVE), and the absence of specific techniques particularly complicates the analysis of fractures that, as opposed to pores, are difficult to individually extract and characterize. In addition, connected fractures are typically identified as a single object, thus measurements take into account the whole object which biases results. Furthermore, in a dual porosity system (where porosity has two distinct morphological characteristics), characterization of the pore volume depends on the mean size of the features of interest. Thus, the resolution of the image plays a key role since all features below the voxel size of an image will be unresolved and only the fraction above that size can be imaged and characterized.
In this thesis, the effects of these limitations are explored in three studies where X-ray CT was used to characterize both pores and fractures. Novel approaches are presented for more efficient measurement of the properties of fractures within a scanned rock. The algorithms developed allow definition of local fracture properties such as aperture and orientation in an automated way, and separation of connected fractures for individual analyses. In addition, the effect of poor image resolution on assessment of the petrophysical properties of triaxially-deformed tuff samples is investigated. It is shown that, even though a fraction of the pores below the voxel (volumetric picture element) size are not resolved, significant information in rocks with complex structures can be qualitatively (i.e. via image visualization) and quantitatively obtained for fractures and pores. Finally, high resolution data are used to define 3D vesicularity (i.e. porosity) and connectivity in volcanic lapilli, demonstrating how a well-resolved vesicularity provides insights into the processes that occurred within the magma conduit, and the state of the pre-fragmentation magma in a shallow-water volcano
Associations between energy intake and physical activity in a sample of adolescent females in New Zealand
Get PDFBackground: Physical activity and energy intake are the two most variable components of energy balance and their association with obesity has been studied separately throughout literature. Despite their important role in energy balance, there is limited evidence describing the direct association between physical activity and energy intake.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between energy intake and physical activity levels across categories of BMI in adolescent females from the SuNDiAL project.
Design: Adolescent females aged 15-18 y were recruited from eight locations around New Zealand to participate in the SuNDiAL project. Physical activity was measured using ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers worn on the right hip 24 hours a day for seven days. Energy intake was measured via two 24-hour dietary recalls and adjusted to represent usual intake using MSM. Height and weight were used to calculate BMI, and WHO growth standards were used to calculate z-scores to categorise participants as normal weight, overweight or obese.
Results: 34.5% of the sample were classed as overweight or obese with zero participants in the underweight category. Less than 25% of the sample met the physical activity guideline. 26.9% of participants in the healthy weight category met the physical activity guidelines, while only 11.1% of participants in the obese category met the guideline. Energy intake for healthy weight and obese individuals was similar across BMI categories, however the lowest energy intake was observed in those classified as overweight, but who were meeting the physical activity guidelines. There was no evidence of meaningful association between energy intake and physical activity (R2=0.015).
Conclusion: No overall association was found between energy intake and physical activity. Small but insignificant associations were found within BMI categories. Some participants in the overweight category were found to be conducting more physical activity and eating less, likely with intentions to lose weight. Given the sample size is not representative of the New Zealand population further research is required to draw stronger conclusions. Regardless, the findings of this study highlight the need for extensive improvements to be made to help increase physical activity in adolescent girls
"We need to discuss surgery": A multimodal conversation analytic study of intersubjectivity during surgeons' information provision to patients
Get PDFProviding patients with information, such that they are able to understand the consequences of treatment decisions, is an ethical and legal requirement in New Zealand and many other jurisdictions. While research from the disciplines of bioethics, law, and medicine has shown that patients’ recall and understanding of what they have been told is often limited, such research has focused on the “what” rather than the “how” of informing. While some health communication and health literacy research has addressed the how of informing, such research has relied on observation and coding strategies. By contrast, this thesis project addresses the how of informing via situated interactional analysis.
Information provision creates many challenges for both patients and surgeons. One of the greatest challenges is epistemic asymmetry, which is exacerbated by low health literacy and numeracy. To provide context for my findings in the analytic chapters, I describe the conflicting institutional, social, and psychological demands that surgeons face when providing information to patients. In addition to epistemic asymmetry, these include adherence to legal precepts, upholding bioethical principles, establishing and maintaining social relations, dealing with uncertainty, countering the “curse of expertise”, and forming a mutually acceptable plan for next steps within the circumscribed time frame of a surgical consultation.
In this thesis, I use multimodal conversation analysis to investigate participants’ management of intersubjectivity during surgeons’ extended tellings. Drawing on prior conversation analytic research on intersubjectivity and repair, the structure of storytellings, epistemics, and turn taking, I show that surgeons’ information provision takes the form of extended tellings during which patients say little. Although the content of these tellings varies widely, the content categories, namely Problem, Process, Alternatives, and Risks, which are familiar to me as a former clinician, are similar across most of these tellings. Furthermore, the ordering of these content categories appears designed to scaffold patient understanding.
On the one hand, while structural aspects of extended tellings generally inhibit floor-taking turns by patients, my research reveals that some surgeons use recycling of previous talk to create “unit ends”. Some patients orient to these unit ends by providing full turns-at-talk that initiate repair or display their stance. Furthermore, their full turns (can) provide demonstrations of their understanding. In the event that they reveal misunderstandings, such demonstrations allow surgeons to tailor their repairs.
Notwithstanding the sequential implicativeness of repeats as unit ends, patients’ floor-taking turns are rare in the mid-telling environment. However, patients can claim they are following surgeons’ talk via head nods and minimal vocal responses in the vicinity of TCU completions. In keeping with prior research, my findings show that, providing there is mutual gaze, surgeons in my data usually treat the absence of such on-time acknowledgements as interactional trouble. This orientation is evidenced by progressivity disruptions in the form of post-positioned expansions, reformulations, understanding checks, increments, response pursuits, or reassurances.
While demonstrations of understanding are rare during these extended tellings, patients can upgrade their claims of epistemic access via complex multimodal gestalts, either to claim new understanding or to claim epistemic antecedence. In this regard, analysis shows that the timing of patients’ modal moves (such as nods), in relation both to other modal moves (such as gaze continuation or withdrawal) and to surgeons’ TCU completions, is key to the epistemic affordances created.
Prior research has shown that gaze is central to intersubjectivity management because of its roles in mutual monitoring and in interactional engagement/disengagement. In keeping with this research, my findings emphasise the role of gaze in creating the accountability of patients’ acknowledgements at surgeons’ TCU completions. Furthermore, in keeping with prior research, surgeons in my data use gaze both for response pursuit and recipient selection. Finally, my analysis shows that the epistemic affordances of patients’ complex multimodal gestalts depend on gaze withdrawal or continuation.
In addition to the above theoretical contributions, my multimodal transcription method makes a methodological contribution by facilitating reader access to the simultaneous unfolding of modal moves and gaze direction. Moreover, this thesis has the potential to contribute to training of surgeons and other experts involved in information provision to laypersons.
The essence of my thesis argument, which is based on a combination of empirical multimodal conversation analytic research and the ethnographic insights of a former clinician, is that the central issue with informing for informed decision making is the ever-present tension between interactional intersubjectivity and progressivity. However, despite surgeons doing nearly all the talking during extended tellings for information provision, these tellings are co-operatively constructed by the interactional participants
Structural violence in Éire: The bone histology of victims from the Great Famine (Kilkenny, Ireland 1845-1852)
Get PDFThis project uses bone histological analysis to explore how disease, diet, and social circumstances affected the bone remodeling of a group of people who died during the Great Famine in Ireland between 1845 and 1852. The human remains discovered on the grounds of the nineteenth century Kilkenny Union Workhouse in Kilkenny City, Ireland represent a well contextualized, homogenous group of people who died due to stress induced by the Great Famine sometime between 1847-1851. These factors make this an ideal population to study the biological effects of structural violence and for investigating the meaning of skeletal lesions, often referred to as the “osteological paradox”.
In 1845, a potato blight wiped out the primary means of subsistence for the poor in Ireland, causing the country to lose a quarter of its population to death and migration. This event had a massive cultural, demographic, and biological impact on the world and has been the source of international scholarly interest in the recent past. Historical research has suggested the poor in Ireland suffered and died from comorbidities of infectious and metabolic disease due to food insecurity, the cause of which is debated but is often attributed to conflicts with England. Bioarchaeologists have recently examined the effects of diet and disease on the macroscopic surface of the skeletons but none have looked at the effects of the Great Famine on their bone microstructure.
The skeleton reacts to physiological effects of stress on the micro level before presenting as lesions on bone, and since many diseases are not reflected in the bioarchaeological record, histological analyses of bone may be informative of the lived experience of those with and without lesions. This study compares bone remodeling patterns in the ribs of 99 adults and 87 subadults between four disease categories: metabolic disease, infectious disease, comorbidities of infectious and metabolic disease, and no lesions, to determine if variation in bone microstructure exists between disease types. This was conducted using bone histological variables that reflect the maturity of remodeling and extent of porosity, which can be indicative of overall health. Additionally, carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope values obtained from the ribs of the same individuals were compared to bone histological variables to determine if changes in diet due to the loss of the potato and the introduction of maize as a relief food influenced bone remodeling.
The results show that rib bone porosity is highest in adults without lesions and lowest in adults with evidence of infectious disease. Similar results were obtained in the subadult cohort. Additionally, those with evidence of scurvy generally show less porosity throughout the rib cortex for both age cohorts. Comparisons of histomorphometry with stable isotope values showed a positive correlation between osteon size and δ15N values in adults as well as a positive correlation between Haversian canal size and δ13C values in the subadults, possibly indicating slower remodeling in those with more evidence for starvation and less mature remodeling in those with maize in their diet, respectively. This study showed that bone histology is impacted by both disease and diet and may be useful for interpreting the meaning of lesions and understanding the impact of social status on population health
Take off your shoes: How Christian liturgy forms the people of God
Get PDFThis thesis offers a renewed vision of Christian liturgy situated in a sacramental ontology in order to address the possibility of liturgical formation. In it I bring together a variety of sources in an attempt to demonstrate that the Christian liturgy is an epistemologically valid and rich experience which forms the ecclesial community into the people of God. I first argue that the possibility for such formation through the liturgy is based in a sacramental ontology which conceives of the world as sharing in the divine life and reality of God. This requires a shift in our present cosmology so as to undergird the centrality and functionality of the liturgy.
After sketching the contours of this cosmology and participatory ontology, I argue that when properly oriented towards worship of God in Christ, the liturgy offers the primary and most thoroughgoing opportunity for enriching our knowledge of God. This knowledge comes through both the mind and body, particularly through the embodied and material nature of the liturgy and correlated actions. Furthermore, the aesthetics, physical and material space, as well as the beauty of the liturgy are necessary considerations to understand God’s self-revelation and mediation through the liturgy. Together these contribute to moulding the people of God into one body through repeated actions which serve to shape our communal and individual imaginations. This formation transfigures our vision and enables us to see the world in and through Christ while also preparing us to engage in the eschatological beatific vision and share in the divine life.
While the principles that I explore in this thesis will apply in general across a wide range of liturgical traditions, I will make many specific references to the liturgy of the Anglican Church of Aotearoa New Zealand, as followed in the particular church to which I belong