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State history and political instability: The disadvantage of early state development
Get PDFThis paper establishes that long-term exposure to statehood is detrimental to building politically stable regimes outside Europe. It argues that accumulated statehood experience impeded the diffusion of European institutions and was conductive to the early emergence of powerful elites, leading to contemporary institutional stagnation. This undermines the provision of public goods and lowers the opportunity cost of engaging in riots, arguably giving rise to socio-political unrest. Using data for 109 non-European societies, the study documents evidence that a long history of statehood is linked to the persistence of political instability. The main findings withstand numerous robustness analyses
NZDep2018 analysis of census 2018 variables - DHB02: Waitemata
No full textFor further information about data sources, interpretation of the graphs, and cautions, please see the separate Introduction Chapter
All data relating to the 2018 census is provided by Stats NZ, https://www.stats.govt.nz/
NZDep2018 analysis of census 2018 variables - DHB06: Lakes
No full textFor further information about data sources, interpretation of the graphs, and cautions, please see the separate Introduction Chapter
All data relating to the 2018 census is provided by Stats NZ, https://www.stats.govt.nz/
NZDep2018 analysis of census 2018 variables - DHB17: West Coast
No full textFor further information about data sources, interpretation of the graphs, and cautions, please see the separate Introduction Chapter
All data relating to the 2018 census is provided by Stats NZ, https://www.stats.govt.nz/
NZDep2018 analysis of census 2018 variables - DHB18: Canterbury
No full textFor further information about data sources, interpretation of the graphs, and cautions, please see the separate Introduction Chapter
All data relating to the 2018 census is provided by Stats NZ, https://www.stats.govt.nz/
NZDep2018 analysis of census 2018 variables - TA11: Thames-Coromandel District
No full textFor further information about data sources, interpretation of the graphs, and cautions, please see the separate Introduction Chapter
All data relating to the 2018 census is provided by Stats NZ, https://www.stats.govt.nz/
NZDep2018 analysis of census 2018 variables - TA13: Waikato District
No full textFor further information about data sources, interpretation of the graphs, and cautions, please see the separate Introduction Chapter
All data relating to the 2018 census is provided by Stats NZ, https://www.stats.govt.nz/
NZDep2018 analysis of census 2018 variables - TA17: Waipa District
No full textFor further information about data sources, interpretation of the graphs, and cautions, please see the separate Introduction Chapter
All data relating to the 2018 census is provided by Stats NZ, https://www.stats.govt.nz/
Assessment of migration barriers in the eastern Otago region: Perched road culverts, climbing galaxiids and non-migratory galaxiid conservation
Get PDFNew Zealand’s diadromous fish populations face vast networks of road culverts that often limit upstream dispersal as a function of efficient hydrological design. Migration barriers, such as perched pipe culverts, fragment and isolate viable stream habitat from recruitment by overcoming migratory adaptations of fish, inevitably eroding populations through genetic loss. This study addressed several concerns of conservation managers in the eastern Otago region through examination of impassable perched pipe culvert impacts on local fish distributions, as well as trialling perched migration barriers in the laboratory and field in order to protect a threatened non-migratory galaxiid population from an invasive species. The latter trial was found to have great promise as a freshwater conservation management tool.
The interaction between poor road culvert design and fish dispersal has been examined across New Zealand’s differing landscapes. In eastern Otago, commercial forestry plantations provided homogenous land use type and pipe culvert design to examine perched pipe culvert prevalence and fish distribution in relation to pipe culverts as seen in Chapter Two. By using a unique approach identifying pipe culverts as passable or impassable a priori, based on previous fish passage understanding and research, the relationship between fish distribution and culverts could be examined despite inherently dynamic interactions between fish migratory adaptations and culvert characteristics. Surveys found just over fifty percent of pipe culverts were perched to some degree, and upon analysis that a negative relationship existed between species richness and fish abundance above versus below pipe culverts. The findings galvanise current understanding of the limiting effects of pipe culverts on upstream fish migration and identify the scale of perched culvert prevalence in commercial forestry plantations of the eastern Otago region.
Abundance trends, although statistically inconclusive but scientifically supported, affirm that impassable pipe culverts likely have a limiting/barrier effect on the dispersal and migration of kōaro (Galaxias brevipinnis). The climbing migratory adaptations which kōaro rely on to navigate in-stream obstacles were examined in Chapter Three. The relationship between climbing success and juvenile kōaro size was trialled in a controlled environment and revealed a significant trend in the size of juvenile kōaro climbers that were successful at navigating a simulated migration barrier. Disrupting the wetted margin, and thus hydrological connectivity, through the use of a perched barrier proved totally effective at halting juvenile kōaro climbing.
Kōaro are considered an invasive threat to populations of the rare non-migratory dusky galaxias (Galaxias pullus) in several tributaries of the upper Waipori River in eastern Otago. Attempts by the Department of Conservation to install migration barriers on a research weir to limit kōaro recruitment into a dusky galaxias stronghold population had proven unsuccessful. Chapter Four documents the development and deployment of a perched aluminium migration barrier which continued to be extremely successful over a period of several years at halting juvenile kōaro recruitment as confirmed by electrofishing and kōaro relocation data pre and post installation. This system provides conservation managers with a tool to protect non-migratory galaxiids across New Zealand that are at risk of juvenile kōaro invasion, and for the protection of historic habitat for non-migratory galaxiid translocation.
Investigation into kōaro migratory capabilities also raised new questions about the interactions between form and function of climbing adaptations and how these may have influenced the evolutionary ecology of ancestral climbing galaxiids in response to geological processes. Discussions regarding the complexity of kōaro migration as a dynamic process of timing, growth and distance are also presented.
Understanding the mechanisms by which perched pipe culverts limit upstream fish migration, and on which migratory fish species rely, allows for conservation managers to improve fish passage or control invasive fish species encroachment, both with the purpose of conserving endangered species and in-stream habitats. Overall, critical thinking and understanding of fish migratory adaptations, both in a natural setting and a controlled environment, has proven a robust method in developing a useful conservation tool for endangered species isolation management while working closely alongside front line conservation managers
Demand for schooling in rural Senegal
Get PDFThis thesis aims to understand the determinants of household demand for schooling in rural Senegal. Using an original dataset including 504 households living in the North of Senegal and based on the results of a literature review on the determinants of schooling, it analyses in three empirical chapters what explains household behaviour when it comes to investing in education.
The first empirical chapter explores determinants of schooling by fitting a logit model to estimate the likelihood of children being enrolled at school conditional on child, parent, household, school and community characteristics. It shows that the determinants of schooling for girls and boys must be analysed separately as the estimated coefficients are significantly different for the boy and girl subsamples. Girls’ education depends on family structure, notably the number of young children in the household, and the household’s income, whereas boys’ education depends on their mother’s education. This suggests that the opportunity cost of time may be a barrier for girls as they are usually required to help to take care of young children. However, the fact that the size of the area cultivated by the household is not statistically significant suggests that the need for child labour for agricultural work is not a barrier to schooling. Both girls and boys are affected by the availability of schools and the community social norms proxied by the share of children attending a Koranic school. Interestingly, girls and boys seem to benefit from living in a household with access to electricity and a robustness check using an instrumental variable approach shows that this result is not due to the endogeneity of the household’s access to electricity. Further robustness checks include different ways of measuring household income and parental education and alternative estimation methods. They confirm the conclusions of the main model.
The second empirical chapter deals with the intergenerational transmission of schooling and, more specifically, the relative effects of mother’s and father’s education on the level of schooling attained by a child. The chapter starts with a review of different published studies from Sub-Saharan African countries where the effects of mother’s and father’s education were simultaneously estimated. The review finds that, on average, mother’s education is more important than father’s education in explaining the educational achievement of young children, whereas the opposite is true for older children. Using my dataset, I then replicate a study on the effects of parental education on a child’s level of schooling attained in Senegal that found a larger effect of father’s education than mother’s education, after controlling for the endogeneity of education. Using a similar method, I also show that father’s education is more important than mother’s education in my sample but my results are sensitive to the estimation method used and age range of children included in the sample. Taking into consideration that the number of years of schooling are censored, that is children still enrolled at school have not achieved their final level of schooling, increases the importance of mother’s education relative to father’s education. Also, in line with my literature review and another published review, my results show that mother’s education is more important for younger children, whereas father’s education is more important for older children.
The third empirical chapter attempts to shed light on the decision process of polygynous households regarding children’s education. It contributes to the limited literature on the intra-household allocation of resources of polygynous households. First, it shows that despite the higher social status of their mother, children of senior co-wives do not enjoy more schooling. Secondly, the positive effect of other co-wives’ education on a child’s level of education suggests cooperation between co-wives in raising children. Finally, I test if, when it comes to decisions regarding schooling, polygynous households act as a single entity (unitary model) or as separate entities (collective model). I overcome the fact that I cannot account for unobserved heterogeneity of mother’s characteristics, which could explain differences in schooling achievement of siblings from different co-wives, by using an original method taking advantage of heterogeneous effects of additional brothers and sisters on a child’s education. My results show that, at least for girls, decisions regarding children’s education are made separately between co-wives. I argue that this finding suggests that husbands tend to equalise the number of educated children per co-wife. This is an important result for policies seeking to target children living in polygynous households. Moreover, this behaviour may have a detrimental effect on a child’s achievement as resources for education are less efficiently allocated than in monogamous households