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Competing visions of international order: responses to US power in a fracturing world
No full textThe ‘liberal international order’ that has been predominant, if often controversial, since 1945 is being challenged as never before. This reflects factors both long-standing and recent: the rise of China; the frustrations and ambitions of countries – including many in the Global South – that associate the US-led liberal international order with deep hypocrisy; inequality within liberal democracies that has given rise to populism; Russian revanchism; and perhaps above all, the US’s more nationalist outlook and disruptive foreign policy since Donald Trump took office for the second time in early 2025. This paper takes stock of these developments, examines the US’s changing role and ambitions as a global power, and explores how 11 other key states are adapting to, positioning themselves, or seeking to disrupt or even undermine the existing order in this more fractured world. The paper, based originally on research for the US National Intelligence Council but revised and updated in this public version, considers how adversaries of the US seek to exploit what they see as the US’s declining global power, or to promote alternative visions. It also examines the challenges for US allies such as France, Germany and Japan, which have long been pillars of cooperative multilateralism but need to develop new ways to protect their interests and project power. And it explores how rising or middle powers, from Brazil to Saudi Arabia to India, are pursuing visions of international order that include strategies of non-alignment, strategic autonomy, and selective or transactional cooperation with the current order
Transformation of the Moroccan Economy: Key Drivers, Shifts, and Future Pathways
Get PDFMorocco has emerged as one of Africa's success stories, achieving significant progress in economic transformation and the green transition over the past 25 years. Continuing and deepening this transformation is essential to reach the country’s goal of becoming a high-income economy in the coming decades. Significant challenges include managing the risk of the middle-income trap, addressing demographic pressures, promoting inclusive growth, ensuring environmental sustainability, and advancing the broader green transition. A vital part of this effort is developing innovation and technological capabilities, promoting sustainable industrialization, increasing productivity, tackling youth unemployment, and improving labor markets and workforce quality. Morocco’s experience offers valuable lessons for African economic development by demonstrating the potential for industrial transformation, challenging widespread pessimism about Africa’s prospects for industrialization, and positioning Morocco as a potential driver of growth. This paper reviews and synthesizes the transformation of the Moroccan economy, covering the period from 1970 to 2025 and examines government policies and provides insights into Moroccan economic change and lessons for Africa
Global Mindset and Learning Outcomes in Chinese Multinational Enterprises
No full textDrawing on network perspectives and organizational learning theory, this study proposes that global mindset influences learning outcomes through global and interpersonal networking. The mediating links are moderated by the types of host market. We verify the proposed framework using data collected from 208 multinational enterprises originating from China. The results confirm the positive effect of global mindset on learning outcomes, as well as the mediating effects of global and interpersonal networking. However, the mediating effect of interpersonal networking is supported only for firms entering emerging markets. Furthermore, the indirect effect of global mindset on learning outcomes via global networking is supported only when the firm enters developed markets
Hegel and the Hatäta Zär'a Ya‛ǝqob: Africa in the Philosophy of History and the History of Philosophy
Get PDFThis article explores an episode in the reception of Hegel's philosophy of history and historiography of philosophy with reference to the question of the possibility of non-Western philosophy, in particular African philosophy. Section I briefly outlines the contents of the Hatäta Zär'a Ya‛ǝqob and the controversy over its authorship, focusing in particular on the argument of the Ethiopianist and scholar of Semitic languages Carlo Conti Rossini that ‘rationalistic’ philosophy was impossible in Ethiopia. In section II I suggest that a major component of the intellectual background to this notion of the impossibility of philosophy in Africa can be traced to Hegel's philosophy of history. To substantiate this claim I begin by providing an account of the broader historiographical shift between 1780 and 1830, in which Africa and Asia came to be excluded from the history of philosophy, and I suggest that Hegel's philosophy of history was decisive in this process. I examine how Hegel's account of history as the realization and actualization of freedom goes together with the development of cultural production culminating in philosophy, and how both of these processes (if they are really separate processes at all), can be mapped onto particular historical-geographical populations and cultures. I suggest that, even though this was not Hegel's intention, by the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries this served as a cultural justification for political domination: those who are unfree are unfree because they are unthinking (unphilosophical), and those who are unthinking cannot be free. Finally in section III I connect this Hegelian conception to Conti Rossini's work, both his article on the Hatäta and as apologist for Italian imperialism. I conclude by reflecting on what this underexplored connection between Hegel and early twentieth-century theorists of culture might mean for attempts to construct global histories of philosophy
‘In but not fully of Europe’: Situating the Ottoman legacy in the heritage initiatives of the European Union and the Council of Europe
Get PDFThe European Union (EU) and Council of Europe (CoE) are in a continuous struggle to identify the internal ‘Europeanness’ of their narratives, borders, boundaries, and regions. Since the 1980s, they introduced numerous cultural policies and heritage initiatives to identify and promote what their policy rhetoric calls ‘European identity’, a concept always used in the singular. These policies and heritage initiatives validate only certain aspects of the past while excluding others. In this article, we analyse how the Ottoman legacy within Europe is integrated into official heritage initiatives. We offer a synthesised qualitative content and discourse analysis of data from three heritage initiatives – European Heritage Label, Cultural Trails of Europe, and European Heritage Days – to demonstrate how the deeply embedded Ottoman legacy is either significantly absent or presented in inconsistent and ambivalent terms in these heritage initiatives. We go on to argue that this depends upon crucial aspects of Europe’s civilisational anxiety where its Ottoman-Islamic past is concerned
Lessons from a Decade of Indonesia Environmental Litigation: Accommodating Public Interests in Civil Liability Cases
Get PDFThis paper analyses 321 civil environmental cases in Indonesia from 2009 to 2022, identifying patterns and trends over the past decade. The findings reveal a growing public interest dimension in these civil cases, marked by the rise of public interest litigation, the expansion of legally recognised harms as liability base and the shift toward restorative remedies. Despite the presence of a specialised environmental law, the cases are still trialled within a mix of private law framework, which has its limitation in accommodating public interest. The cases show the needs for a harmonious coexistence between public and private law in environmental liability
Strengthening the Investment Case for Climate Adaptation: A Triple Dividend Approach
Get PDFThe paper shows how using the Triple Dividend of Resilience framework to evaluate the full benefits of 320 climate adaptation investments reveals their full value. Covering adaptation and resilience investments across 12 countries, the study finds that every 10.50 in benefits. With average returns of 20–27%, the analysis provides compelling evidence for scaling adaptation finance, improving data collection and appraisal methods, and unlocking synergies with mitigation
Stereotypes, struggle, and survival: Reclaiming the Story Behind Mofiz
No full textFor a long time, people have made the derogatory word mofiz synonymous with the residents of the Rangpur region
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