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RPZ-Based Suspicious Direct Outbound DNS Traffic Detection Mechanism With Adaptive Policy Updates
No full textDomain Name System (DNS) based C&C communication has gotten much attention over the past decade due to the increase of malware using DNS protocol. A legitimate usage of DNS protocol in domain name resolution requires Name Server (NS) records and the corresponding glue A records achievements before sending DNS queries to the authoritative DNS servers. The achievements generally are conducted on DNS full-service resolvers. However, malware-infected computers tend to communicate with the C&C servers directly using DNS protocol, which is called direct outbound DNS traffic in this research, without via any DNS full-service resolvers on purpose to conceal their malicious behavior. In this research, we present a suspicious direct outbound DNS traffic detection mechanism using DNS Response Policy Zone (RPZ) in order to detect and block the malicious behavior of malware-infected computers during the C&C communication stage. All NS records and the corresponding glue A records achieved in an organization network via DNS full-service resolvers will be registered in the RPZ and the DNS packets whose destination IP addresses have no match in the RPZ will be identified as suspicious direct outbound DNS traffic. We implemented a prototype system and evaluated the features of the proposed mechanism in a local Software Defined Network based (SDN-based) experimental environment. The evaluation results confirmed that the prototype system correctly detected and blocked the target DNS traffic based on the policies of RPZ. Moreover, we confirmed that adaptive policy update is applicable to the mechanism and the performance of the DNS traffic process is acceptable for deployment in the real network
Rethinking Heilerʼs History of Religions
No full textIn this paper, I revisit Heilerʼs thought and activity about the History of Religions as a preparation for the cooperation of Religions. Friedrich Heiler (1892-1967) was a leading figure in the phenomenological school of religion and, along with Rudolf Otto and Gerardus van der Leeuw, among the foremost scholars of religion during the Weimar Republic era. He also played an important role in the International Association of the History of Religions (IAHR) after World War II. However, his scholarly achievements were criticized for being Christocentric and to exhibit a strongly theological nature. This paper finds that Heilerʼs interest in his major work, Das Gebet (1918), was later overtaken over by liturgical reforms of the German High Church Movement, in which he played a leading role, and that for Heiler, the History of Religions is linked with his own religious movements. Heilerʼs creation of the German Mass forms a milestone, and Das Gebet was its preface. Heilerʼs activities stalled during World War II and afterward. The IAHR Congress in Rome (1955) tended to be limited to the academic study of old religious phenomena, while the Tokyo Conference (1958) and the Marburg Conference (1960), however, tended to engage with contemporary religions in terms of practical concerns. In particular, East-West intercourse was an important theme. This was a continuation of the problematics of the Eranos Congress, held before World War II, were Heiler played an important role
超義務と道徳的葛藤の関係についてのさらなる考察 : コメンタリー「道徳的理由のあいだの葛藤という観点から超義務を考える」へのリプライ
No full textこの研究ノートは、浦野敬介と石田柊による論文「しないに越したことはない??超義務と亜義務の倫理学」に対する玉手慎太郎のコメンタリー「道徳的理由のあいだの葛藤という観点から超義務を考える」への応答である。玉手は、「望ましいが義務的でない行為」のうち慈恵型超義務・英雄型超義務のどちらにも該当しない事例を挙げ、浦野らの分類を補完する第三の超義務クラスとして「葛藤型超義務」を提案する。ある行為が葛藤型超義務にあたるのは、その行為が、それ自体は望ましいにもかかわらず、他の事柄を考慮した結果すべてを考慮して義務的ではない場合である。我々は、このような道徳的葛藤が「望ましいが義務的でない行為」と深い関係にあることを否定しないが、それを超義務の一類型として扱うことには懐疑的である。第一に、複数の慈恵型超義務のあいだで道徳的葛藤が生じることがあり、「葛藤型超義務」を加えた超義務の三分類は成立しない。第二に、道徳的葛藤は義務についても生じる一般的な現象であり、超義務に特有ではない。我々は、超義務と道徳的葛藤を、それぞれ異なる形で我々の規範的経験と道徳的選択を複雑化する、独立した規範的現象だと考える。In this article, we respond to Shintaro Tamate’s commentary on the discussion by Keisuke Urano and Shu Ishida. Tamate points out that their taxonomy may not exhaust the entire spectrum of “desirable yet non-obligatory” actions, suggesting the need for another class of supererogation?i.e., conflictive supererogation. Roughly put, an action is conflictivesupererogatory when it is desirable in itself and yet non-mandatory, all things considered, in light of other moral considerations. It is caused by a conflict between two (or more) moral reasons, each of which alone is not decisive. True, this sort of moral conflict might comprise a part of the domain of “desirable yet non-obligatory” actions. However, even setting aside potential disputes on whether the situation described by Tamate should be genuinely outside the scope of heroic or benevolent supererogation, we are sceptical of seeing it as a novel class of supererogation. First, such a tripartite classification of supererogation would face a taxonomical inconsistency when, for instance, we should choose between two small benevolences. Second, and more importantly, moral conflict is a quite general normative experience, not unique to supererogation; we are familiar with cases in which moral conflicts complicate the call of obligations, such as moral dilemmas. Having these observations in mind, we finally submit a revised picture: supererogation?whether heroic or benevolent?and moral conflicts are two distinct normative phenomena that can often render a desirable action non-obligatory, independently complicating our normative experiences and moral choices
Reschtsgüterschutz im Umweltstrafrecht（2）: Über die strafrechtliche Regulierung von der Verletzung der Umweltmedien
No full textCycling time trial strategies considering peak power-time curve and acceleration
No full textThe constant power pacing strategy is typically recommended for long, flat, and windless cycling time trial races. For courses with wind or hills, a variable power pacing strategy is often suggested—one that increases power during headwind or uphill sections and decreases it during tailwind or downhill sections. We analyzed 10 km and 1 km courses under various conditions, including flat and windless, windy, and hilly scenarios, and compared different pacing strategies by considering peak power–time curves and acceleration. For 10 km courses, a fast-start strategy followed by constant power was found to be effective. In contrast, the variable power pacing strategy showed no significant advantage and even worsened finish times when the course started with a downhill followed by an uphill section. For 1 km courses, the variable power pacing strategy improved performance except for the tailwind-then-headwind scenario, where it actually worsened the finish time. In contrast to 10 km courses, the downhill-then-uphill case saw a marked improvement with the variable power pacing approach
Surgeons’ Workloads and Associated Factors in Real-world Practice: A Prospective Study [an abstract of dissertation and a summary of dissertation review]
No full text配架番号：291
