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Distribution of eagle records and habitat status of eagles in Hokkaido, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands during the Edo period
No full text本稿では、江戸時代の歴史資料を用いて、当時の北海道・千島・樺太における海ワシの記録の分布および生息状況を明らかにすることを目的とした。江戸時代の博物誌・矢羽・北海道に関する史料に記録されたワシの名称と現在の種の対応関係を明らかにし、その結果に基づいて、オジロワシ・オオワシ（以下、海ワシ）の生息記録という観点から記録の整理を行った。その結果、江戸時代において海ワシは日本海・太平洋・オホーツク海側の地域に幅広く生息していたが、なかでも北海道東部や千島に多く生息していたと推測された。特に道東の内陸部の河川には多数の海ワシが越冬し、オジロワシは現在よりも多くの個体が越冬していたと推測される。これは、自然状態における海ワシの長期的かつ安定的な存続のために道東の河川に遡上するサケを増やすことが極めて重要であることを意味している。しかし、道東の根室場所では、1850年代に入るとオジロワシの狩猟数の減少がみられ、海ワシの餌となるサケの遡上数が乱獲によって減少したことがオジロワシの減少の一因である可能性を指摘した。また、ワシの狩猟数全体に占めるオオワシの割合は、道東よりも択捉島の方が高かった。越冬期の択捉島におけるオジロワシ・オオワシの割合や、島内の生息場所は、江戸時代と近年の記録では大きな変化はみられなかった。このことから、択捉島では海ワシにとって良好な自然状態が一定程度維持されている可能性が高いと推察された。本稿で明らかにした江戸時代における海ワシの生息状況は、今後海ワシを保全するために目指すべき「自然状態」を適切に設定するための歴史的背景として有用である。今後は、明治時代以降の分布の変遷を明らかにすることが求められる。The purpose of this paper is to clarify distribution of eagle records and habitat status of eagles in Hokkaido, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands during the Edo period by investigating historical records. First, this paper identified correspondence between the current species of eagle and their historical names by examining natural history documents, records related to arrow feathers, and historical documents related to Hokkaido in the Edo period. Second, based on the results, the records were organized in terms of eagle habitat records. As a result, it was estimated that during the Edo period, eagles were widely distributed along the coasts of the Sea of Japan, the Pacific Ocean, and the Sea of Okhotsk, and were particularly abundant in the eastern part of Hokkaido and the Kuril Islands. However, in the east of Hokkaido, there was a decline in the number of White-tailed eagles hunted in the 1850s. This paper suggested that overfishing has reduced the number of salmon runs, the primary food source for sea eagles, which may have contributed to the decline of white-tailed eagles. This means that increasing the number of salmon migrating up rivers in the Eastern Hokkaido region is crucial for the long-term and stable survival of sea eagles in their natural state. And it is clarified that proportion of White-tailed and Steller's sea eagles on Iturup Island during the wintering season as well as their habitat on the island has remained largely unchanged since the Edo period. The habitat status of sea eagles during the Edo period showed in this paper serves as valuable historical background for establishing an appropriate “natural state” necessary for the conservation of sea eagles. In the future study, it will be necessary to clarify the changes in distribution of eagles after the Meiji Era
Spacio-temporal changes in Sambucus (red elderberry) seed remains and seed impressions on clay vessels in the Japanese Islands
No full textニワトコ属核は縄文時代の遺跡から頻繁に出土しているが、現在の日本ではニワトコの果実利用の事例はほとんど報告されていない。そのため、縄文時代におけるニワトコの果実の利用方法を推定する手掛かりが少なく、当時の果実の用途はよく分かっていない。本稿では、1）旧石器時代以前から近現代までの日本列島におけるニワトコ属核の出現率の推移を比較し、2）2023年度までに報告された縄文時代の遺跡におけるニワトコ属核の出土事例および2024年5月までに報告されたニワトコ属核土器圧痕の検出事例の集成を行った。さらに3）縄文時代の遺跡出土ニワトコ属核に伴出する大型植物遺体の傾向を調査した。その結果、日本列島の遺跡におけるニワトコ属核の出現率は縄文時代と近世で増加しているが、地域別に見ると、北海道では続縄文時代以後もニワトコ属核の出現率は高く（21.4～68.0％）、東北地方ではニワトコ属核の出現率が低下する時期が中世（10.7％）と遅く、低下の度合いも緩やかだった。北海道や東北地方のように現在のエゾニワトコの分布域に含まれる緯度が比較的高い地域では、関東地方以南よりニワトコの果実利用が長期間継続されていた可能性が考えられる。また、炭化ニワトコ属核の出現率は北海道や東北地方北部、中部地方の内陸部で高くいずれも75％以上を示していた。さらに、ニワトコ属核と伴出する大型植物遺体の傾向を見ると、未炭化のニワトコ属核にはベリー類の伴出率が高く、シソ属やマメ類はニワトコ属核圧痕資料との伴出率が高いなど、未炭化核・炭化核・圧痕資料といった産状の違いによって伴出する大型植物遺体の組成が異なる傾向が見られた。このことは、ニワトコ属核の状態から推定される果実の加熱の有無や地域によって果実の利用方法や利用目的が異なった可能性を示している。本研究からは、人類によるニワトコの果実利用の差異が核の出土状況の時期差・地域差として反映され、利用の差異が現在のニワトコの分布や亜種の分化に結び付いた可能性を示している。The seeds (stones) of the red elderberry Sambucus racemosa are frequently found in Jomon archaeological sites in Japan. However, due to the scarcity of ethnographic information in East Asia, the use of fruit during the Jomon period is poorly understood. This study addresses this issue through examinations of the spacio-temporal change in the occurrence of Sambucus seed remains throughout the Paleolithic to the Modern Age, a composition of seed remains and seed impressions on clay vessels during the Jomon, and the macro-fossils of other plants associated with Sambucus seeds at Jomon sites. As a result, the occurrence of Sambucus seeds from archaeological sites in the Japanese Islands increased in the Jomon period and the Early Modern times and decreased between the Yayoi period and the Medieval Age. However, the occurrence of Sambucus seeds remains high in Hokkaido after the Jomon period(21.4-68.0%). In the Tohoku region, the decrease in Sambucus seeds occurs in later periods and is more gradual than in the south of the Kanto region. It is suggested that the use of red elderberry fruit in northern Japan, including the current distribution area of S. racemosa subsp. kamtschatica, may persist for a longer period than in other regions of the Japanese island area. Additionally, the occurrence of charred Sambucus seeds tends to be high in northern Japan and inland in Central Japan (Chubu region), all of which showed more than 75%. Furthermore, we revealed the frequencies of berries, nuts, Fabaceae spp., and Perilla spp. associated with Sambucus seeds in each archaeological feature varied depending on the condition of materials, such as uncharred, charred, and impressions on ceramics. This strongly indicates that the methods for using Sambucus fruit varied depending on the role of the locations in archaeological sites. Consequently, the spacio-temporal changes in Sambucus seeds from archaeological sites in the Japanese Islands have a close relationship with various human fruit use and the current distribution of subspecies in Sambucus
Social Interaction between Non-local Business Owners and Local People in Xijiang Miao Village, Guizhou Province, China : Why AWOL is Tolerated
No full textこの論文は、中国・貴州省西江ミャオ寨における外来経営者と地元民の付き合い方について述べ、特に民泊で生じた地元清掃員の無断欠勤の事例を考察した。調査によって、外来経営者と地元民には商売上の競争相手であったり、雇用関係を結んだり、また、一緒に祝ったり食事をしたり、ともに時間を過ごす友人であったりと、様々な付き合い方をしていることがわかった。また、市場経済の一部としての雇用関係には同時に地域の社会的関係が埋め込まれている。外来経営者と地元民は、抽象的な対立や抑圧関係よりもっと複雑で多様な関係にあり、外来経営者は単に外に位置づけられる独立した存在でなく、その一部が次第に地域社会に溶け込み、自らの内と外が曖昧になっていることがうかがえた。This paper describes the ways in which non-local business owners and local people interact in Xijiang Village, Guizhou Province, China, and in particular examines a case of unauthorized absenteeism of a local cleaning staff that occurred at the guest houses. The research revealed that non-local business owners and local people have various ways of interacting with each other, including being business competitors, having employment relationships, and being friends with whom they celebrate, eat, and spend time together. At the same time, local social relations are embedded in employment relationships as part of the market economy. It was apparent that the relationship between non-local business owners and local people is more complex and diverse than an abstract relationship of conflict and oppression, and that non-local business owners are not independent entities connecting the tourist and the local people, but that some of them are gradually integrated into the local community, blurring the boundaries between the inside and the outside of themselves
A Study of the Votive Picture at Kakuta Shrine
No full text本稿では、「角田神社奉納額（絵馬）『武内宿禰と誉田別命（応神天皇）』」（栗山町指定有形文化財、令和5（2023）年1月26日指定、以下「奉納額」）を取り上げる。奉納額の墨書によれば、佐倉農場の場主が大正6（1917）年に奉納したものである。筆者は、令和4（2022）年11月に、栗山町文化財保護委員長の青木隆夫氏から、奉納額の制作者について照会を受けた。「香浦」という署名を手がかりに調査したところ、佐倉藩士の家に生まれた画家・森山香浦の存在が浮かび上がってきた。また、その後も調査を継続するなかで、佐倉農場主の堀田家が、武内宿禰の後裔と言い伝えられていることが画題選定の背景にあるのではないかと推察した。これらのことは、栗山町の広報誌やウェブサイトで触れられているものの、いずれも有形文化財指定の報告に重点を置いているため、制作者や画題選定の背景について詳述されているわけではない。本稿は、奉納額の制作者や画題に焦点を当て、上記の調査内容の詳細、さらに千葉県佐倉市等における追加調査の結果も含めて記載した。森山香浦の名は、下総国佐倉堀田家文書のうち、大正6（1917）年の「来客名簿」に記載されており、奉納額の年記と同じ年に、堀田家と交流があったことがわかった。また、画題について、同年発行の「大正人名辞典」では、堀田正恒の説明として、堀田家と武内宿禰の関係について言及されており、この言い伝えが奉納額制作時期にも重視されていたことを指摘した
Influence of the Type of Assessment Criteria, Method, and Content of Feedback on Report Assignments on the Faculty's Perception of the Burden of Grading
No full textThis study explores how various assessment criteria and methods of feedforward and feedback in university report assignments influence the grading burden experienced by instructors. In Japan, a nationwide survey of university faculty members was conducted to gather data on this issue. The results showed that certain practices, such as using rubrics, providing individualized feedback, and offering evaluative comments and feedback on strengths and areas for improvement, significantly increase the grading workload. Detailed feedback, while beneficial for promoting student learning, places additional strain on instructors. However, by presenting assessment criteria to students in advance, feedforward has no significant impact on the grading burden. This suggests that feedforward can be a viable strategy to alleviate the stress associated with grading without compromising the quality of student guidance. Overall, this research highlights the importance of balancing grading efficiency with the need to support student learning outcomes, suggesting that feedforward offers a potential solution to maintaining educational quality while managing instructor workload
Characteristics of Clinical Psychology Interview Situations with Attendee and the Meaning of Attending Experience for Beginner Students of Clinical Psychology
No full text臨床心理学的支援の初学者に対して行われる心理臨床面接への陪席体験の持つ意味を、集団
精神療法への参加の場合との比較対照を含めて検討した。陪席者の存在がクライエント、心理
臨床家の双方に与える正負両方の影響についても考察した。陪席による学習の特徴は、クライ
エントの利益を最大にすることを目標とする心理臨床の場における刺激入力の総体（「雰囲気
的なもの」と知覚される）が蓄積されてゆくことによる参照枠の形成であり、これは陪席によ
る学習の暗在的側面である
Bidirectional Loading Response of Square-HSS Columns and Panel Zones Measured in Shake-Table Tests of a 10-Story Steel Building
No full textA series of shake-table tests on a nearly full-scale, 10-story steel moment-resisting frame with buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) was conducted at the E-Defense shake-table facility in Japan in February 2023. The specimen was subjected to the Japan Meteorological Agency Kobe motion recorded from the 1995 Kobe earthquake, scaled from 25% to 100%. Yielding of the interior columns and column panel zones was expected from the relative proportions of the columns and beams. At one of the interior grid points, responses of such interior columns, panel zones, BRBs, and connecting beams were measured to understand the interaction between the members under a real, dynamic loading environment. During the 100% motion, the specimen yielded in the 1st to 8th stories, developing maximum story drift ratios of 0.021 rad and 0.017 rad in the two orthogonal directions. As expected, the column and panel zones in the interior grid point yielded under biaxial forces, while the connecting beams remained elastic. Methods to estimate the panel-zone shear force and strength were devised to match the measured responses. A two-dimensional (2D) numerical model of BRB-to-beam-to-column joints was calibrated to match the measured column inflection points and panel-zone deformation. Time history analysis of the frame using the calibrated model reproduced the experimental results with acceptable consistency
正式な形成的読解評価におけるフィードバックの文書化 : ライティング・イン・インタラクションと第二言語学習者への影響について
No full textThis study investigates how feedback is provided to second language (L2) students during formal formative reading assessments in K-12 education, with a focus on the role of writing in these interactions. L2 students often face challenges in both language and academic learning, leading to lower reading scores and graduation rates. Understanding feedback - both as an evaluative event and as an ongoing process - can improve teaching practices and better support these students.The research highlights two key perspectives on feedback: one sees it as a discrete event focused on reviewing past performance, while the other views it as a continuous process aimed at enhancing current performance within assessment. Although feedback in K- 12 education has been well-studied, the role of writing in feedback during formative assessment interactions is underexplored. Writing plays a crucial role in documenting student performance and guiding feedback, particularly for L2 learners who may struggle with key academic subjects (e.g. reading). While teachers often rely on written records for feedback, previous studies have not deeply analyzed these writings or how they are accomplished. Using Conversation Analysis (CA), the research addresses three main questions: (1) how feedback is provided after formative assessment performance and documented in writing, (2) how feedback is provided during formative assessment performance and documented in writing, and (3) how these feedback processes affect L2 students’ engagement in such assessments. The findings show that written documentation aids feedback but can result in a selective focus, sometimes prioritizing language corrections over comprehension. This can limit meaningful interaction and hinder L2 students’ learning. The study calls for a reevaluation of feedback structures. It underscores the importance of collaboration between teachers and students and the impact of writing on formative assessment outcomes
