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Reasons for learning in financially strained households : Association between household income and academic task values
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Changes in Raw Milk Production and Marketing in a Suburban Dairy Area and Its Determinants in Liaoning Province, China.
Get PDFThis paper clarifies changes in raw milk production and marketing in Liaoning Province, China, and the factors behind these changes. Liaoning Province is characterized as a suburban dairy area. The transition of milk production and marketing of dairy producers can be categorized into four types: directly managed farms, contract farms, own-processing farms, and farms with direct-to-consumer sales. The first two types are large-scale operations that sell raw milk to dairy manufacturers, while the latter two types are medium- and smallscale farming that obtain high milk prices through own-processing and direct sales of raw milk. The structure of milk production and marketing in Liaoning Province has evolved through two routes. One route leads to intensive, modern, large-scale farming, and the other route leads to small- and medium-scale farming that sells directly to consumers. The transition to large-scale farming has been defined by the improvement of management standards by dairy manufacturers following the melamine incident, a factor common to all dairy farms in China. On the other hand, the transition to small- and medium-scale farming has been defined by a sales environment favorable to direct sales, which is conditioned by the large consumption population in a suburban area and consumer preference for direct purchase from dairy farmers, after the termination of contracts with dairy manufacturers due to the above factors. The latter factor is unique to suburban dairy areas. This suggests that there is room for a variety of dairy farming, including small- and medium-scale farms, not only in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region but also in peri-urban dairy farming areas, such as Liaoning Province. The dual structure of large and small-scale operations coexisting may remain in effect for a certain period.本論文は，中国遼寧省における生乳生産・販売の変化とその要因を明らかにする．遼寧省の特徴は，都市近郊酪農地帯であることである．酪農家の生乳生産・販売の変遷は，直営牧場型，契約牧場型，6次産業化型，消費者直接販売型の⚔タイプに分類できる．前者2タイプは生乳を乳業メーカーに販売する大規模経営で，後者2タイプは自社加工と生乳の直接販売で高い乳価を得る中小規模経営である．遼寧省の生乳生産・販売構造は，2つのルートを通じて発展してきた．ひとつは集約的で近代的な大規模経営への移行，もうひとつは消費者に直接販売する中小規模経営への移行である．大規模経営への移行は中国のすべての酪農経営に共通する要因で，メラミン事件後，乳業メーカーによる管理基準の強化によって規定された．一方，中小規模酪農への移行は，上記要因による乳業メーカーとの契約打ち切り後，都市近郊における消費人口の多さや消費者の酪農家からの直接購入志向など，直販に有利な販売環境が整ったことによる．後者は郊外の都市近郊酪農地帯特有の要因である．このことは，内モンゴル自治区だけでなく，遼寧省のような都市近郊酪農地帯においても，中小規模農家を含めた多様な酪農の余地があることを示唆している．大規模経営と小規模経営が共存する二重構造は，一定期間継続するかもしれない
Magnetic field induced insulator-to-metal Mott transition in λ-type organic conductors
Get PDFThe effects of a magnetic field on the Mott transition, a longstanding issue in condensed matter physics, are studied using magnetoresistance measurements for organic Mott insulators, lambda-(BETS)2GaBrxCl4-x, up to 55 T. We demonstrate that an insulator-to-metal transition with a first-order nature and a successive superconductor-toinsulator-to-metal transition are induced by magnetic fields. We discuss the difference in magnetic susceptibility between the insulating and metallic phases, which is a key factor in inducing these transitions. Field induced transitions in experimentally feasible fields under ambient pressure conditions lead to further experimental verification of Mott transitions
時代を異にする詩人による歌合の構想 : 中世ドイツの『君主讃歌』と日本の『時代不同歌合』 ─
No full textThe German Fürstenlob (Praise of Princes) and the Japanese Jidaifudō utaawase were both written in the 13th century, with the idea of pitting poets from different eras against each other in a poetry contest. On the Japanese side, the author was Retired Emperor Gotoba, who was exiled to the Islands of Oki after the Jōkyū Rebellion, while the author on the German side is unknown. Other works based on the same concept can be found in Japan, but are unknown in Germany. For this reason, German Studies research lacks inspiration. We have therefore attempted to provide an overview of the conditions under which the anthology Jidaifudō utaawase was written and the conditions that may have motivated the Emperor to compose it, and to examine the similarities and differences in the circumstances under which the Fürstenlob was written.
The phenomenon that the text changes in the process of manuscript transmission can be observed in both cultures, have led us to present some research results from Japanese literary studies that can serve as a reference point for the study of German literature
