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Issues related to the use of social security system in the life course of elderly single-mother households
No full text本研究の目的は，高齢寡婦世帯がライフコースにおける社会保障制度との関わりに関する課題を整理することである。本研究の高齢寡婦世帯とは，過去にひとり親として仕事しながら子育てし，その後，再婚せずに，現在，年金を受給している寡婦が世帯主の世帯である。また，社会保障制度において，所得保障制度に注目し，ひとり親世帯向けの経済的支援制度，年金制度，税制度という三つの側面からまとめる。結果として，高齢寡婦は所得保障制度との関わり方がライフコースにおいて，変動が多いこと見られた。まず，年金と税制度は通ライフコースの支援策である一方，ひとり親世帯向けの経済的支援制度は子育て期だけに適用できる支援策である。そして，年金について，配偶者との関係，就労状況により，加入の種類や金額が異なっている。最後に，税の控除がライフコース上に継続しているが，子の生活と就労状態により，扶養控除，ひとり親控除，寡婦控除など，税制度との関わり方が違っている
心拍変動バイオフィードバック訓練が不安低減効果と脳活動に与える影響 ： 脳波（EEG）と内受容感覚の観点から [全文の要約]
No full textこの博士論文全文の閲覧方法については、以下のサイトをご参照ください。https://www.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dissertations/copy-guides
アフリカにおける工業化の多様性：雇用の変革と通信の出現(1960-2021年)
No full textIndustrial Revolution (IR) and industrialization are the most central issues in economic
history. However, the counting of the IR is a controversial matter among scholars. Several
studies refer to our current era as the Fourth Industrial Revolution while the three previous
ones have still not yet been fully fathomed out. In this thesis, we explore the question of
industrial revolutions globally and focus on its expansion to African countries. We discuss
sectoral changes, manufacturing development, telecommunication and the leapfrogging
effect. Industrialization in Africa being a complex, dynamic and very broad topic, we
ensure from each chapter to approach a specific independent aspect all connected under
the shade of industrialization. The thesis is structured as follows. Chapter 1 review in detail
the literature on the industrial revolutions globally and the situation of industrialization in
Africa, particularly. Two main strategies were identified in the case of African industrialization.
The first is manufacturing, which corresponds to the first and second industrial revolutions
and the second is ICT development, which corresponds to the third industrial revolution. In
Chapter 2 we present the sectoral shifts that have occurred in Africa in the recent decades
employing ternary graphs for a clear visual description. We examine industrialization in
52 African countries and present four models of African industrialization that differ from
the classic Three Sector Model (known in Japan as Petty-Clark’s Law) used in Western
developed countries. The 4 models identified include the least industrializing countries, the
slowly industrializing countries, the de-industrializing countries, and the industrializing
countries. Chapter 3 analyzed the pattern of industrialization based on manufacturing
data with a focus on 9 African countries considered as representative of the different
industrial stages from the three most significant categories of the previous chapter 3. The
findings of this chapter reveal that the African model of industrialization is a resource-based
industrialization whereby countries’ manufacturing sectors use local agricultural resources
(Kenya, Benin, Senegal) or mineral resources (South Africa, Nigeria, Egypt, Tunisia,
Morocco, Senegal) in industries. Chapter 4 reviews the question of telecommunication
which is an important field of industrialization experience in Africa pointing out the
leapfrogging experience and appropriate technology adoption in the field. The findings
in Chapter 4 also reveal that there is a varied correlation between the GDP per capita and
mobile subscription respectively for African countries. Mauritius shows a strong correlation
while South Africa, Egypt, and Tunisia have a weak correlation and, countries such as
Senegal, Kenya, and Benin rather have no correlation between the two variables. Besides
it was found that although mobile subscriptions are high in African countries, the number
of internet users remains low. Chapter 5 presents a case study on telecommunication
companies’ performance in Benin, a West African country with a dual French-English
influence. The analysis reveals the importance of experience and strategic investments
in 3G technology and submarine cables as important for telecommunication companies’
growth in Benin
Technical note: Application of an optical hydrophone to ionoacoustic range detection in a tissue‐mimicking agar phantom
No full textBackground : Ionoacoustics is a promising approach to reduce the range uncertainty in proton therapy. A miniature-sized optical hydrophone (OH) was used as a measuring device to detect weak ionoacoustic signals with a high signal-to-noise ratio in water. However, further development is necessary to prevent wave distortion because of nearby acoustic impedance discontinuities while detection is conducted on the patient's skin. Purpose : A prototype of the probe head attached to an OH was fabricated and the required dimensions were experimentally investigated using a 100-MeV proton beam from a fixed-field alternating gradient accelerator and k-Wave simulations. The beam range of the proton in a tissue-mimicking phantom was estimated by measuring γ-waves and spherical ionoacoustic waves with resonant frequency (SPIRE). Methods : Four sizes of probe heads were fabricated from agar blocks for the OH. Using the prototype, the γ-wave was detected at distal and lateral positions to the Bragg peak on the phantom surface for proton beams delivered at seven positions. For SPIRE, independent measurements were performed at distal on- and off-axis positions. The range positions were estimated by solving the linear equation using the sensitive matrix for the γ-wave and linear fitting of the correlation curve for SPIRE; they were compared with those measured using a film. Results : The first peak of the γ-wave was undistorted with the 3 × 3 × 3-cm3 probe head used at the on-axis and 3-cm off-axis positions. The range positions estimated by the γ-wave agreed with the film-based range in the depth direction (the maximum deviation was 0.7 mm), although a 0.6–2.1 mm deviation was observed in the lateral direction. For SPIRE, the deviation was <1 mm for the two measurement positions. Conclusions : The attachment of a relatively small-sized probe head allowed the OH to measure the beam range on the phantom surface
On Universal Quantificaiton and Distributive Quantification in Chinese : Focusing on the difference between “DOU” and “GE”.
No full text先行研究では，中国語における“各”は英語のeachに相当し，同じく分配演算子として機能する要素だと考えられている。一方，“都”は英語のallとeachとは類似しているところもあれば，異なるところもあると指摘されており，“都”の機能については研究者によって意見が大きく分かれている。それに加え，“都”の構造についても十分に議論されておらず，特に“都”にはeachと類似しているところもあるが，“都”の構造と，eachに相当すると思われる“各”の構造を比較した先行研究は管見の限りない。本稿ではLin（1998）に従い，“都”を広義の分配演算子だと考え，“各”との比較をしながら，“都”の構造について分析する
Flatworm cocoons in the abyss: same plan under pressure
Get PDFWhile knowledge of early ontogeny in abyssal animals is highly limited in general, it was completely lacking for abyssal, free-living platyhelminths. We discovered flatworm egg capsules (or ‘cocoons') on rocks collected at depths of 6176–6200 m on the abyssal slope of the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench, northwestern Pacific. The egg capsules were black and spherical, around 3 mm in diameter, and contained three to seven individuals (n = 4) at the same developmental stage, either the spherical (putative early embryo) or vermiform (putative late embryo) stages. A molecular phylogenetic analysis based on 18S and 28S rRNA sequences revealed that the flatworms belong in suborder Maricola in Tricladida and suggested that they may have colonized from shallow to deep waters. This study provides the deepest record for free-living flatworms and the first information on their early life stages in the abyssal zone, which were very similar to those in shallow-water forms. This similarity in development between the relatively benign shallow-water and the extreme abyssal environments suggests that triclads adapting to the latter faced primarily physiological and/or ecological adaptive challenges rather than developmental ones
Reason as Master, Emotion as Slave? : What Kantian Virtues Demand
Get PDFKant argues that human beings, who are both rational and sensible, are bound to have emotions and inclinations that are in conflict with moral law. Thus, in Kantian ethics, we must assume a dualism of reason and emotion; they must maintain an ordered governance structure. As Kant states, reason must always ‘hold the reins of government in its own hands.’ Kantʼs theory of virtue may then seem to assume that emotions should always be slaves that need to be subordinated. This, however, raises questions: are we required to always limit the workings of our emotions so that we are not influenced by them, and are we required to have control over them as if they are slaves? The answer is partly no. This is because, Kant also emphasizes that emotion can serve as a means for promoting the performance of duty based on reason. For example, in Kantʼs Doctrine of Virtue, cultivating emotions is necessary as a means of fulfilling duties, and one of these emotions is sympathy (Teilnehmung). Therefore, it is not only necessary to restrict the function of emotions in one aspect and to slavishly suppress and control them so that they do not interfere with reason as much as possible, but it is also necessary to cultivate them so they are compatible with reason to make them useful for the proper functioning of emotions that are to be used as means of reason. In this paper, I aim to clarify the role of emotions in Kantian ethics by interpreting the inner freedom that Kantʼs virtuous agents must have, with reason as their master, as a pluralistic and flexible way of controlling emotion. I argue that reason as the master must respond to emotions with two attitudes—suppression and cultivation—and that virtue finds a well-maintained balance between them