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The Impact of Kefir upon Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Improvement in Fructose-induced NAFLD and Leptin-Knockout (ob/ob) Animal Models
No full textNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the most common cause of chronic liver disease in many countries. Fatty liver disease is divided into two types, including alcohol-related fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In recent years, people changes eating habits and popularity of bubble tea. High fructose intake has been suggested to be a key factor that induces non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Kefir, a fermented milk product composed of microbial symbionts, has demonstrated numerous biological activities including antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-tumor and immunostimulating effects. But there have no reports to investigate kefir for health of non-alcoholic fatty liver and possible molecular mechanism. The first part of this experiment, 30% fructose solution induced fatty liver in C57BL/6J mice. Group divided into seven groups: (1) Normal: H2O drinking water; (2) Mock: H2O + 30% fructose; (3) KL; low-dose kefir (50 mg/kg) + 30% fructose; (4) KM: medium-dose kefir (100 mg/kg) + 30% fructose; (5) KH: high-dose kefir (150 mg/kg) + 30% fructose; (6) IKM: medium-dose intermediate kefir (150 mg/kg) + 30% fructose; (7) CFM: commercial fermented milk (100mg/kg) + 30% fructose. The second part of experiment, using C57BL/6-Lepob/ob knockout mice as a NAFLD animal model, experimental designs were divided into four groups: (1) Normal: wild type mice＋H2O; (2) Mock: ob/ob mice + H2O; (3) KM: ob/ob mice + medium dose kefir (100 mg/kg) ; (4) KH; ob/ob mice + high dose kefir (150 mg/kg). To elucidate the kefir may play a role of protective mechanisms in NAFLD. The data demonstrated that kefir improved fatty liver syndrome by decreasing body weight, serum ALT, triglyceride, insulin, and hepatic triglyceride, cholesterol and free fatty acid and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β), In addition, kefir markedly increased phosphorylation of JAK2, improving insulin sensitivity, and enhanced the phosphorylation of AMPK and its targeting enzymes, ACC and SREBP-1c, to down-regulate de novo lipogenesis and stimulation of fatty acid oxidation. At the same time, JAK2 stimulated of STAT3 phosphorylation, which can translocate to the nucleus, and up-regulation of several genes, including CPT1 involved in fatty acid oxidation. In conclusion, the mechanism by which kefir activation of JAK2 signal transduction through JAK2/STAT3 pathways to improve the NAFLD syndrome in fructose-induced fatty liver disease model and Lepob/ob obesity mouse model.
Keywords: NAFLD, kefir, fructose, ob/ob, AMPK, SREBP-1c, ACC, JAK2/STAT3非酒精性脂肪肝已成為許多國家最常見的慢性肝病之一。脂肪肝在病因上可分為酒精性以及非酒精性脂肪肝。近年來，由於國人飲食習慣改變以及手搖茶飲的盛行，果糖的過度攝取成為非酒精性脂肪肝發展的關鍵飲食因素。文獻已指出克弗爾具有許多生物活性、包括抗菌活性、抗氧化作用、抗腫瘤活性以及提升免疫力等功用，但目前未有研究探討克弗爾對於非酒精性肝脂肪肝的保健應用以及其作用的分子機制。因此，本實驗第一部分以30%果糖飲水誘導C57BL/6J小鼠形成脂肪肝，組別分為七組：1. 正常組 (Normal)：正常飲水飼養；2. 空白對照組 (Mock)：將飲水更換為30% 果糖水並口服餵食滅菌蒸餾 1 ml/kg/day；3. 克弗爾低劑量組 (low-dose kefir; KL)：將飲水更換為30%果糖水並口服餵食克弗爾50 mg/kg/day；4. 克弗爾中劑量組 (medium-dose kefir; KM)：將飲水更換為30%果糖水並口服餵食克弗爾100 mg/kg/day；5. 克弗爾高劑量組 (high-dose kefir; KH)：將飲水更換為30%果糖水並口服餵食克弗爾150 mg/kg/day；6. 克弗爾中間產物組 (intermediate kefir; IKM)：將飲水更換為30%果糖水並口服餵食克弗爾中間產物100 mg/kg/day；7. 市售優酪乳 (commercial fermented milk; CFM) ：實驗第二部分利用瘦體素 (leptin) 基因刪除之ob/ob肥胖小鼠作為非酒精性脂肪肝的動物模式，組別分為四組：1. 正常組 (Normal)：野生型小鼠作為對照並餵食滅菌蒸餾水1 ml/kg/day；2. 誘導組 (Mock)：ob/ob小鼠口服餵食滅菌蒸餾水1 ml/kg/day；3. 克弗爾中劑量組 (medium-dose kefir; KM)：ob/ob小鼠餵食克弗爾100 mg/kg/day；4. 克弗爾高劑量組 (high-dose kefir; KH)：ob/ob小鼠餵食克弗爾150 mg/kg/day，探討克弗爾在非酒精性脂肪肝病變過程中可能扮演的保護機制。從實驗結果可知，餵食克弗爾可改善此兩種非酒精性脂肪肝模式小鼠中體重、血清ALT、血清三酸甘油酯、血清胰島素、肝臟內三酸甘油酯、肝臟內膽固醇、肝臟內游離脂肪酸、肝臟內發炎相關細胞激素(TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β)等脂肪肝徵狀，此外，克弗爾明顯的增加肝臟內JAK2的活性，改善胰島素阻抗，並增強下游AMPK磷酸化抑制SREBP-1c與ACC活性負調控脂肪生合成作用，同時活化STAT3-轉錄脂肪酸氧化基因CPT-1表現。藉由以上結果，推測克弗爾可經由活化JAK2/STATA3 信息傳遞路徑改善果糖誘導及瘦體素缺陷的小鼠脂肪肝病程之發展。目次
中文摘要 I
英文摘要 II
目次 III
表次 IX
圖次 X
壹、 緒論 1
貳、 文獻回顧 3
一、代謝症候群 (metabolic syndrome) 3
(一) 代謝症候群源由與簡介 3
(二) 代謝症候群診斷標準 4
(三) 肥胖以及胰島素組抗與代謝症候群的關係 4
(四) 肥胖以及胰島素組抗與代謝症候群的關係 6
二、脂肪肝 (fatty liver or steatohepatitis) 6
(一) 肝臟的功能與結構 6
(二) 脂肪肝的定義、分類與命名 6
(三) 非酒精性脂肪肝致病因子 6
(四) 非酒精性脂肪肝在臨床的表現與肝功能診斷 12
三、體內脂質相關代謝基因 13
(一) 調控脂質生成相關因子 13
(二) 調控脂質氧化相關因子 16
四、瘦體素阻抗 (leptin resistance) 17
(一) 瘦體素 17
(二) 瘦體素接受器 (leptin receptor, OB-R) 17
(三) 瘦體素在肝臟的生理作用 18
(四) 瘦體素阻抗 (leptin resistance) 18
五、胰島素阻抗 (insulin resistance) 20
(一) 胰島素的生理功能 20
(二) 胰島素阻抗 20
(三) 胰島素阻抗與非酒精性脂肪肝 20
六、非酒精肪肝動物模式 21
(一) 基因剔除或基因突變模式 21
(二) 營養誘發模式 24
七、果糖 25
(一) 果糖在肝臟的代謝 25
(二) 果糖促進肝臟脂肪生合成作用 (de novo lipogenesis) 與抑制脂肪氧化作用 (fatty acid oxidation) 誘導非酒精性脂肪肝 26
(三) 果糖與胰島素阻抗 27
八、克弗爾發酵乳 29
(一) 發酵乳之益生功效 29
(二) 克弗爾的起源和歷史 29
(三) 克弗爾功能特性 29
九、研究目的與動機 34
參、 材料與方法 35
一、果糖誘導非酒精性脂肪肝之動物模式與試驗分組 35
二、自發性非酒精性脂肪肝動物模式之動物飼養與試驗分組 35
三、Leptin-基因剔除小鼠 (ob/ob) 之基因型鑑定 37
(一) 萃取小鼠genomic DNA 37
(二) Leptin-deficient mice基因鑑定 38
四、口服葡萄糖耐受性測試 (oral glucose tolerance test; OGTT) 40
五、動物犧牲樣本採集 41
(一) 血清收集 41
(二) 肝臟 41
(三) 脂肪 41
六、血液生化數值分析 41
七、血清胰島素濃度測定以及胰島素阻抗判定 42
(一) 血清胰島素 42
(二) 胰島素阻阻抗評估指標 (Homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance; HOMA-IR index) 42
八、分析肝臟RNA基因表現 42
(一) 組織RNA萃取 42
(二) RNA去污 43
(三) RNA測污 43
(四) RNA反轉錄cDNA 44
(五) 即時定量聚合酶連鎖反應 (Real-time polymerase chain reaction) 45
九、分析肝臟蛋白質表現 47
(一) 總蛋白質之萃取 47
(二) 蛋白質濃度測定 47
(三) 西方墨點法 47
十、肝臟與脂肪組織之切片染色(Hematoxylin and eosin stain; H&E stain) 51
十一、油紅染色 (oil Red O staining) 51
十二、免疫組織化學染色 (Immunohistochemistry; IHC) 52
十三、肝臟脂質萃取與肝臟三酸甘油脂、膽固醇以及游離脂肪酸測定 53
(一) 肝臟脂質萃取 53
(二) 肝臟三酸甘油酯含量測定 53
(三) 肝臟膽固醇含量測定 53
(四) 肝臟游離脂肪酸測定 53
十四、肝臟發炎細胞激素表現 54
(一) 肝臟均漿 54
(二) 肝臟發炎細胞激素分析 54
十五、統計分析 55
肆、 結果 56
實驗一、克弗爾發酵產物在果糖誘導小鼠脂肪肝之研究 56
一、克弗爾對於果糖誘導小鼠脂肪肝之小鼠攝食量與飲水或糖量之影響 56
二、克弗爾對於果糖誘導小鼠脂肪肝之小鼠總熱量攝變化 56
三、克弗爾對於果糖誘導小鼠脂肪肝之小鼠體重變化以及肝臟重量 56
四、克弗爾對於果糖誘導小鼠脂肪肝之小鼠肝指數以及血漿脂質之影響 60
五、克弗爾對於果糖誘導小鼠脂肪肝之小鼠肝臟組織外觀與組織病理之影響 60
六、克弗爾對於果糖誘導小鼠脂肪肝之小鼠肝臟內脂質堆積之影響 64
七、克弗爾對於果糖誘導小鼠脂肪肝的肝臟組織內各類脂質含量之影響 64
八、克弗爾對於果糖誘導小鼠脂肪肝之小鼠口服葡萄糖耐受性之影響 68
九、克弗爾對於果糖誘導小鼠脂肪肝之小鼠胰島素敏感性之影響 69
十、克弗爾對於果糖誘導小鼠脂肪肝之小鼠肝臟中促發炎細胞激素表現之影響 71
十一、克弗爾對於果糖誘導小鼠脂肪肝之小鼠肝臟組織內脂質過氧化作用之影響 71
十二、克弗爾對於果糖誘導小鼠脂肪肝之小鼠肝臟中脂質合成路徑蛋白表現之影響 71
十三、克弗爾對於果糖誘導小鼠脂肪肝之小鼠肝臟中ACC 活性之影響 75
十四、克弗爾對於果糖誘導小鼠脂肪肝之小鼠肝臟中AMPK 活性之影響 75
十五、克弗爾對於果糖誘導小鼠脂肪肝之小鼠肝臟中OB-R以及JAK2-STAT3 訊號傳遞之影響 78
實驗二、克弗爾發酵產物在瘦體素基因刪除鼠 (ob/ob) 之脂肪肝研究 82
一、克弗爾對於ob/ob 小鼠體重變化與攝食量之影響 82
二、克弗爾對於ob/ob 小鼠體脂肪與肝臟重量之影響 85
三、克弗爾對於ob/ob 小鼠肝指數以及血清脂質之影響 87
四、克弗爾對於ob/ob 小鼠肝臟組織外觀與組織病理分析之影響 88
五、克弗爾對於ob/ob 小鼠肝臟脂質堆積之影響 88
六、克弗爾對於ob/ob 小鼠肝臟組織內脂質含量之影響 91
七、克弗爾對於ob/ob 小鼠胰島素敏感性之影響 91
八、克弗爾對於ob/ob小鼠肝臟中促發炎細胞激素表現之影響 91
九、克弗爾對於ob/ob 小鼠肝臟組織內脂質過氧化作用之影響 95
十、克弗爾對於ob/ob小鼠肝臟中脂肪氧化基因表現之影響 95
十一、克弗爾對於ob/ob小鼠肝臟中脂質合成路徑蛋白表現之影響 95
十二、克弗爾對於ob/ob小鼠肝臟中AMPK與ACC 活性之影響 99
十三、克弗爾對於ob/ob小鼠肝臟中脂肪酸代謝與氧化之影響 100
十四、克弗爾對於ob/ob小鼠肝臟 OB-R以及下游JAK2-STAT3訊號傳遞之影響 100
伍、 討論 107
一、非酒精性脂肪肝動物模式之建立 107
二、非酒精性脂肪肝動物模式之攝食量、飲水量與總能量之探討 109
三、對於小鼠體重與組織臟器重之影響 110
四、克弗爾對於小鼠脂肪肝症狀之改善 110
五、克弗爾改善小鼠肝臟胰島素阻抗以及增加瘦體素受器之訊號傳遞 111
六、克弗爾減少小鼠肝臟中脂肪合成以及增加脂肪氧化作用 113
七、克弗爾減少小鼠肝臟中發炎 115
八、克弗爾有效成份以及可能作用分子機制之探討 116
九、克弗爾發酵產物與市售發酵乳之結果統整比較 116
十、未來實驗規劃設計驗證 116
陸、 結論 120
柒、 參考文獻 12
Salinity-dependent urination and distribution of villin 1-like protein in renal tubules of the spotted green pufferfish (Tetraodon nigroviridis)
No full textIn the present study, changes in the renal urination and the tubule morphologywere compared between the kidneys of spotted green pufferfish (Tetraodonnigroviridis) acclimated to FW and SW. The first part of the study developed a newmethod to trace the urine with red color for investigation in the pufferfish usingintraperitoneal injection with the fruit juice. Furthermore, the present study was first toindicate that the FW pufferfish had more urination than the SW individuals. On theother hand, the urine was collected from the urinary bladder of the pufferfish in thisstudy. Using the photometer analysis, urine [Cl-] was significantly lower in the FWgroup compared to the SW group. The different functions of teleostean kidneys weredemonstrated that the FW teleost produced large volume of hypotonic (dilute) urine,while the SW teleost excreted less volume of isotonic urine. In the second part, themethod of serial paraffin sections with histochemical or immunofluorescence stainingwere performed to label the different types of renal tubules in the pufferfish kidney.The renal tubules were classified into four types and quantified the changes in thekidney sections between the FW and SW pufferfish. In addition, the expressions of Na+,K+, 2Cl- cotransporter 2 and Na+, 2Cl- cotransporter were detected to examine thereabsorption in the pufferfish. The last part focused on changes in the functionalmorphologies of tubular cells. Several previous studies described that the miocrovillusstructure as brush boarder involved in reabsorption in the proximal tubule cells ofmammalian kidney. The expression of villin 1 protein regulates the formation ofmicrovilli in the renal proximal tubule of mammals. However, few studies focused onexpression of the villin 1 protein in the kidneys of the teleosts. The sequence of villin1-like (VILL) protein was identified from the pufferfish genomic database. Determinations of gene and protein levels revealed that the renal VILL expression wasstable. However, the immunofluorescence staining showed that the VILL expressionwas localized to the apical region of the proximal tubule cells. In contrast, the VILLexpression of the SW pufferfish was detected in the apical regions of the distal tubule.The salinity-dependent distribution of renal VILL associated with the differentformation of microvilli in the renal tubules of pufferfish in SW and FW. Taken together,the present study integrated the plasticity in the physiological function and cellmorphology of the kidney for osmoregulation in the pufferfish acclimated to theenvironments with different salinities.本實驗比較淡水和海水馴養墨綠凹鼻魨的腎臟排尿功能與腎小管型態的變化。首先，建立水果色素以腹腔注射的方式，使墨綠凹鼻魨產生紅色尿液，能追蹤魚隻在水裡進行排尿的行為，進而證實淡水凹鼻魨排尿量多於海水個體。此外，藉由採取凹鼻魨膀胱以蒐集尿液，分析尿液氯離子濃度顯示淡水組顯著低於海水組，證實不同鹽度環境下的墨綠凹鼻魨，其腎臟具有不同的生理功能；淡水硬骨魚會產生大量稀釋尿液，而海水硬骨魚則排少量等張尿液。第二部分的研究使用連續石蠟切片的方式搭配組織化學染色或免疫螢光染色標定腎小管管壁細胞，重新歸類墨綠凹鼻魨腎小管的型態，並量化淡水和海水型腎臟切片中近曲、遠曲、集尿小管和集尿管腔的數量變化，以及偵測參與再吸收機制的管壁細胞頂膜上氯離子通道(Na+, K+, 2Cl- cotransporter 2 與 Na+, 2Cl- cotransporter )的表現 最後一部。分的研究著重在細胞功能性型態變化，前人研究發現哺乳動物腎臟中近曲小管管腔內的細胞頂膜具有微絨毛組成的刷狀緣結構，此微絨毛增加細胞參與環境接觸的面積，參與細胞物質吸收與分泌的功能，絨毛蛋白(villin 1)則參與微絨毛結構的形成機制。然而魚類腎小管之絨毛蛋白研究鮮少，因此本實驗從墨綠凹鼻魨基因資料庫中鑑定屬於 villin 1 的同源性蛋白 villin 1-like protein (VILL)基因全序列，進而偵測淡水和海水馴養下的墨綠凹鼻魨腎臟 VILL 基因和蛋白質的表現量，雖然無顯著性差異，但以組織免疫染色標定結果顯示 VILL 在淡水只表現在近曲小管細胞的頂膜區域；而海水則是在遠曲小管細胞的頂膜區，因此鹽度依賴性表現的絨毛蛋白(VILL)參與腎小管細胞頂膜微絨毛的形成機制。總和上述研究，本研究完整呈現出墨綠凹鼻魨面臨不同鹽度環境時其腎臟從生理至細胞結構的可塑性，以調節體內滲透壓恆定。中文摘要..............1
Abstract..............2
前言..............4
一、魚類的滲透壓調節機制..............4
二、硬骨魚類腎臟之功能..............5
三、硬骨魚類腎臟之型態和構造..............6
四、廣鹽性硬骨魚類腎臟的腎小管型態轉變..............8
五、墨綠凹鼻魨..............9
六、鈉鉀幫浦..............11
七、硬骨魚腎臟中NKA的表現和分布..............11
八、鈉鉀氯共運輸蛋白..............12
九、絨毛蛋白(villin1)..............13
實驗目的..............15
實驗設計..............16
材料與方法..............18
一、實驗環境與實驗動物..............18
二、火龍果汁的萃取與腹腔注射..............18
三、墨綠凹鼻魨膀胱採樣與血漿的採取..............19
四、檢測淡水和海水墨綠凹鼻魨尿液和血漿中氯離子的濃度..............19
五、墨綠凹鼻魨腎臟採樣..............20
六、石蠟切片與組織化學染色..............20
七、抗體..............21
八、雙重免疫螢光染色..............22
九、總核糖核酸(totalRNA)的製備和反轉錄作用..............23
十、即時定量PCR(real-timePCR..............23
十一、墨綠凹鼻魨VILL序列和演化樹分析..............23
十二、半定量(semi-quantitative)分析墨綠凹鼻魨的不同組織對VILL含量25
十三、SDS-PAGE電泳與西方墨點法..............25
十四、量化腎小球及腎小管之方法..............26
十五、統計分析..............27
結果..............28
第一部分..............28
目標一、比較淡水和海水環境中墨綠凹鼻魨尿液排泄的情況..............28
目標二、火龍果汁的注射對於墨綠凹鼻魨之尿液與血漿中氯離子的影響..29
第二部分..............30
目標一、辨別馴養在淡水和海水環境下墨綠凹鼻的腎小管類型..............30
目標二、區辨腎臟切片上腎小管類型與數量比較..............31
第三部分..............33
目標、偵測墨綠凹鼻魨的腎臟NKCC2與NCC，兩種氯離子運輸蛋白.....33
第四部分..............34
目標、探討墨綠凹魨其腎臟VILL的管壁細胞頂膜型態之間的相關性......34
討論..............37
一、觀察淡水和海水墨綠凹鼻魨經過腹腔注射火龍果汁後的排尿行為....37
二、淡水和海水墨綠凹鼻魨排尿量的差異..............38
三、區分墨綠凹鼻魨腎小管之種類..............39
四、不同鹽度下對墨綠凹鼻魨腎臟之影響..............41
五、淡水和海水墨綠凹鼻魨腎臟上Na+,K+,2Cl-cotransporter2(NKCC2)與Na+,Cl-cotransporter(NCC)離子運輸器之分佈..............42
六、在淡水和海水墨綠凹魨其腎臟微絨毛蛋白(VILL)基因和蛋白質的表現......44
七、微絨毛蛋白(VILL)在淡水和海水的墨綠凹鼻魨中腎小管分布情形....45
結論..............47
未來展望..............48
表與圖..............49
參考文獻..............7
利用 SWATH 質譜定量技術於分析影響水稻突變株之蛋白質體研究
No full textPhotosynthesis is a process to convert light energy into chemical energy, which is stored in carbohydrate molecules in plant leaf. One of important biomolecules for photosynthesis is chlorophyll. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are key members of the chlorophyll, the chlorophyll a/b ratio has an enormous impact on leaf color, and the ratio in general plants is 3. In this study, the abnormal leaf colors, yellow or white, were founded in the mutants of Oryza sativa, SA0405, SA0407 and SA0408, although abnormal leaves, they could still survive and inherited to next generation. Proteins are the final pigment of central dogma, they can strongly describe the phenotype of organism. Protein quantity analysis distribute label and label free. Label free is cheaper, fast and simple than label..Sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra (SWATH) is novel for label free. Therefore, ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled with SWATH of rice analysis were applied on the identification and quantification of the difference proteins, and then it analyzed with gene ontology analysis to find out the biological pathways. We compared TNG67 with SA0405, SA0407 and SA0408 at tillering and ripening stage. The tillering results showed that total of 324, 376, 373 proteins were quantified successfully in SA0405, SA0407 and SA0408, respectively. The ripening results showed that total of 396, 404, 219 proteins were quantified successfully in SA0405, SA0407 and SA0408, respectively. The SA0407 agronomic traits is similar to SA0408. Therefore to investigate SA0407 and SA0408. According to these results, we found that 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a reductase (HCAR) may lead to leaf color abnormal in SA0407 and SA0408 of tillering and ripening. In addition, the down-regulated expression of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (MEP cytidylyltransferase) in SA0408 of tillering and ripening might affect the growth of chloroplast. Finally, the rice proteomic by SWATH analysis platform is successful to understand affect leaf color and chloroplast development of rice mutant In future, the development marker genes of three novel proteins can identify chloroplast development stage and help us to understand the mechanism between photosynthesis and rice yield.光合作用將光能轉換成化學能，轉換成碳水化合物並儲存於葉片，其中葉綠素扮演重要的角色。葉綠素有葉綠素a (chlorophyll a) 與葉綠素b (chlorophyll b)，Chl a/Chl b代表葉片顏色，正常比值為3。SA0405、SA0407 和 SA0408 為經疊氮化鈉誘變之白色或黃色水稻葉色突變株，雖然外在性狀與正常植株 TNG67 明顯不同，但仍舊可以完成整個生長週期，將此性狀傳至下一代。蛋白質位於中心法則末端之角色，最能解釋生物體之外表性狀之功能性。質譜定量分析分為標定以及非標定分析兩種，而非標定定量技術較標定定量技術便宜、快速且簡單，目前以非標定定量技術之 SWATH (Sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra) 分析平台最為新穎。因此，本實驗為利用超高液相層析儀搭配質譜儀，建立水稻 SWATH 分析平台，進行水稻之蛋白質身分鑑定及定量，並找出具有兩倍以上差異之蛋白質。於此，將 TNG67 各別與 SA0405、SA0407 和 SA0408 於最高分蘗期及成熟期樣品進行比較。最高分蘗期之 SA0405、SA0407、SA0408 各別與 TNG67 比較，共同挑選出 324、376、373 個可定量蛋白質；成熟期之 SA0405、SA0407、SA0408 各別與 TNG67 比較，共同挑選出396、414、219個可定量蛋白質。其中 SA0407 和 SA0408 於農藝性狀較相似，因此先探討 SA0407 和 SA0408。根據定量結果於SA0407，MEP (methylerythritol phosphate) 路徑沒有顯著下降，SA0407 和 SA0408 下游葉綠素合成 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a reductase (HCAR) 顯著下降，進而影響 Chl a和 Chl b之比例，導致外觀性狀與 TNG67 有所不同；此外 SA0408 最高分蘗期及成熟期 MEP路徑之 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (MEP cytidyltransferase) 皆有顯著下降，可能經由突變，使得此酵素合成異常，導致葉綠體發育受阻。綜合以上結果，本實驗成功透過水稻蛋白質體之 SWATH 分析平台，了解水稻突變株於葉片顏色與葉綠體發育之影響，並期望於未來利用上述之蛋白質發展標記基因鑑定葉綠體之發育，以及協助了解光合作用和水稻產量之關係。目錄
中文摘要 i
Abstract ii
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 前言 1
第二節 水稻簡介 2
第三節 光合作用 (photosynthesis) 3
第四節 呼吸作用 (cellular respiration) 12
第五節 蛋白質體學 13
(一) 膠體分析方式 15
(二) 非膠體分析方式 17
(三) 標記定量方式 18
(四) 非標定定量 (label-free) 19
(五) 蛋白質體學應用 21
第六節 前人研究 22
(一) 水稻之研究 22
(二) 葉綠體與葉綠素之研究 23
(三) 葉綠體蛋白質體之研究 26
第七節 研究動機 27
第八節 實驗策略 29
第二章 材料與方法 30
第一節 研究材料 30
第二節 試驗方法-農藝性狀之調查 30
第三節 測定葉綠素螢光與葉綠素之含量 31
(一) 葉綠素螢光儀 (OS1-FL) 31
(二) 葉綠素含量計算 31
第四節 穿透式電子顯微鏡 (Transmission electron microscope, TEM) 32
(一) 樣品固定 (fixation) 32
(二) 樣品脫水包埋 (dehydration and embedding) 32
(三) 銅網製備 (grids and supporting films) 33
(四) 玻璃刀製備 (glass knife manufacturing) 33
(五) 樣品切片與染色 (trimming and staining) 33
第五節 生物質量(biological mass, biomass) 34
第六節 水稻蛋白質萃取與定量 34
(一) 葉片蛋白質萃取 34
(二) 水稻蛋白定量 35
第七節 十二烷基硫酸鈉聚丙烯醯胺凝膠電泳 (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE) 35
第八節 銀染 (sliver stain) 36
第九節 製作tube gel (tube gel) 36
第十節 全蛋白水溶液酵素水解 (In-solution digestion) 37
第十一節 膠體內酵素水解 (In-tube gel digestion) 37
第十二節 質譜分析 38
(一) 樣品水解方式測試 39
(二) 樣品層析時間測試 39
(一) 標準品測試-Beta-Galactosidase 42
(二) 標準品-E.coli 42
(三) 真實樣品 43
第十三節 蛋白質資料庫比對 44
(一) MASCOT 44
(二) Protein PilotTM Software軟體分析 45
第十四節 GO (Gene Ontology) 分析 46
第十五節 KEGG路徑 46
第十六節 水稻BLAST 比對 46
第三章 結果 47
第一節 水稻之外觀 47
第二節 水稻之葉綠素含量 48
第三節 穿透式顯微鏡 48
第四節 葉綠素螢光測定 49
第五節 水稻SDS-PAGE 50
第六節 生物質量 (biomass) 51
第七節 建立水稻葉色突變株於質譜儀分析平台 51
(一) 樣品水解方式測試： 51
(二) 層析時間： 52
(三) 真實樣品： 52
第四章 討論 56
(一) 碳水化合物之代謝 56
(二) 氧化還原之脂肪合成與代謝 59
(三) 氧化還原路徑之葉綠體發育 60
(四) 氧化還原路徑之葉綠素合成與代謝 63
(五) 光合作用之氧化還原路徑 65
第五章 結論 67
第六章 展望 6
Functional Genetic Inhibition in Cancer Chemotherapy and Metastasis in Gastric Cancer Cells
No full text治療癌症時需要去確定那些預後指標的意義值來作為判別對改善人類癌症的治療效果。Ribophorin 2（RPN2）已經被證明是人類癌症包括乳腺癌和胰腺癌的預後標的物。這次我們研究胃癌細胞中RPN2的表現度強弱與各種抗腫瘤藥物對腫瘤治療反應關係。另一方面，在之前臨床腫瘤研究中已發現轉移啟動因子S100A4是一個預後不好的因子。但在胃癌的化學治療中扮演何種角色尚不清楚？在腫瘤抗藥基因RPN2實驗中首先我們利用六種抗癌藥物去探討RPN2在胃癌細胞株模式扮演何種角色。實驗結果顯示在各種胃癌細胞株生存率都有與抗癌藥物有不同IC50濃度的反應相關性，但是跟各細胞株內不同含量的RPN2並沒有相關性。在被干擾RPN2 RNA抑制下的AGS細胞株與抗癌藥cisplatin作用下可以增加細胞株的凋亡率。可是在其他胃癌細胞株跟其他抗癌藥物用同樣方法就沒有一樣實驗細胞生存抑制結果。另外在那些低S100A4表現度的AGS 和SCM-1細胞株去加強轉移基因S100A4的表現度會讓這些細胞株移動力增加。卻不會影響這些細胞株加上抗癌藥物後所造成的細胞存活率。製作S100A4的 SNP (S100A4D10V,利用S100A4的Annexin II 結合區有一個核苷酸改變)植入胃癌細胞株去過度表現S100A4D10V就會明顯降低胃癌細胞株移動能力，同時在這種植入SNP的細胞株與抗癌藥物作用下是不會有改變胃癌細胞株存活率。最後實驗結論是：S100A4在胃癌細胞株無法增加抗癌藥物治療能力。但S100A4D10V是可以減少胃癌細胞株移動能力。而RPN2表現度在以胃癌細胞株模式的癌症治療中還是存有不確定的部份。The identification of prognostic markers and establishing their value as therapeutic targets improves therapeutic efficacy against human cancers. Ribophorin II (RPN2) has been demonstrated to be a prognostic marker of human cancer, including breast and pancreatic cancers. The present study aimed to evaluate RPN2 expression in gastric cancer and to examine the possible correlation between RPN2 expression and the response of cells to clinical anticancer drugs, which has received little research attention at present. In the other side, upregulation of the metastasis-promoting S100A4 protein also has been linked to tumor migration and invasion, and clinical studies have demonstrated that significant expression of S100A4 in primary tumors is indicative of poor prognosis. However, the involvement of S100A4 in the drug responsiveness of gastric cancer remains unclear. In RPN2 chemoresistant marker study, the gastric cancer cell lines were used as a model to elucidate the role of RPN2 in the response of cells to six common chemotherapeutic agents. All the anticancer drugs were found to exert a concentration‑dependent decrease on the cell survival rate of each of the cell lines tested, although the RPN2 levels in the various cell lines were not directly correlated with responsiveness to clinical anticancer drugs, based on the calculated IC50 values. siRNA‑mediated RPN2 downregulation enhanced cisplatin‑induced apoptosis in AGS cells, but did not markedly decrease the cell survival rates of these cells in response to the tested drugs. In metastasis-promoting S100A4 study, we also overexpressed S100A4 in AGS and SCM-1 cells, which are characterized by relatively low-level expression of endogenous S100A4, and found that this significantly enhanced cell migration but did not affect cell survival in the presence of six common anticancer drugs. Further study revealed that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of S100A4 (rs1803245; c.29A>T), which substitutes an Asp residue with Val (D10V), is localized within the conserved binding surface for Annexin II. Cells overexpressing S100A4D10V showed a significant reduction in cell migration ability, but no change in cell survival, upon anticancer drug treatment. In conclusion, depending on the cell context, the metastasis promoting effects of S100A4 may not be positively correlated with anticancer drug resistance in the clinic but S100A4D10V decreased gastric cancer cell migration ability. However, the predictive value of RPN2 expression in cancer therapy is also questionable in gastric cancer models.Contents
Abstract-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
中文摘要------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------5
RPN2--------------------------------------------------------------5
S100A4-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
The Aim of Study ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
Materials and Methods-----------------------------------------------------------------------11
Results----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
RPN2---------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
RPN2 expression and anticancer drug‑induced cytotoxicity-------------------20
Anticancer drug‑induced cytotoxicity through apoptosis in gastric cancer cell lines-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------22
Effect of siRNA‑mediated RPN2 silencing on anticancer‑drug sensitivity in various gastric cancer cell lines------------------------------------------------------23
RPN2‑knockdown decreased the level of N‑glycosylation on P‑gp in response to cisplatin-------------------------------------------------------------------25
S100A4---------------------------------------------------------------------26
S100A4 expression and cell migration--------------------------------------------26
S100A4 expression and drug responsiveness------------------------------------27
The S100A4 D10V polymorphism affects the cell migration ability of gastric cancer cells-----------------------------------------------------------------------------28
The S100A4 D10V polymorphism does not affect anticancer---------------29
Dual knockdown of S100A4 and RPN2 does not affect drug responsiveness.
drug responsiveness in gastric cancer cells-------------------------------------30
Discussion---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------31
Figures----------------------------------------------------------------------------37
References--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
The Study of Corporate Governance and Duration
No full text本研究利用存活分析（Survival Analysis）發展出的存續期間模型（Duration Model），採用公司治理變數，分析並探討公司治理對於企業存續期間之影響，觀察期由臺灣開放上市櫃迄今，且涵蓋不同產業，與以往針對特定產業進行分析之文獻相較下，此研究改為較縱觀之角度衡量企業共同需要注意之變數，以利於任何規模之企業，皆能夠針對幾項顯著因素改善公司營運情況。實證結果發現公司治理變數對於企業存續期間來說具有顯著影響，董監事持股比率及更換會計師事務所呈現負相關，獨立董監事席次、更換高階經理人及更換會計師頻率則呈現正相關。This study mainly discusses how corporate governance affects survivalship during the observation period. Adopt corporate governance variables to analyze and discuss the impact of corporate governance for corporate survival period, the observation period will be the company that ever listed in Taiwan so far, and covering different industries. Comparing with previous literature that only concentrate in some specific industries, our research overview the all industries and provides noticeable factors that are able to improve the operating situation for all companies in different industries.
Empirical results show that corporate governance variables have a significant impact during the corporate existence. Furthermore, the directors' shareholding ratio and the replacement of the accountants firm present a negative correlation with the existence period of a firm. Independent directors and supervisors seats, the replacement of senior managers and accountants are presented positively related to the duration.摘要 .................................................................................................................i
Abstract .................................................................................................................ii
第一章 緒論 ................................................................................................................. 1
第一節 研究動機 ............................................................................................................... 1
第二節 研究目的 ............................................................................................................... 2
第三節 研究流程 ............................................................................................................... 2
第二章 文獻探討 ................................................................................................................... 3
第一節 存續期間模型 ....................................................................................................... 3
第二節 公司治理 ............................................................................................................... 5
第三章 研究方法 ................................................................................................................... 7
第一節 資料來源與樣本標準 ........................................................................................... 7
第二節 研究變數之選取 ................................................................................................... 7
第二節 模型設立 ............................................................................................................. 10
第四章 實證分析與結果 ..................................................................................................... 15
第一節 樣本資料 ............................................................................................................. 15
第二節 變數基本特性 ..................................................................................................... 19
第三節 迴歸結果分析 ..................................................................................................... 21
第五章 結論與研究限制 ..................................................................................................... 23
第一節 研究結論 ............................................................................................................... 23
第二節 研究限制與建議 ................................................................................................... 23
附錄 A .............................................................................................................. 24
參考文獻 ............................................................................................................ 2
創意創業家之關係網絡與創業成功：資訊可近性及資源可用性之中介效果
No full textAs deeply embedded in Chinese culture, guanxi networks have been identified as an important strategic mechanism to company success. Research in the past decades has indicated that Chinese entrepreneurs pervasively cultivate and mobilize their guanxi networks to receive useful information, resources, and institutional supports for better venture performance. As an emerging sector of small businesses, creative industries have been reported to suffer from high failure rates of venture creation, but little attention has been paid to understand whether creative entrepreneurs' guanxi networks also help overcome obstacles on entrepreneurial activities. Through testing a sample of 293 creative entrepreneurs, we examine the impact of entrepreneurs' four types of guanxi networks, namely family ties, business ties, community ties, and government ties, on their career success with the consideration to the mediating effects of information accessibility and resource availability. Results reveal that guanxi networks indeed influence entrepreneurial success through providing entrepreneurs with critical information and necessary resources. Specifically, information accessibility is shown to benefit from family ties, business ties, and community ties, whereas resource availability is enhanced by family ties and government ties. This paper is a part of the rare effort to empirically investigate entrepreneurial success in creative industries. Some important managerial implications are discussed.社會關係的運用深植於華人文化之中，運用關係以達到事業營運上的優勢為華人創業家常見的重要策略手段。過去幾十年來的研究指出，華人創業家普遍地培養與積極利用其關係網絡以得到有用的市場資訊、資源、以及制度上的優勢，進而達到更好的創業績效。文化創意產業為近年來新興的小型新創事業體系，研究顯示文化創意產業具有相當高的創業失敗率，但在學術文獻中，卻仍然相當缺乏具體探討文創創業家創業過程的研究。本研究以關係網絡的觀點為理論基礎，針對293 位台灣的文創產業創業家進行調查，探討創業家們如何運用主要的四種社會關係（家族關係、事業關係、社群關係與政府關係）去創造文創事業之營運優勢與事業成功。本研究主要探討在創業活動中兩項重要的營運優勢之中介效果，包含資源可利用性與資訊可取得性。本研究之結果顯示，文創創業家之關係網絡的運用，的確透過提升資源可利用性與資訊可取得性去影響其文創事業之創業績效。具體來說，文創創業家的家族關係、事業關係與社群關係有助於吸收重要的市場資訊，而家族關係與政府關係則可提升創業家取得與利用現有資源之能力。本論文為相關領域中，少數以實證分析方法探討文創產業之創業活動的研究。本研究亦提出數項重要的實務建議。CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION...............1
1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND ...............1
1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND QUESTIONS...............3
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT .6
2.1 GUANXI NETWORKS OF CREATIVE ENTREPRENEURS .........6
2.2 INFORMATION ACCESSIBILITY AND RESOURCE AVAILABILITY 8
2.3 GUANXI NETWORKS, INFORMATION ACCESSIBILITY AND RESOURCE AVAILABILITY ...............9
2.4 INFORMATION ACCESSIBILITY, RESOURCE AVAILABILITY AND ENTREPRENEURIAL SUCCESS...............11
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK ...............14
CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...............15
4.1 SAMPLE AND DATA COLLECTION ...............15
4.1.1 Research Design and Population Definition .......15
4.1.2 Data Source and Sampling Procedure .............16
4.1.3 Questionnaire Design and Pilot Test ............18
4.2 VARIABLE MEASURES ...............19
4.2.1 Career Success ............... 22
4.2.2 Guanxi Networks ...............23
4.2.3 Information Accessibility ...............24
4.2.4 Resource Availability ...............24
4.3 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ...............25
4.4 DATA ANALYSIS ...............26
CHAPTER 5 RESULTS ............... 28
5.1 CORRELATIONS ...............28
5.2 MEASUREMENT MODEL ...............28
5.3 STRUCTURAL MODEL ...............29
CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSIONS AND RESEARCH FINDINGS ..........31
6.1 RESULTS OF HYPOTHESES TESTING (HYPOTHESES 1&HYPOTHESES 2) ...............31
6.1.1 Key Finding 1: Effects of Family Ties on Information Accessibility and Resource Availability....32
6.1.2 Key Finding 2: Effects of Business Ties and Community Ties on Information Accessibility and Resource Availability ....33
6.1.3Key Finding 3: Effects of Government Ties on Information Accessibility and Resource Availability...............34
6.2 RESULTS OF HYPOTHESES TESTING (HYPOTHESES 3 &HYPOTHESES 4) ...............34
6.2.1 Key Finding 4: Relationship betweenInformation Accessibility and Entrepreneurial Success ..........35
6.2.2 Key Finding 5: Relationship between Resource Availability and Entrepreneurial Success ..... 36
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS AND CONTRIBUTIONS ...............37
7.1 MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS ...............37
7.2 CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE RESEARCH ...............39
7.3 LIMITATION AND FUTURE RESEARCH ...............40
REFERENCES ...............4
付費型應用程式使用動機探討:使用與滿足理論觀點
No full textThe increasing growth of the mobile applications industry attributes to the popularity of the smartphone. More and more people use mobile applications to achive their needs, when the demands for mobile applications increase rapidly create a new market opportunity. But the mobile applications distinguish into paid and free applications. This paper investigates consumer's perception on paid mobile applications.
This paper adopts uses and gratifications theory (U&G) to explore how consumers perceive paid mobile applications. The smartphone users participated in this paper. This paper involved a questionnaire and adopted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and examined confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to the dimensions for mobile applications payment factors and discussed the different effects of demographic variables. The four dimensions are ' informativeness ', ' mode of usage ', ' functionality ' and ' value and interest '.
These findings have implications for the mobile applications company to create the new applications to fit different consumer's need, and make consumers willing to pay for mobile applications.隨著智慧型手機產業的成熟，應用程式Apps也開始不斷成長，使用者使用智慧型手機中的應用程式，來滿足自己的需求。然而這樣的需求，也創造了應用程式產業的大機會，越來越多人投入了智慧型手機應用程式的開發。此外，應用程式又可以分為免費型應用程式，以及付費型應用程式。此篇研究將專注在付費型應用程式的探討，這裡的付費應用程式，也包含了一次性的購買應用程式，即只需花費一次，便可使用應用程式內所有內容；以及應用程式內建購買，指的是免費的應用程式，但裡面有部分功能需要另外付費使用。
本文採用使用與滿足理論，探討使用者如何透過新興的媒體付費應用程式，來獲得滿足。透過開放性問卷及正式問卷，再經由探索性因素分析和驗證性因素分析，來得到智慧型手機中的付費應用程式的使用與滿足理論四個新構面，分別為資訊豐富性、使用模式、功能以及價值與興趣。本文的發現，可使智慧型手機應用程式的開發商，來了解顧客考慮使用付費應用程式背後的動機因素，進而針對目標顧客開發可以滿足需求的應用程式。摘要.......................................................i
Abstract..................................................ii
Table of Contents........................................iii
List of Figures..........................................vii
Chapter 1 Introduction.....................................1
Chapter 2 Literature review................................3
2.1 Smartphone.............................................3
2.2 Mobile application.....................................6
2.3 Uses and Gratifications Theory.........................9
2.3.1 Basic assumption of uses and gratifications theory...9
2.3.2 Using motivations of media in uses and gratifications theory....................................................12
2.4 Research framework....................................15
Chapter 3 Research Design.................................16
3.1 Research procedure....................................16
3.1.1 First phase- Keywords collection....................16
3.1.2 Second phase-Formal questionnaire...................18
3.2 Research methods and sample characteristics...........20
3.2.1 Contents and framework of formal survey.............20
3.2.2 Participants and data analysis......................21
Chapter 4 Results of data analysis........................22
4.1. Exploratory factor analysis, N=200...................22
4.1.1. Demographic Statistics, N=200......................22
4.1.2. Item analysis......................................24
4.1.3. Results of exploratory factor analysis.............25
4.1.4. Reliability analysis...............................27
4.2. Confirmatory factor analysis, N=350..................28
4.2.1. Demographic Statistics, N=350......................28
4.2.2. Results of confirmatory factor analysis............30
4.2.3. First aspects - Preliminary fit criteria...........32
4.2.4. Second aspects - Fit of internal structural model..33
4.2.5. Third aspects - Overall model fit..................36
4.3. Validity analysis....................................37
4.4. Descriptive statistics of using behavior.............38
4.4.1. Mobile operating system statistics.................38
4.4.2. Frequency of using applications statistics.........38
4.4.3. Minutes of using applications statistics...........39
4.4.4. The results of who ever purchase applications......39
4.4.5. Each type of applications statistics...............40
4.5. Conceptual Framework of analysis.....................41
4.5.1 Personal characteristics and using behavior.........41
4.5.1.1 Personal characteristics and ever bought apps or not ..........................................................41
4.5.1.2 Personal characteristics and mobile system type...43
4.5.1.3 Frequency of using applications and minutes of using ..........................................................46
4.5.2 Personal characteristics and motivations............49
4.5.2.1 Gender and motivations............................49
4.5.2.2 Age and motivations...............................49
4.5.2.3 Occupation and motivations........................50
4.5.2.4 Education and motivations.........................50
4.5.2.5 Disposable Income and motivations.................51
4.5.2.6 Residence and motivations.........................51
4.5.3 Using behavior and motivations......................53
4.5.3.1 Correlation analysis with motivations and usage behavior..................................................53
4.5.3.2 Motivations and have you ever bought apps.........54
4.5.3.3 Motivations and Mobile system types...............54
Chapter 5 Conclusions and recommendations.................55
5.1 Conclusions...........................................55
5.2 Research contributions................................61
5.2.1 Academic contributions..............................61
5.2.2 Managerial contributions............................61
5.3 Limitations and future research directions............62
References................................................63
Appendix..................................................6
消費者對近場通訊行動支付服務行為意圖之研究
No full textAs the development of mobile device and information technology in recent years, the paradigm shift of consumer behavior, mobile commerce is having increasingly significant changes in our daily life, and mobile payment gradually becomes a popular payment method. Due to the universality of mobile device and the simple procedure of mobile payment, these changes facilitate the convenience of payment. Therefore, many telecom operators have invested in the applications of mobile payment in Near Field Communication. NFC mobile payment service is currently at the emerging stage; meanwhile, the proportion of NFC applications also has significant growth in global market. Moreover, due to the standard technique of NFC, numerous authorities are strongly introducing this to its market in order to enhance the level of economic. We explored a complete model from the past NFC related theories. In nowadays consumption patterns, people has already felt coins is very miscellaneous to us, and mobile payment become a new beneficial tool. Therefore, in this study, we proposed Technology Acceptance Model as the main framework, and added two external variables, convenience and social influence. Furthermore, this study combined two factors, the compatibility which is included in Innovation Diffusion Theory, and personal innovativeness in information technology; which may affect consumer adoption behavior. With the development of the research construct, this paper will be discussed these factors in affecting the acceptance of new technology and the willingness of consumer on applying NFC mobile payment. This study is conducted by questionnaire. The data was collected from 215 users of mobile service, and the results showed that all assumptions with significantly positive correlation. Finally, this study attempts to explain the intention of consumers' behavioral in using NFC mobile payment, and will give suggestions of strategy and business model to telecom operators.中文摘要 i
ABSTRACT ii
CONTENTS iii
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF FIGURES v
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Research Background and Motivation 1
1.2. Research Objectives 3
1.3. Research Process 3
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1. Near Field Communication (NFC) Mobile Payment Service 5
2.2. Technology Acceptance Model 7
2.3. Convenience 10
2.4. Social Influence 11
2.5. Personal Innovativeness in Information Technology (PIIT) 13
2.6. Compatibility 14
CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH MODEL AND HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT 15
3.1. Research Framework 15
3.2. Hypotheses development 16
3.2.1.Relationships among Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use,
and Attitude 16
3.2.2.The impact of Convenience 17
3.2.3.The impact of Social Influence 18
3.2.4.Relationship of Behavioral Intention to Use 19
CHAPTER 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 21
4.1. Data collection 21
4.2. Measurement of variables 21
CHAPTER 5. RESULTS 25
5.1. Data analysis 25
5.2. Measurement model (Reliability and Validity) 26
5.3. Measurement model (Loading, Mean, Standard error, T) 26
5.4. Structural model 30
CHAPTER 6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 33
6.1. Discussion 33
6.2. Findings and Implications 36
6.3. Limitations and Future research 38
6.4. Conclusion 39
References 4
A study of recipients' appreciation to the birthday gifts in their romantic relationship
No full textGift-giving is an art. Gifts could make receiver disappointed even when giver spent a significant amount of time and made efforts on it. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of thoughtfulness, emotion, expressiveness, singularization, selfless sacrifice and indexicality of the gift on recipients' appreciation, and examine moderating effects of gender in the relationship among thoughtfulness, indexicality and recipient appreciation. A sample consisted of 242 respondents were obtained through a quota sampling procedure. The results of multiple regression analysis show thoughtfulness and indexicality positively influence recipient appreciation on flower, wallet, shoes, and perfume; and the results of hierarchical regression show gender had significant negative moderating effect between indexicality and recipient appreciation on flower and perfume. It implied that when the gift is flower or perfume, female recipients thought the more indexicality the gift was, the higher appreciation she felt. Based on the results, academic implications and managerial applications were further discussed.送禮是門大學問。送禮者用了心、破了費卻未能得到收禮者歡心的情形，實為人們所不樂見。在一般的社交關係中如此，在具有浪漫關係的男女（包括已婚夫妻與未婚情侶）間則尤然。本研究之目的在探討收禮者收到具浪漫關係之異性送禮者所贈送的不同禮物時，禮物本身具備的何種因素會影響收禮者的感激程度，以及此影響情形在男女收禮者之間的差異。本研究採配額抽樣，按台灣地區各年齡層人數比例抽取242位已婚或有交往對象之調查對象組成研究樣本。透過多元迴歸分析發現，鮮花、皮夾、鞋子、香水這四種禮物的索引性與所代表送禮者之體貼程度對收禮者感激程度皆有顯著的正向影響效果，即體貼程度及索引性是主要影響收禮者感激的主要因素；再進一步使用階層迴歸分析來探討性別的干擾效果，結果顯示：鮮花和香水的索引性對收禮者感激程度的影響關係，會受到性別的干擾而產生差異。亦即隨著收禮者對該兩項禮物的索引性感受愈高，女性收禮者會比男性收禮者產生更高的感激程度；反之，當收禮者對該兩項禮物的索引性感受愈低，則女性收禮者產生更低的感激程度。根據分析結果，本研究亦進一步提出對送禮者的具體建議。第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 2
第三節 研究流程 4
第二章 文獻回顧 5
第一節 贈禮行為 5
第二節 索引性 10
第三章 研究方法 12
第一節 研究假設 12
第二節 研究架構 14
第三節 研究設計 15
第四節 資料分析 19
第四章 分析結果 21
第一節 訪談資料分析 21
第二節 樣本描述與敘述性統計分析 22
第三節 量表信度分析 25
第四節 常態性檢定 26
第五節 Box-Cox轉換 27
第六節 多元迴歸分析 28
第七節 階層迴歸分析 32
第五章 結論與建議 39
第一節 研究結論 39
第二節 研究貢獻 41
第三節 管理實務意涵 41
第四節 研究限制與未來研究建議 42
中文參考文獻 45
英文參考文獻 46
附錄一、問卷 49
附錄二、女性受訪者訪談整理 53
附錄三、男性受訪者訪談整理 5
The Effects of Information Transparency on Earnings Transparency
No full textThe purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between information transparency and earnings transparency. In addition, we add auditor industry expertise, audit firm size, and industrial competition into the regression separately as moderate variables, and examine their influences on the relationship between earnings transparency and information transparency. We use the results of the information disclosure evaluation system of Securities and Futures Information Center (SFI) as the proxy of information transparency. Using firms listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange (TSE) and Over The Counter (OTC) from 2005 to 2012 as samples, we find that information disclosure has a significantly positive association with the earnings transparency. The result suggests that information transparency enhances the value relevance of earnings. Besides, industrial competition is proved to be positive moderators between information transparency and earnings transparency.本研究利用台灣證券暨期貨市場發展基金會所公佈資訊揭露評鑑系統之評鑑結果作為資訊透明度之替代變數，探討公司資訊透明度與盈餘透明度兩者之間的關係，並加入產業專家、會計師事務所規模、產業競爭程度之調節變數，探討上述變數是否影響兩者之間的關係。本研究以2005年至2012年上市及上櫃公司作為研究對象，實證結果發現公司資訊透明度與盈餘透明度呈顯著正向相關，表示證基會實施資訊揭露評鑑系統後，當公司被評鑑分數越高，也就是資訊揭露透明度越高時，公司提供的資訊越具攸關性。另外，本研究進一步發現產業競爭程度能提升資訊透明度與盈餘透明度之間的正向相關，表示一家公司若面臨產業競爭程度較大的環境時，將誘使經理人更加積極提升公司治理及績效去因應此環境，故公司致力於提升資訊透明度的同時，亦會積極提供更具攸關性之資訊。第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 2
第三節 研究貢獻 3
第四節 研究架構與流程 4
第二章 文獻探討及假說發展 7
第一節 資訊透明度及盈餘透明度 7
第二節 會計師產業專家 8
第三節 會計師事務所規模 9
第四節 產業競爭程度 10
第三章 研究設計 12
第一節 資料來源與樣本選取 12
第二節 變數定義與衡量 12
第三節 實證模型 16
第四章 實證結果與分析 17
第一節 敘述性統計分析 17
第二節 變數相關係數 17
第三節 迴歸分析結果 21
第四節 敏感性測試 26
第五章 結論與建議 30
第一節 結論 30
第二節 研究貢獻 30
第三節 研究限制與建議 31
參考文獻 3