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Using Blockchain For Screen-Recording Data Preservation
No full text近年來，營業秘密外洩司法案件頻傳，因此全球各產業企業日益重視資訊安全，開始檢討並加強內部資訊安全管理。為了防止企業內部資料外洩，依照不同的資料外洩情境，導入了相關的管控措施。為了能於發生資料外洩事件後，快速釐清事件主因，某些企業便希望藉由行為監控來掌握特權帳號所有的活動記錄，因此導入了特權帳戶側錄系統，藉由螢幕側錄的手法，將特權帳號所有系統操作畫面記錄，以數位化方式留存下來，做為資安事件事後舉證之證據。然而，即便導入了側錄系統保留了特權帳號所有系統操作畫面記錄，或許在資安事件發生時，可以藉由側錄記錄來舉證不法行為。但這些側錄記錄在收集的過程中，仍然有機會遭受到具有最高權限的系統管理者來進行竄改或刪除，因而在舉證過程中產生了證據力不足的問題。隨著科技的進步，區塊鏈技術的也在近兩年興起，從金融科技到資訊安全，帶動了各個領域技術應用被廣泛的討論。因此，為了避免側錄記錄遭受竄改，本研究希望藉由區塊鏈的概念與Hash技術，將其不可竄改和加密安全性的特性，延伸應用至螢幕側錄資料的保全，以便未來發生資訊外洩案件時，能夠有效舉證，證明螢幕側錄資料不曾遭受污染、刪除及竄改，證明企業無業務過失，進一步還原資訊安全犯罪事實。In order to be able to quickly clarify the main cause of the problem in the event of data leakage, some enterprises hope to grasp all the activity records of the privileged account through behavior monitoring, so the privileged account side recording system is introduced, and the screen recording method is adopted. All system operation screens of the privileged account are recorded and saved in a digital manner as evidence for the evidence of the incident after the security incident. However, even if the imported skimming system retains all system operation screen records of the privileged account, it may be possible to prove the wrongful behavior by recording the side record when the security incident occurs. However, in the process of collecting, these side records still have the opportunity to be subjected to tampering or deletion by the system administrator with the highest authority, thus causing insufficient evidence in the process of proof. With the advancement of technology, blockchain technology has also emerged in the past two years. From financial technology to information security, technology applications in various fields have been widely discussed. Therefore, in order to avoid tampering with the recording of the side record, this study hopes to extend the application of the non-tamperable and cryptographic security features to the preservation of the screen recording data by the concept of blockchain and Hash technology, so that information can be generated in the future. When the case is squandered, it can effectively prove that the screen-recording data has not been contaminated, deleted and falsified, which proves that the company has no business fault and further restores the information security crime facts.摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iii
表目錄 iv
圖目錄 v
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究動機 3
1.3 研究目的 4
1.4 研究流程 4
1.5 論文架構 4
第二章 文獻探討 5
2.1 數位證據 5
2.2 證據能力及證據力 6
2.3 螢幕側錄系統 8
2.4 區塊鏈技術 12
2.5 區塊鏈應用 15
2.6 區塊鏈技術運作原理 17
第三章 系統設計 20
3.1 系統架構 20
3.2 側錄程序 24
第四章 系統實作 26
4.1 實作區塊鏈程式 26
4.2 執行結果 33
4.3 資料驗證比對 36
第五章 結論與未來建議 40
5.1 結論 40
5.2 未來建議 40
參考文獻 4
Application of ECG Authentication in IoT-Based Systems
No full text隨著物聯網的發展，許多行業也逐漸展露新的趨勢，如:無人工廠、無人商店、智慧醫療、智慧農業等等各行各業。而當人們獲得便利之時卻也須同時面臨到一個問題，而這個問題就是所謂的安全，它包含個人隱私、公司機密、商業交易、人身安全等等各方面，因此本研究在實驗室團隊所開發之物聯網系統上架構ECG身分認證系統，以提升整個系統的安全性。
ECG身分認證系統採用動態ECG信號為辨識依據，它具有證明使用者為活體及動態辨識等優點，而因為它是動態辨識使得不易被複製及盜取，因此它具有高安全性。而本研究是以一導程ECG量測儀器來量測ECG信號，雖然準確性較差於其他多導程量測儀器，但在量測便利上卻有絕對優勢。而本研究以多篇論文之ECG身分認證有所不同，講究的是即時量測即時辨識，甚至在理論上已有如同指紋一樣，量測中即可開始辨識他人身分。With the development of the Internet of Things (IoT), many industries have gradually emerged new trends, including various trades and industries such as unmanned factories, unmanned stores, smart healthcare, and smart agriculture. When people gain the benefit of convenience, they must also face a problem at the same time. This problem is the so-called 'security', which includes various aspects such as personal privacy, corporate secrets, business transactions, and personal safety. Therefore, this study aims to build an ECG identity authentication system on the Internet of Things (IoT) system developed by the lab team to improve the overall system security.
The ECG identity authentication system uses dynamic ECG signals as the basis for identification. It has the advantage of proving that a user is a living body and capable of dynamic identification. The system is highly secure because it uses dynamic identification, making it difficult for others to copy and steal. This study uses a single-lead ECG measuring instrument to measure ECG signals. Although the accuracy is not as good as that of other multi-lead measuring instruments, it has an absolute advantage in measuring convenience. Different from the ECG identity authentications of many other published papers, this study focuses on instant measurement and instant recognition. In theory, this system has even reached the same level of fingerprint recognition by gradually recognizing the identity of a person during the measurement process.中文摘要 i
Abstract ii
Contents iii
List of Figures v
List of Tables ix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 The Communication Architecture of IoT 1
1.2 The Identity Recognition and Network Security of IoT
3
1.3 ECG Deep Learning System 5
Chapter 2 The System Structure of IoT and ECG Identity
Verification 7
2.1 Description of system 8
2.1.1 AxiLink 8
2.1.2 APP for Physiological Monitoring System 10
2.1.3 ECG Biometric System 11
2.2 IoT Architecture of the physiological monitoring
system 12
2.2.1 Architecture 13
2.2.2 Physiological Monitoring System 13
Chapter 3 ECG Signal Processing and Feature Extraction
16
3.1 Signal Processing of One-Lead ECG Signals 17
3.2 Characteristics Extraction from ECG 21
3.3 Design of the Decision Tree and Classifier 27
Chapter 4 ECG Identification System and Theory 35
4.1 ECG Characteristic Intensification 36
4.2 Operations on ECG Multiple-lead Characteristics
47
4.3 ECG Speedy Learning System 51
4.4 ECG Identification System 55
4.5 Experimental verification and analysis 60
Chapter 5 Conclusion and Future Career 62
5.1 Conclusion 62
5.2 Future Career 63
References 6
Design and Implementation of Adaptive Calibration for VCO Nonlinearity in FMCW Radar Systems
No full text近年來，測量物體的距離和速度資訊日漸重要，市面上有很多種方法測量，但有些方法會受到天氣或者光線的影響，進而影響精準度，但雷達具有不受環境明暗、溼度影響偵測能力的優良特性，雷達為主動系統可藉由調整波長且電磁波不會受到物體表面顏色影響，因此應用極廣。FMCW雷達系統利用在時間上改變發射頻率，可以同時偵測到物體的距離和速度，由於調變頻率變化快，由於調變頻率變化快，因此前端電路易產生非理想效應與電磁波空氣傳播中誤差，造成接收回波失真。
本論文研究VCO非線性問題中，嘗試過了幾種數位校正方式，也有參考文獻的做法，大部份演算法步驟繁瑣，若使用參考文獻校正方法設計硬體，將會使得硬體過於複雜，更重要的大部份文獻並沒有檢驗錯誤的方法，為了使校正演算法能更能完善結合FMCW系統，演算法過程中估算數值將會影響次階數值的準確度，產生誤差累積，使用適應性參考物件選擇法和迭代式HAF係數搜尋法，應用於FMCW雷達系統改善非線性誤差，回波訊號運用係數經由重新取樣，提高目標物辨識度及精準度，並有檢錯機制，我們在可校正線性度範圍變的更廣泛，從上限16%增加至到20%，物體校正後的改善率達到95%。
在設計硬體部份，由於非線性係數已由所提出之演算法經軟體得知，因此本論文設計之數位校正處理硬體部分有漢明窗及時域重取樣，並整合Xilinx之IP core快速傅立葉轉換，為了降低硬體複雜度，改良線性內插法避免了除法器，設計較小硬體完成整體校正設計，最後將此數位校正處理的硬體實現在Xilinx的Virtex7 XCVX330T 平台驗證上，繞線軟體是使用了ISE Design Suite 14.7，其合成頻率為217 MHz。In recent years, the measurement of ranging and velocities of objects gradually draws people's attentions. There are various methods but some of them will be affected by the weather or lights, thereby influencing the accuracy. On the other hand, the radar does not have these problems. It is an active system which can adjust the wavelength and is not influenced by the brightness and humidity, as well as the colors on the surfaces. Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) radar transmits a continuous wave radar with the frequencies varying over time. It can simultaneously detect the distance and velocity of an object. However, this type of radars needs to change the frequency linearly and rapidly, so non-ideal effects of the front-end circuits and errors of electromagnetic waves propagating on the air result in distortion of received signals.
During study of the VCO non-linearity, several digital calibration methods were investigated but most of them are cumbersome, which results in too complicated hardware to implement. Moreover, most of the literature does not provide the methods to verify the correctness. The errors of the coefficients estimated by HAF could be accumulated from the high-order to low-order coefficients. Therefore, the iterative coefficient searching scheme with the adaptive reference target selection is proposed to improve identification of targets and accuracy, and provide verification of correctness as well, after the beat signals are re-sampled using the extracted coefficients. The calibration of linearity is improved from 16% in literature to 20%, and the improvement rate of object distance accuracy after correction is up to 95%.
As for the hardware implementation, after the non-linear coefficients are extracted using the proposed algorithm by software, the digital calibration/correct-ion processing circuits designed in this thesis contain the functional blocks of 'Hamming window' and 'Time Resampling' which is integrated with the IP core of Fast Fourier Transform provided by Xilinx. To reduce the hardware complexity, the linear interpolation was modified to avoid division and the resulting circuits were quite simple to complete calibration. Finally, this digital calibration/correct-ion circuit was implemented using Virtex7 XCVX330T of Xilinx platform for verification. The APR tool of ISE Design Suite 14.7 version was used with the synthesized clock rate of 217 MHz.誌謝 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 viii
第一章 序論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究動機 2
1.3 論文架構 3
第二章 雷達系統測距與速度介紹 4
2.1雷達系統 4
2.2脈波雷達(Pulsed Radar) 5
2.3連續波雷達(Continuous-wave Radar) 5
2.3.1都普勒雷達(Doppler Radar) 5
2.3.2調頻連續波 6
第三章 非線性校正演算法 9
3.1非線性校正文獻探討 9
3.1.1 應用迭代法求線性調頻訊號參數 9
3.1.2 經驗模態分解法運用於校正非線性 12
3.1.3 FMCW雷達使用適應取樣法改善距離性能 14
3.1.4 FMCW雷達使用時間扭曲和頻譜濃度量測 16
3.1.5 FMCW短距離寬頻雷達用於毫米波距離量測 18
3.2非線性校正效能比較 25
第四章 數位校正演算法 26
4.1 數位校正處理- FMCW校正流程圖 26
4.2數位校正處理-遠距選擇法 29
4.3 數位校正處理 35
4.3.1 平均法 35
4.3.2 迭代法 38
4.3.3 適應性選擇法 39
4.4 適應性數位校正模擬 43
4.4.1 低線性度VCO回波校正模擬 45
4.4.2 高線性度VCO回波環境模擬 48
4.4.3 多重物體回波環境模擬 50
4.5類比VCO訊號模擬 53
第五章 電路硬體架構設計與實現 56
5.1 軟硬體規劃流程圖 56
5.2 硬體模組設計 57
5.2.1 漢明窗(Hamming window) 57
5.2.2 線性內插(Linear interpolation) 58
5.3硬體效能圖 63
第六章 結論與未來展望 66
參考文獻 6
A Study on the Darkening of Bright Dots in LCDs by Laser Repair
No full text薄膜電晶體液晶顯示器是繼半導體產業後，國內另一項重大的投資。液晶顯示器於生產過程中，因為環境灰塵或製程關係，可能會產生亮點。而液晶顯示器顯示的三原色為紅色光阻、綠色光阻、藍色光阻，因此亮點包含紅、綠、藍畫素的顯示異常，若紅、綠、藍畫素發生異常，將影響消費者對液晶顯示器的使用觀感以及產品售價。
本研究所使用的雷射為波長1030 nm搭配脈衝寬度400 fs，為畫素異常的彩色光阻區域進行加工，透過雷射將紅、綠、藍光阻表面暗化或是改變配向膜、ITO等材料對光的穿透度，遮蔽畫素亮度異常區域。當然，不同材料對於雷射波長的反應也不同，因為材料在雷射加工過程中的反應主要是取決於其對於雷射光的吸收程度、能量的大小或是材料本身的熱擴散性與熔點等特性，這些條件都會影響雷射光是否能有效的作用在材料上。
由實驗結果得知，在調整適當的雷射參數下，可以降低光阻、配向膜或是ITO的透光度。但有些材料對於雷射的吸收度較差，焦黑暗化的狀況不穩定，且會在雷射加工區域的周圍產生白暈或是黑暈的現象。推測白暈或黑暈的可能原因為:雷射加工時，材料吸收了雷射能量而導致地形隆起，影響此區域上的液晶排列。也有可能是材料加工時，被雷射照射的地方在吸收雷射能量之後，影響了材料原有特性，造成液晶配向不良。TFT-LCDs are another major investment in our country after the semiconductor industry. In the production process of liquid crystal displays, bright dot may be generated because of the relationship between environmental particles or product process. Bright dots include abnormal display of red、green、blue pixels. If the red、green、blue pixels are abnormal, customers cannot accept and will be impact to consumers perception of the use of liquid crystal displays and product prices.
This study uses the laser of wavelength 1030 nm and pulse width 400 femtosecond to process the photoresist area、polymer surface or ITO surface. The surface of the red、green、blue photoresist or alignment film are darkening by the laser. And the laser can change the material's penetration of backlight. Of course, different photoresists or different materials react differently to the laser wavelength, because the reaction of an object during laser processing depends on the absorption of the material or laser energy and the physical properties of the material such as thermal diffusivity or melting point also influence whether the laser can effectively do on the material.
According to the experimental results, the transmittance of the photoresist, alignment film or ITO can be reduced by adjusting the appropriate laser parameter. However, some materials have poor absorption of lasers, unstable darkening conditions, and white halo or black halo around the laser processing area. It is speculated that the possible cause of white halo or black halo is that when laser processing, the material absorbs the laser energy and causes the topography to rise, which affects the liquid crystal alignment on this area. It is also possible that when the material is processed, the irradiated place affects the original characteristics of the material after absorbing the laser energy, making the poor alignment of the liquid crystal.摘要 i
Abstract ii
目次 iii
表目次 v
圖目次 vi
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 前言 1
1.2 研究動機與目的 2
第二章 雷射技術簡介與液晶顯示器製程介紹 5
2.1 雷射系統的產生機制 5
2.1.1 受激輻射 5
2.1.2 增益介值 6
2.1.3 共振腔 7
2.1.4 雷射光產生方式 7
2.2 飛秒雷射的基本架構8
2.3 飛秒雷射的特點 12
2.3.1 光子吸收時間 13
2.3.2 飛秒雷射與材料的吸收特性 13
2.3.3 飛秒雷射的加工特性 14
2.4 薄膜電晶體-液晶顯示器的結構介紹 18
2.4.1 薄膜電晶體製程與結構 20
2.4.2 彩色濾光片製程與結構 22
2.4.3 液晶工程製程與結構 24
2.4.4 模組製程與結構 26
第三章 實驗條件與方法 28
3.1 實驗材料 28
3.2 實驗設備 28
3.3 實驗架構與步驟 28
3.3.1 雷射加工的測試條件 29
3.3.2 實驗流程 30
3.3.3 雷射加工系統的比較 30
第四章 結果與討論 32
4.1 雷射系統的選擇 32
4.2 不同產品平台的色阻之雷射加工測試 34
4.2.1 TN產品紅色色阻加工測試 38
4.2.2 TN產品綠色色阻加工測試 39
4.2.3 TN產品藍色色阻加工測試 41
4.2.4 IPS產品紅色色阻加工測試 42
4.2.5 IPS產品綠色色阻加工測試 44
4.2.6 IPS產品藍色色阻加工測試 46
4.3 彩色光阻、配向膜與ITO加工後的分析 48
4.3.1 彩色光阻、配向膜與ITO之切面分析 48
4.3.2 彩色光阻、配向膜與ITO之暗化確認 49
4.3.3 不同的彩色光阻暗化之可能性 53
4.3.4 不同雷射波長暗化之可能性 55
4.3.5 不同種類的產品暗化比較 57
4.3.6 白暈或黑暈現象的探討 58
第五章 結論 60
参考文獻 6
A novel biosensor electrode with self-assembled gold nanoparticles on a micro hemisphere array
No full text本研究提出單層奈米金顆粒自組裝於微米半球陣列之微奈米複合結構電極，再應用於無酵素葡萄糖感測器。微奈米複合結構電極乃是以半導體黃光微影製程於6吋再生矽晶圓上製作規則排列之微米半球陣列結構，再於其上濺鍍一層金薄膜，並以自組裝方法於金薄膜表面修飾兩端皆帶有硫基的醇類化合物1,6-hexanedithiol (1,6-HDT)，使其透過分子自組裝方式，分別與基板以及奈米金顆粒產生硫金鍵結，使單層奈米金顆粒均勻沉積於金薄膜表面，形成奈、微米複合結構之高敏性感測電極。再不需氧化酵素下，以計時安培法 (Chronoamperometry, CA)量測葡萄糖濃度結果顯示此電極可檢測葡萄糖濃度之線性範圍為1.39 mM至13.89 mM，靈敏度達336.1 μA•mM−1•cm−2，檢測極限為5.2 µM。此外；本感測器檢測葡萄糖濃度小於100 mg/dL時，其精確度達±1.70 mg/dL，遠優於FDA規範之±20 mg/dL與ISO 15197規範之±15 mg/dL。本研究所提出之新型無酵素葡萄糖感測器有成本低廉、製程簡單、可規模量產、檢測極限低且無因酵素活性降解之問題等優點，具備商品化之潛力，並可廣泛應用於Point-of-care。In this study, we first proposed a low-cost and highly reproducible method for the mass production of a novel biosensor electrode with self-assembled monolayer of gold nanoparticle on a micro hemisphere array. An ordered array of micro hemispherical features was formed on a 6-inch reclaimed silicon wafer using photolithography. Then, a thin gold layer was sputtered onto the hemispheres. The wafer was then immersed into a 5 mM ethanol solution of 1,6-hexanedithiol (1,6-HDT) to enable the attachment of one thio-end of 1,6-HDT to the thin gold layer. Finally, a colloidal gold (15 nm) solution was dripped onto the wafer and baked on a hot plate in such a way that the monolayer of gold nanoparticles could self-assemble on the 1,6-HDT surface. The features of the fabricated biosensor electrodes were then applied for non-enzymatic glucose detections. Detection of glucose demonstrated that the proposed non-enzymatic glucose biosensor can operate in a linear range from 1.39 to 13.89 mM with a sensitivity of 336.1 μA•mM−1•cm−2 (CA) and a detection limit of 5.2 µM in glucose detection and has advantages of enzyme free, easy to mass production, low cost and long-term preservation. It can be used for future clinical and point-of-care applications.目錄
摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iii
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 x
第一章 緒論 1
1.1研究動機 1
1.2研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1何謂糖尿病 3
2.2葡萄糖檢測方法 3
2.3葡萄糖感測器 4
2.3.1酵素葡萄糖感測器 6
2.3.2無酵素葡萄糖感測器 7
2.4微米半球結構製程原理 9
2.5硫金鍵結的自我組裝層 11
2.6電化學分析法 12
2.6.1循環伏安法 12
2.6.2計時安培法 14
第三章 實驗材料與方法 15
3.1 實驗藥品 15
3.2 溶液配置 17
3.3 實驗設備 18
3.4 檢測電極製作 19
3.4.1微米半球陣列結構製作 20
3.5奈米金顆粒製備 24
3.5.1奈米金顆粒粒徑分析 24
3.6 電極表面修飾 25
3.6.1 電極表面之奈米金顆粒修飾 25
3.6.2 電極表面之抗干擾層修飾 26
3.7表面形貌觀測 27
3.8 電化學檢測 28
第四章、結果與討論 29
4.1奈米金顆粒粒徑分析 29
4.2電極表面之修飾 30
4.3電極表面積測量結果 33
4.4電極表面與奈米金顆粒之接附穩定性探討 35
4.5葡萄糖之電化學檢測 36
4.5.1電子擴散速率 36
4.5.2葡萄糖濃度檢測 37
4.5.3葡萄糖干擾物試驗 40
4.6 近期無酵素葡萄糖感測器之感測性能比較 41
第五章 結論與未來展望 43
未來實驗規劃 44
參考文獻 4
Study of the Interface Characteristic for Machine Tool Hard Guide Way
No full text現代工業已是智慧化製造的趨勢，仰賴於虛擬工具機與大數據分析的結合，本文之研究為虛擬工具機之建模相關過程。
工具機之模態分析結果加以敲擊實驗配合最佳化分析，去鑑別出介面特性:以模態之自然頻率求解介面剛性，由於使用了多目標最佳化方法，加入了模態振型作為限制條件，以避免自然頻率誤差降低但振型失真的最佳解出現；此外多個模態皆作為最佳化的目標函數下，須對各模態之重要性差異做權重的分配。
最後，加入介面參數設定至我們所使用的工具機模型當中，進行機電整合下的動態驗證。Intelligent manufacturing is the trend of modern industry. It relies on the combination of virtual machine tools and big data analysis. The research in this paper is the process of modeling virtual machine tools.
The modal analysis results of the machine tool were combined with the optimization analysis to identify the interface characteristics: the interface stiffness was solved by the natural frequency of the modal. Due to the multi-objective optimization method, the modal vibration mode was added as a limit. The condition avoids the natural frequency error reduction but the optimal solution of the mode distortion occurs; in addition, multiple modes are used as the objective function of optimization, and the weight difference of each mode must be weighted.
Finally, the interface parameters are added to the machine tool model to perform the dynamic verification under electromechanical integration.致謝 i
摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iii
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 ix
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與目的 1
1.2 文獻回顧 1
1.3 研究方法流程 6
1.4本文架構 8
第二章 研究理論 9
2.1 模態分析理論 9
2.1.1簡諧響應分析 11
2.2模態疊加法 13
2.3接觸面建模理論 17
2.3.1接觸元素的位移與應變 17
2.3.2接觸面元素的勁度矩陣 18
2.4 最佳化方法 19
2.5 Modal Assurance Criterion 22
第三章 接合面參數鑑別 24
3.1 立式加工機架構 24
3.1.1 座標軸建立 31
3.1.2 機台材料規格 31
3.2實驗模態分析 33
3.2.1量測頻率段與量測點規劃 33
3.2.2實驗儀器 39
3.2.3實驗架設 41
3.2.4實驗結果與單鑄件材料修正 43
3.3介面參數鑑別與結果 48
3.3.1介面參數鑑別流程 48
3.3.2有限元素模態模型建立 51
3.3.3介面鑑別結果 53
3.3.4搜尋成果驗證與討論 57
第四章 動態軌跡驗證 61
4.1進給系統建立 61
4.2機電整合模型 62
4.3動態軌跡實驗 63
4.3.1實驗儀器 63
4.3.2實驗架設 65
4.4模型之動態軌跡驗證 66
4.4.1 介面參數影響 73
第五章 結論與未來方向 75
5.1結果與討論 75
5.2未來方向 75
參考文獻 7
Development of Portable Electrochemical Device for Rapid Detection of Pesticide Residues by AChE Inhibition
No full text農藥在農業生產中的好處包括提高糧食生產率和控制病媒，但是不當及過量使用可能會影響人類健康風險和環境污染。現有的標準農藥殘留定量檢測法，是使用不同層析法搭配質譜儀聯進行檢測，具高敏感度及高準確性的優點。但此方法有檢測時間長、價格昂貴、操作繁雜、需專業人員操作及機台龐大等缺點。在本研究中，利用酶被抑制特性，我們開發了一種快速農藥檢測儀，具有快速、便宜實惠、操作簡單和便於攜帶的優點。酶抑制法是利用有機磷類和氨基甲酸鹽類農藥對於乙醯膽鹼酯酶（AChE）活性的抑制能力，並藉由循環伏安法（CV）和微分脈衝伏安法（DPV）進行測量。實際樣品量測方法是將蔬菜和水果切成1cm×1cm的尺寸大小樣品，將樣品浸入碘化乙醯硫代膽鹼（ATCI）和磷酸鹽緩衝溶液（PBS）的混合物中進行製備。接著將樣品滴在可拋棄式金電極上進行電化學測量。
在農藥檢測中，對於陶斯松及加保利為0.1~2ppm的範圍量測，具靈敏度高，檢出極限低等優點。陶斯松的線性回歸方程為y = -17.999x + 166.93，R2值為0.978。 加保利的線性回歸方程為y = -12.578x + 172.23，R2值為0.967。本研究還測定了大白菜和蘋果的農藥殘留。小白菜中陶斯松的回收率分別為81％和111％，而蘋果中陶斯松的回收率分別為85％和116％。小白菜中加保利的回收率分別為75％和92％，蘋果中加保利的回收率分別為90％和72％。實驗結果表明，可攜帶式農藥殘留檢測儀可以對陶斯松和加保利進行簡單靈敏的檢測。Benefits of pesticides use in agriculture include improving food productivity and controlling vector disease. But, inadvertent exposure to pesticides may affect human health risk and environment contamination such as water, soil and air contamination. Current standard quantitative testing for pesticide residue uses chromatographic methods combined with mass spectrometry with high sensitivity and accuracy. However, chromatographic methods are time consuming, expansive, labor intensive and requirement of precise equipment.
In this study, we developed a portable pesticide residue detector based on enzymatic methods which have advantages of rapid, affordable, simple to operate and requirement of portable equipment. Enzymatic methods based on the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity by the action of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides were used and AChE activity was measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). A portable electrochemical potentiostat was used to perform CV and DPV. Vegetables and fruits were sliced in 1cm x 1cm and were immersed in the mixture of acetylcholine iodide (ATCI) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for sample preparation. Samples were then dropped on the disposable gold electrodes for electrochemical measurement.
The Chlorpyrifos and carbaryl were measured from 0.1~ 2ppm with good sensitivity and low detection limit. The linear regression equation for chlorpyrifos is y= -17.999x+166.93 with an R2 value of 0.978. The linear regression equation for carbaryl is y= -12.578x+172.23 with an R2 value of 0.967. The pesticide residues of Chinese cabbage and apples were also measured in this study. The recovery rates for chlorpyrifos in Chinese cabbages were 81% and 111% and in apples were 85% and 116%. The recovery rates for carbaryl in Chinese cabbages were 75% and 92% and in apples were 90% and 72%. Experimental results show the portable pesticide residue detector can perform simple and sensitive detections to chlorpyrifos and carbaryl.誌謝 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 vii
表目錄 ix
第一章、前言 1
1.1. 研究動機 1
1.2. 農藥 1
1.2.1 農藥分類 1
1.2.2 作用藥理機制 7
1.2.3 作用機制與抗藥性 7
1.2.4 毒性敘述及中毒症狀 9
1.3. 農藥殘留檢測方法 10
1.3.1質譜檢測技術 10
1.3.2層析檢測技術 11
1.3.3光譜檢測技術 11
1.3.4免疫分析法檢測技術 12
1.3.5酶抑制法檢測技術 12
1.4. 電化學法檢測農藥殘留 13
1.4.1與酶抑制法結合使用之農藥檢測殘留 13
1.4.2利用具有電化學活性之農藥直接檢測 16
1.5. 生物感測器(biosensor) 18
1.6. 研究目標 19
1.7. 論文架構 19
第二章、相關理論與技術 20
2.1.電化學 20
2.1.1 電化學質傳與電子交換現象 20
2.1.2 電極程序之動力學 22
2.1.3 界面現象與電極雙層模型 24
2.1.4 電化學量測方式 26
2.1.5 循環伏安法(Cyclic Voltammetry) 27
2.1.6微分脈衝伏安法(Differential Pulse Voltammetry) 30
2.2. 網印平面電極(Screen-printed electrode, SPE) 33
2.2.1 網印平面電極製作 34
2.3. 酵素簡介與固定方法 35
2.3.1 酵素特性 35
2.3.2 酵素固定法 37
第三章、實驗材料與方法 40
3.1. 拋棄式金電極製作 40
3.1.1 PCB電極底板設計與製作 40
3.1.2 網印對電極與參考電極 42
3.1.3 酵素接附區的設計與製作 44
3.2. 電化學感測器硬體設計 44
3.2.1 電路原理設計 44
3.2.2 硬體外型設計 45
3.3. 實驗藥品與設備 47
3.3.1 藥品試劑與儀器設備 47
3.4. 藥品溶液配置 47
3.4.1酵素配置分裝 47
3.4.2配製對氧磷標準品 48
3.4.3配製碘化乙醯硫代膽鹼標準品 48
3.5. 電化學檢測分析 48
3.5.1三極式電極 48
3.5.2電化學參數與操作 49
3.5.3 實際樣品分析 49
第四章、 結果與討論 50
4.1. 捨棄式晶片金電極 50
4.2. 可攜帶式電化學儀 50
4.3. 分析方法 51
4.3.1 農藥電化學快速分析方法 51
4.3.2 與國內現有農藥快速分析方法比較 53
4.4. 標準農藥檢測方法 53
4.4.1 循環伏安法量測AChE反應ATCI之氧化/還原電位 53
4.4.2 AChE活性及受質ATCI濃度對抑制率影響 55
4.4.3 電解質pH影響 57
4.5. 酵素電極製備 58
4.5.1 AChE酵素電極固定接附方式 58
4.5.2 酵素固定電極穩定性測試 60
4.6. 微分脈衝伏安法參數調整 62
4.6.1 DPV 最佳化條件探討 62
4.6.2循環伏安法與微分脈衝伏安法比較 65
4.7. 實際樣品分析 66
4.7.1市售農藥抑制曲線 66
4.7.2實際檢測分析 69
4.7.3實際樣品添加測定 71
第五章、結論與未來展望 72
5.1 結論 72
參考文獻 7
The role of histone methyltransferase EZH2 in drug resistant ovarian cancer cells
No full text卵巢癌為女性十大癌症死因其中之一。卵巢癌並沒有明顯的症狀，所以大部份的婦女當被診斷是卵巢癌時，通常都已經擴散成為較晚期的癌症。紫杉醇是用於治療晚期卵巢癌的一線化學治療用藥，在診斷時，大約70％的卵巢癌對化療藥物相當敏感，但是耐藥性的快速發展和癌細胞的轉移導致後期治療失敗和疾病惡化。Enhancer of zeste homolog 2(EZH2)為一種組蛋白甲基轉移酶，其為Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2)的催化亞基，在其C端的SET結構域對組蛋白H3上的Lys 27接上三個甲基(H3K27me3)，使目標基因靜默並在癌症中誘導上皮-間質轉化(EMT)以及抗藥性，參與多種生物功能例如細胞增殖、細胞週期和細胞分化等。為了進一步探討EZH2在抗藥性卵巢癌細胞中的表現與相關機制，我們利用western blotting來檢測卵巢癌細胞中EZH2的表現，以transwell來測證明EZH2能促進卵巢癌細胞遷移與侵襲能力，並利用shRNA抑制EZH2在卵巢癌細胞中的表現，加以驗證EZH2對卵巢癌細胞的影響，證明抑制EZH2的表現能使卵巢癌細胞遷移與侵襲能力降低。利用western blotting觀察EZH2對卵巢癌細胞中EMT的發展，發現EZH2會抑制上皮標記物和促進間質標記物的表現使卵巢癌細胞發生EMT。最後以細胞活性測定評估EZH2對細胞存活以及對紫杉醇耐藥性的影響，抑制EZH2後加入紫杉醇確實能降低癌細胞的活性，使卵巢癌細胞耐藥性降低。Ovarian cancer is one of the top ten causes of cancer death among women. Ovarian cancer has not obvious symptoms, which can result in late detection. Paclitaxel is used as first line therapy for advanced ovarian cancer. Roughly 70% of ovarian cancers are sensitive to chemotherapy at diagnosis, but rapidly develop drug resistance and metastasis leading to treatment failure and disease progression. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a histone methyltransferase. EZH2 has been identified as a catalytic subunit of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) for tri-methylation of histone H3 at Lys 27 (H3K27me3) by SET domain in its C-terminus. It silences targeted genes and mediates the activation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in many cancers. EZH2 is involved in various biological functions, such as cell proliferation, cell cycle and cell differentiation. To further investigate the expression and mechanism of EZH2 in ovarian cancer cells. We used western blotting to detect the expression of EZH2 in ovarian cancer cells. Transwell assays prove that EZH2 can promote the migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells. Inhibition of EZH2 expression using shRNA can reduce the migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells. To observe the effects of EZH2 on EMT of ovarian cancer cells by western blotting, the results show that EZH2 inhibits epithelial markers and promotes the expression of mesenchymal markers to cause EMT in ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, the effects of EZH2 on cell survival and paclitaxel resistance were evaluated by cell viability assay. Inhibition of EZH2 can reduce the drug resistance and cell viability of ovarian cancer cells中文摘要 .........i
Abstract.........ii
目次.............iii
縮寫.............iv
第一章、前言...........1
(一)、人類卵巢癌介紹..........1
(二)、Enhancer of zeste homolog 2(EZH2) ...........1
(三)、上皮–間質轉化 ..............3
第二章、研究目的與動機 ............5
第三章、材料與方法 .............6
(一)、實驗材料 .................6
(二)、實驗方法 ....................8
1、 蛋白質膠體電泳分析(SDS-PAGE) .....................8
2、西方轉漬法 (Western Blot) .................8
3、細胞遷移 (Migration Assay) ................9
4、細胞侵入 (Invasion Assay) .................9
5、細胞存活率分析 (MTT Assay) .................9
6、細胞培養 .........................10
1A9、1A9PTX10和1A9PTX22 ...............10
SKOV3和SKOV3ip1 ......................10
7、細胞轉染 (Cell transfection) ..............11
8、統計分析 .................11
第四章、結果 .............12
第五章、討論 ...............16
第六章、結論 ...................18
參考文獻 ................19
圖 ..................2
Sensitivity of porcine β2 integrin transgenic mice to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
No full text胸膜肺炎放線桿菌（Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, AP）感染豬隻呼吸道所引起的纖維素性、出血性及壞死性胸膜肺炎會造成豬隻死亡。AP所分泌外毒素，包含ApxI~ApxIV，Apx依結構特色被歸類為Repeat in Toxin（RTX）家族，RTX經由與白血球上的β2整合素（CD11/CD18）結合，造成細胞毒殺作用。過去研究指出，ApxIII對豬隻CD18（porcine CD18, pCD18）具物種專一性。本研究為探討pCD18與AP致病機轉之相關性，以C57BL/6JNarl小鼠構築表現pCD18基因轉殖（Transgenic, TG）小鼠，並分析TG小鼠對AP之感受性。首先，分離小鼠腹腔灌洗細胞與脾臟細胞，並以流式細胞儀分析其中巨噬細胞、B細胞及T細胞族群比例，發現TG與Wild type（WT）小鼠相似，但TG小鼠表現pCD18比例明顯高於WT小鼠，且母鼠表現量顯著高於公鼠。此外，以AP血清型第1型（AP1）和第2型（AP2）菌株進行腹腔內攻毒實驗。結果顯示，攻毒後TG母鼠較快出現死亡，TG與WT母鼠於AP1的半致死劑量並無差異，而TG母鼠對AP2的半致死劑量比WT母鼠低7.5倍，說明TG母鼠對AP菌株具較高敏感性。另為探討AP所分泌Apx對小鼠免疫細胞所造成的影響，本研究自WT與TG母鼠分離脾臟單核細胞（SMCs），分別與AP10所分泌之ApxI或AP2所分泌之ApxII/III進行感作，結果發現無論ApxI或ApxII/III對TG母鼠SMCs皆造成較嚴重的細胞毒性。為進一步探討pCD18表現比例與Apx致病性關係，自TG母鼠分離腹腔灌洗細胞與SMCs，利用磁珠抗體分選高純度pCD18陽性細胞與無標記的陰性細胞，分別與1 ~ 10 CU ApxII/III進行感作。結果顯示，ApxII/III對pCD18陽性細胞具劑量效應，毒素濃度越高造成更高比例之細胞膜損傷，其中對腹腔灌洗細胞造成更嚴重的細胞損傷情形。綜合上述結果，本研究已建立pCD18基因轉殖小鼠對AP疾病動物模式，證實pCD18於AP致病性和Apx外毒素細胞毒殺作用中扮演重要的角色，此基因轉殖小鼠具有應用於AP致病機轉探討或作為效力檢定工具之潛力。Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (AP) causes fibrinous, hemorrhagic, and necrotizing pleuropneumonia in pigs. The exotoxins secreted by AP, including ApxI to ApxIV, are classified as members of the Repeats-in-Toxin (RTX) family based on their structural characteristics. It has been demonstrated that RTX toxins target specifically to β2 integrin (CD11/CD18) and lead to cell death. Previous studies indicate that the porcine CD18 (pCD18) mediates ApxIII-induced species-specific toxicity on pig leukocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of pCD18 in AP pathogenicity. A line of transgenic (TG) C57BL/6JNarl mouse expressing pCD18 was generated and studied. To characterize the expression of pCD18, we isolated the peritoneal lavage cells (PLCs) and splenocytes, and analyzed the percent of macrophages, B cells, and T cells among them. A similar percentage of cell population was found in both wild type (WT) and TG mice. PLCs and splenocytes derived from TG mice, especially from TG female mice, had a higher expression level of pCD18 as compared to WT mice or TG male mice. Therefore, female TG mice were used in the subsequent experiments. To investigate the susceptibility of TG and WT mice to AP, mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with AP serotype 1 (AP1) or 2 (AP2), and the mortality assessed and compared. It was found that the death of TG mice occurred at time points earlier than that of WT mice after challenge. The LD50 of AP1 in TG mice was equivalent to that in WT mice, while the LD50 of AP2 in TG mice was 7.5 times lower than that in WT mice. We inferred that the higher susceptibility of TG mice to AP may result from the expression of pCD18. To test this hypothesis, PLCs and splenic mononuclear cells (SMCs) of TG mice were collected and purified using magnetic beads coupled with antibodies recognizing porcine CD18. The susceptibility of pCD18+-cells towards Apx toxins were assessed and compared to pCD18--cells using the lactate dehydrogenase assay. The results showed that pCD18+-cells were more susceptible toward ApxI and ApxII/III comparing to pCD18--cells. Apx toxins induced significant levels of cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner in pCD18+-cells, which signifies an indispensable role of pCD18 in Apx cytotoxic effect. In conclusion, we have successfully generated the TG mice expressing pCD18 and demonstrate the role of pCD18 in AP pathogenicity and in Apx cytotoxicity. The TG mice might be a valuable tool for the study of AP pathogenicity and for the evaluation of vaccine efficacy in the future.摘要 i
Abstract ii
目次 iv
表次 vii
圖次 viii
第一章 前言 1
第二章 文獻探討 2
第一節 胸膜肺炎放線桿菌簡介 2
第二節 AP生化特性與血清型 2
第三節 毒力因子 2
3.1 莢膜多醣（capsule polysaccharide, CPS） 3
3.2 脂多醣（lipopolysaccharide, LPS） 3
3.3 外毒素（Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae exotoxin, Apx） 3
3.4 其他毒力因子 4
第四節 Repeats in toxin（RTX） 4
4.1 RTX毒素的特性及作用 4
4.2 β2整合素 5
第五節 基因轉殖小鼠 5
第六節 研究目的 6
第三章 材料與方法 7
第一節 菌株來源與用途 7
第二節 菌株型態與生化特性 7
第三節 Apx毒素製備 7
第四節 豬肺泡巨噬細胞製備與培養 8
4.1 豬肺泡巨噬細胞（porcine alveolar macrophages, PAM）灌洗與保存 8
4.2 細胞培養 8
第五節 Apx細胞毒性力價檢測 9
第六節 基因轉殖小鼠之生產與試驗 9
6.1 構築基因轉殖小鼠 9
6.2 分離小鼠腹腔灌洗細胞與脾臟細胞 10
6.3 螢光抗體染色 10
6.4 流式細胞儀分析 11
第七節 動物試驗 11
7.1 攻毒菌液製備 11
7.2 小鼠攻毒實驗 11
7.3 計算小鼠半致死劑量（median lethal dose, LD50） 11
第八節 Apx對小鼠細胞所造成細胞膜損傷情形 12
8.1 分離脾臟單核細胞 12
8.2 以磁株抗體分選pCD18細胞 12
8.3 乳酸去氫酶（lactate dehydrogenase, LDH）釋出測定 13
第九節 統計分析 13
9.1 Log rank test 13
9.2 Mann-Whitney U test 13
9.3 Student's t-test 14
第四章 結果 15
第一節 AP菌株鑑定與Apx細胞毒性力價檢測 15
1.1 菌株型態與生化特性 15
1.2 Apx外毒素力價 15
1.3 ApxII/III對PAM細胞膜造成損傷情形 15
第二節 基因轉殖小鼠 15
2.1 小鼠免疫細胞族群比例 16
2.2 小鼠免疫細胞pCD18表現比例 16
2.3 不同週齡母鼠免疫細胞pCD18表現比例 16
第三節 小鼠攻毒模式與LD50 17
3.1 AP第1血清型菌株（AP1）攻毒實驗 17
3.2 AP第2血清型菌株（AP2）攻毒實驗 17
第四節 Apx對小鼠脾臟單核細胞所造成的細胞毒性 18
4.1 LDH檢測套組之細胞數最適化 18
4.2 ApxI對WT與TG母鼠SMCs所造成細胞毒性 18
4.3 ApxII/III對WT與TG母鼠SMCs所造成細胞毒性 18
第五節 ApxII/III對TG母鼠免疫細胞所造成細胞毒性 19
5.1 ApxII/III對TG母鼠SMCs所造成細胞毒性 19
5.2 ApxII/III對TG母鼠PLCs所造成細胞毒性 19
第五章 討論 20
第六章 結論 23
參考文獻 42
附錄一 2017年臺灣豬用疫苗逐批檢驗統計結果 50
附錄二 中英文縮寫對照表 5
Improvements of P-Electrode Design and Optical Output Power in Deep-Ultraviolet AlGaN LEDs
No full text本實驗利用電子槍真空蒸鍍機在試片表面沉積厚度為10/5 nm的鎳/金電極，作為深紫外光發光二極體的P型電極，並藉由不同P型電極結構設計以改善深紫外光發光二極體的光電特性。由實驗結果得知，鎳/金電極厚度、退火溫度與退火時間的選擇對於鎳/金電極與p+GaN歐姆接觸的形成極為重要；鎳/金電極厚度的比例，退火溫度及時間也都會影響其特徵電阻值。本研究的最佳鎳/金電極厚度及退火參數為：鎳/金=10/5 nm、大氣氛圍下500 C退火10分鐘，在此製程條件下試片的特徵電阻值為：2.32×10-6 Ω-cm2。
本實驗設計四種不同P型電極結構的深紫外光發光二極體(3指狀電極、6指狀電極、9指狀電極以及12指狀電極之發光二極體)，並且與傳統型之發光二極體做比較，最後再進一步製作9及12指狀電極之覆晶式發光二極體進行元件特性探討。因深紫外光發光二極體的歐姆接層(p+GaN)會吸收280 nm波長的光，此電極結構設計的目的即為增加電流擴散能力及光輸出功率。由實驗結果得知，9 指狀電極之發光二極體的電流擴散能力及光輸出功率較佳。在注入電流20 mA下，其光輸出功率及外部量子效率較傳統型之發光二極體，分別提升約150%、200 %；當注入電流為350 mA時，其光輸出功率及外部量子效率較傳統型之發光二極體，則分別提升約172 %、198 %。將9指狀電極之發光二極體製作成覆晶式後，在注入電流20 mA下，覆晶後之光輸出功率較覆晶前提升139%；在光電轉換效率及外部量子效率方面方面，分別較覆晶前提升約173 %、182 % ；當注入電流為350 mA時，覆晶後之光輸出功率較覆晶前提約92%；在光電轉換效率及外部量子效率方面，則分別較覆晶前提升約71%、79 %。由本研究結果得知，可藉由不同P型電極設計來提升深紫外光發光二極體的電流擴散能力及光輸出功率。In this thesis, the Ni/Au (10/5 nm) films were grown on p+GaN layer by electron beam evaporation. The Ni/Au films were employed as a p-side electrode for the deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (DUV-LEDs). Via the structural design of the p-side electrode, the optoelectronic performances of DUV-LEDs can be improved.
Based on the experimental results, it can be found that the formation of an ohmic contact between Ni/Au and p+GaN are mainly affected by the thickness of Ni/Au and the parameters of annealing process for this p-side electrode (such as annealing temperature and annealing time). In this study, the most suitable thickness of Ni/Au electrode is 10/5 nm. Additionally, after annealing in air atmosphere at 500 C for 10 min, the ohmic contact characteristic between Ni/Au and p+GaN can be optimized, where its lowest specific contact resistivity reaches to 2.32×10-6 Ω-cm2.
DUV-LEDs with four kinds of p-side electrode design (denoted as 3 fingers-LED, 6 fingers-LED, 9 fingers-LED, and 12 fingers-LED) were fabricated, and the conventional-LED was prepared as a contrasted sample. Besides, the 9 fingers-LED and 12 fingers-LED samples were further fabricated to flip-chip device. Because the emission light with a wavelength of 280 nm would be absorbed by the p+GaN layer, the purpose of this study is to improve the current spreading ability and the light output power of the LEDs through the p-side electrode design. The experimental results indicate that the 9 fingers-LED possessed better optoelectronic performances than those of the LEDs. At injection currents of 20 and 350 mA, the 9 fingers-LED exhibited 154% and 172% enhancements in the output power in comparison to those of conventional-LED, while the improvements in the external quantum efficiency (EQE) were 200% and 198%, respectively. After fabricating the flip chip device, the optoelectronic performances were further improved. At an injection current of 20 mA, the flip chip device possessed 139%, 173%, and 182% improvements in the output power, wall-plug efficiency, and EQE, respectively, as compared with those of 9 fingers-LED. Further increasing the injection current to 350 mA, the flip chip sample can achieve 92%, 71%, and 79% enhancements in the output power, wall-plug efficiency, and EQE, respectively, in comparison to those of 9 fingers-LED. These results clearly indicate that the p-side electrode design is useful for improving the optoelectronic performances of DUV-LEDs.誌謝 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
目錄 v
圖目錄 viii
表目錄 x
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 前言 1
1-2 研究動機 3
1-3 論文架構 3
第二章 理論基礎 5
2-1 發光二極體發光理論與氮化鋁鎵材料介紹 5
2-2 金屬-半導體接面理論 7
2-2-1 蕭特基能障原理 8
2-2-2 歐姆接觸之原理 9
2-3 電極材料性質及應用 10
2-3-1 鎳/金電極之應用 10
2-3-2 鎳/金電極與p-GaN形成歐姆接觸之機制 11
2-4 光電特性 12
2-5 發光二極體發光效率原理 12
2-5-1 內部量子效率(internal quantum efficiency, IQE) 13
2-5-2 光萃取效率(light extraction efficiency, LEE)及外部量子效率(external quantum efficiency, EQE) 13
2-6 發光二極體的基本特性參數 16
2-6-1 順向偏壓(forward voltage, Vf) 16
2-6-2 漏電流(leakage current, Ir) 16
2-6-3 光強度(luminance intensity, I) 16
2-6-4 輸出光功率(output power) 17
2-6-5 光電轉換效率(wall-plug efficiency, WPE) 17
2-6-6 傳輸線模型原理 17
第三章 實驗步驟 19
3-1前言 19
3-2 深紫外光氮化鎵試片之磊晶結構 19
3-3 電極備製 20
3-3-1 試片清洗 20
3-3-2 沉積鎳/金電極 20
3-4 深紫外光發光二極體元件製作 24
3-4-1 試片清洗 24
3-4-2 定義元件範圍 24
3-4-3 電極製作 25
3-4-4 元件切割 26
3-5 量測元件特性 28
3-5-1 光電特性量測 29
3-5-2 積分球量測系統 29
3-5-3 alpha-step量測系統 29
3-5-6 N&K光學量測系統 30
3-5-7 霍爾效應分析儀(Hall effect analyzer) 31
第四章結果與討論 32
4-1 改善鎳/金電極與p-GaN歐姆接觸之探討 32
4-1-1 不同鎳厚度對歐姆接觸之影響 32
4-1-2 不同金厚度對歐姆接觸之影響 34
4-2 退火參數及電極對深紫外光穿透率之探討 35
4-2-1 退火溫度對歐姆接觸之影響 35
4-2-2 退火時間對歐姆接觸之影響 36
4-2-3 N型電極之歐姆接觸 37
4-2-3 鎳/金電極對於深紫外光之穿透率 38
4-3 傳統型與3指狀電極之發光二極體光電特性探討 39
4-4 不同P型電極設計之發光二極體元件光電特性 41
4-4-1 元件之電流-電壓特性 41
4-4-2 光輸出功率 41
4-4-3 元件之光電轉換效率及外部量子效率 43
4-4-4 SpeCLED模擬電流擴散之分析 45
4-4-5 紅外線熱影像分析 46
4-4 P型電極設計應用在覆晶式發光二極體元件之探討 48
第五章 結論與未來展望 52
參考文獻 54
圖目錄
圖1-1近代照明系統及其發光效率之發展 1
圖2-1 LED 發光原理示意圖 5
圖2-2 AlxGa1-xN、InxGa1-xN、InxAl1-xN之能隙對成分含量圖 7
圖2-3 鎳/金與p-GaN形成歐姆接觸之機制示意圖 11
圖2-4三種不同光損失示意圖 15
圖2-5電阻與傳輸距離的曲線圖 18
圖3-1 深紫外光發光二極體之磊晶結構示意圖 19
圖3-2不同P型電極結構俯視圖 22
圖3-3 不同P型電極結構剖面示意圖 22
圖3-4 不同P型電極結構3D示意圖 23
圖3-4 水平式元件製作流程圖 27
圖 3-5 覆晶式元件製作流程圖 28
圖 3-5 (a)積分球基本工作原理 (a)積分球結構 (b)積分球原理 29
圖3-6 N&K analyzer工作原理與內部構造圖 31
圖4-1 CTLM製作流程圖與CTLM規格 33
圖4-2 不同鎳厚度對應之特徵電阻值 33
圖4-3 不同金厚度對應之特徵電阻值 34
圖4-4 不同退火溫度之電壓對電流曲線圖 35
圖4-5 不同退火時間對應之特徵電阻 36
圖 4-6大氣退火500°C、10分鐘之特徵電阻曲線圖 37
圖4-7 電壓對電流曲線圖 38
圖4-8 氮氣退火900°C、60秒之特徵電阻曲線圖 38
圖4-9 鎳/金電極穿透、反射光譜圖 39
圖 4-10 傳統型與3指狀電極之發光二極體電壓對電流曲線圖 40
圖4-11傳統型與3指狀電極之發光二極體電流對光輸出功率曲線圖 40
圖 4-12 不同P型電極結構之順向偏壓對電流特性曲線圖 41
圖4-13 元件點亮缺陷光發光圖 42
圖4-14 不同P型電極結構之光輸出功率對電流特性曲線圖 43
圖 4-15 不同P型電極結構之電激發光光譜圖 43
圖 4-16 不同P型電極結構元件之光電轉換效率 44
圖 4-17 不同P型電極結構元件之外部量子效率 45
圖 4-18 不同P型電極結構在20 mA下之電流擴散模擬圖 46
圖 4-19 不同P型電極結構在350 mA下之電流擴散模擬圖 46
圖4-20 為注入電流為20 mA時，不同P型電極結構之深紫外元件之IR紅外線表面溫度量測圖 47
圖4-21 為注入電流為350 mA時，不同P型電極結構之深紫外元件之IR紅外線表面溫度量測圖 48
圖4-22覆晶後之光輸出功率對電流比較曲線圖 49
圖4-23覆晶後之光電轉換效率對電流比較曲線圖 50
圖4-24覆晶後之外部量子效率對電流比較曲線圖 50
圖4-25光電轉換效率及外部量子效率之文獻比較 51
表目錄
表 1-1 紫外光發光二極體應用領域 2
表 4-1 鎳/金電極與p-GaN之特徵電阻值 35
表 4-2 特徵電阻之文獻比較 37
表 4-3 光輸出面積與光輸出功率整理表 43
表 4-4 注入電流為350 mA元件之最大、最小之表面溫度差 4