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In-situ probing of the Fischer-Tropsch reaction on Co single crystal surfaces up to 1 bar
No full textThe surface chemistry of the Fischer-Tropsch catalytic reaction over Co has still several unknows. Here, we report an in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of Co0001\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}\end{document} and Co(101&lt;overline&gt;4\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}\end{document}), and in-situ high energy surface X-ray diffraction of Co0001,\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}\end{document} during the Fischer-Tropsch reaction at 0.15 bar - 1 bar and 406 K - 548 K in a H2/CO gas mixture. We find that these Co surfaces remain metallic under all conditions and that the coverage of chemisorbed species ranges from 0.4-1.7 monolayers depending on pressure and temperature. The adsorbates include CO on-top, C/-CxHy and various longer hydrocarbon molecules, indicating a rate-limiting direct CO dissociation pathway and that only hydrocarbon species participate in the chain growth. The accumulation of hydrocarbon species points to the termination step being rate-limiting also. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the intermediate surface species are highly dynamic, appearing and disappearing with time delays after rapid changes in the reactants' composition.Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsradet, VR) [2013-8823]; Knut & Alice Wallenberg (KAW) foundation [2016.0042]; Swedish Foundation for strategic research (Stiftelsen for Strategisk Forskning) [ITM 17-0034]; EU Framework Program for Research and Innovation HORIZON 2020 [730872]; Stockholm University; [2017-00559]</p
Children who develop celiac disease are predicted to exhibit distinct metabolic pathways among their gut microbiota years before diagnosis
No full textCeliac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease caused by a loss of gluten tolerance in genetically predisposed individuals. While 30%-40% of people possess the predisposing alleles, only 1%-2% are diagnosed with CD, suggesting that envi ronmental factors are involved in disease pathogenesis. To determine an association between pediatric CD and the gut microbiome, we analyzed fecal samples from a prospective cohort study (ABIS). These samples were collected from children who later developed CD (CD progressors) and age-matched healthy children (at ages 1, 2.5, and 5) with similar HLA genotypes, breastfeeding durations, and gluten exposure times. We previously reported gut microbiome differences at ages 2.5 and 5 in this cohort; here, we present findings from samples collected at age 1 (n = 5). We identified 14 ASVs differing significantly between CD progressors and controls, including taxa linked to CD pathogenesis. CD progressors had increased Firmicutes and higher alpha diversity in IgA- bacteria. Using PICRUSt, we analyzed metabolic pathways enriched in CD progressors compared to controls at ages 1, 2.5, and 5 (n = 5-16), revealing enriched inflammatory and pathogenic pathways potentially contributing to CD-related immune dysregulation. While results are based on the primary EdgeR analysis, we also applied a non-parametric method of statistical analysis, reporting those results with supplemen tary figures. In conclusion, our findings suggest distinct metabolic pathways enriched in the gut microbiome of CD progressors years before diagnosis, which could inform targeted therapeutics for CD. As discussed in the limitations section, this small pilot study should be replicated with larger sample sizes for broader generalization.Funding Agencies|G. Harold & Leila Y. Mathers Foundation; Swedish Research Council [K2005-72X-11242-11A, K2008-69X-20826-01-4]; Swedish Child Diabetes Foundation (Barndiabetes fonden); JDRF Wallenberg Foundation [K 98-99D-12813-01A]; Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden (FORSS); Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research [FAS2004-1775]; Ostgoeta Brandstodsbolag; Joanna Cocozza Foundation</p
Improving the thermoelectric performance of scandium nitride thin films by implanting helium ions
No full textIon implantation is a widely used technique to introduce defects in low-dimensional materials and tune their properties. Here, we investigate the thermoelectric properties of scandium nitride thin films implanted with helium ions, revealing a positive impact of defect engineering on thermoelectric performance. Transport properties modeling and electron microscopy provide insights on the defect distribution in the films. The electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient increase significantly in absolute values after implantation and partially recover upon annealing as some of the implantation-induced defects heal. The thermal conductivity decreases by 46 % post- implantation due to the formation of extended defects and nanocavities. Consequently, the thermoelectric figure of merit zT doubles for the sample annealed at 673 K. These findings highlight the potential of controlled ion implantation to enhance thermoelectric properties in thin films, paving the way for further optimization through defect engineering.Funding Agencies|French government program "Investissements d'Avenir" [ANR-18-EURE-0010, ANR-11-LABEX-0017-01, ANR-21-EXES-0013]; Swedish Research Council (VR) [2021-03826]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation through the Wallenberg Academy Fellows program [KAW 2020.0196]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoeping University (Faculty Grant SFO-Mat-LiU) [2009 00971]; Swedish Energy Agency [46519-1]; Swedish Research Council VR-RFI [2019-00191]</p
The role of agriculture in a sustainable energy system : The farmers’ perspective
No full textAgriculture plays a pivotal role in the sustainable transition. The current trend within the agricultural sector is that actors are often suppliers of energy. This places the farmer in the intersection between the agricultural and energy systems. The present study assesses the farmers’ role to be part of the transition toward a sustainable agricultural and energy system. Departing from socio-technical theory, it puts the emphasis on the farmer as an actor within the systems. Designed as a case study in Östergötland, Sweden, interviews were conducted with eleven farmers for their perspectives on the sustainable energy system transition and analyzed through Reflexive Thematic Analysis.Funding and the financial aspects of investing in renewable energy sources was seen as crucial. Simultaneously, institutional support was experienced as cumbersome and complicated. Long-term, reliable institutional support for farmers was emphasized and shows the need for policymakers and researchers to further investigate the agricultural energy system and the intersection of the systems. Further analysis showed that the motivation for institutional support is to foster resilience, self-sufficiency and safeguard against uncertainties. Glimpses of tensions within the current agriculture and energy system regimes could be seen and the study suggests that landscape changes related to the energy system can drive niche development and implementation of renewable energy sources.Funding Agencies|Swedish Energy Agency through the Biogas Solutions Research Center [52669-1, P2021-90266]</p
Beyond the (non)piped drinking water regimes: complex configurations of conflicts and cooperation
No full textHistorically, water utilities have favored the modern ideal of piped infrastructure despite shortcomings in ensuring water access to the urban poor. Consequently, various state and non-state actors play influential roles in shaping water access to the poor through piped and non-piped socio-technical regimes of water provision. However, the existence of piped and non-piped water regimes and how they interact is often not seen as the work of municipalities, and as a result, a plethora of vital water services and actors are still largely ignored in water policy and decision-making. Drawing upon two empirical case studies in Delhi and Nairobi, this article foregrounds the role of conflict and cooperation in the interaction between piped and non-piped water regimes using an analytical framework that builds on Science Technology Studies and Urban Political Ecology
Combined use of the integrated-Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (i-PARIHS) framework with other implementation frameworks: a systematic review
No full textBackgroundAppropriately and comprehensive applying implementation frameworks is one of the key challenges in implementation science resulting in increased use of multiple implementation frameworks within projects. This is particularly true for frameworks such as PARIHS/i-PARIHS. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to examine if and why the PARIHS/i-PARIHS framework has been applied in research with other implementation frameworks.MethodsWe searched six databases from 2016 (the year following i-PARIHS' publication) to April 2024 and supplemented this with a citation search of the seminal i-PARIHS paper. We included studies that 1) were peer-reviewed with a protocol or empirical study design, 2) have applied the PARIHS or i-PARIHS framework for implementation planning, delivery, analysis, or evaluation and 3) also used at least one other implementation framework. Descriptive statistics were conducted to report on study characteristics and frequency for each implementation framework used with PARIHS/i-PARIHS. A qualitative, content analysis was used to analyse the answers to open-ended extraction questions.ResultsThirty-six articles met criteria for inclusion and included 16 protocols and 20 empirical articles (twelve intervention and eight cross-sectional studies). Thirty-four of the studies used one additional implementation framework and two studies used two additional implementation frameworks. In total, nine implementation frameworks were applied with PARIHS/i-PARIHS, including: 1) RE-AIM, 2) CFIR, 3) NPT, 4) REP, 5) TDF, 6), DSF, 7) KTA, 8) Stetler's Model, and 9) SIF. Thirty-four reported a rationale for using PARIHS/i-PARIHS and 34 reported a rationale for using the other implementation framework. Only eleven reported a rationale for using more than one implementation framework. Only three reported strengths of combining implementation frameworks.ConclusionsOverall, this review identified that implementation researchers are using PARIHS/i-PARIHS in combination with other implementation frameworks and providing little to no rationale for why. Use of multiple implementation frameworks without detailed rationales compromises our ability to evaluate mechanisms of effectiveness. Implementation researchers and practitioners need to be more explicit about their framework selection, detailing the complementary strengths of the frameworks that are being used in combination, including why using one is not sufficient.Trial registrationThis systematic review was registered with PROSPERO: ID: 392147
Children's dark pictures-Societal critique in children's and young people's visual and verbal expressions about the UNCRC
No full textThis article focuses on what the author has termed children's 'dark pictures' to explore how children' and young people express themselves visually and verbally about difficult issues-such as violence, death and trafficking. Two pictures created by children and young people about the UNCRC, and the interviews accompanying these pictures, are analysed as examples of the commonness of 'dark' issues emerging even when they are given assignments emphasising 'lighter' issues. The potential of children's and young people's dark pictures to comment on and challenge, how difficult issues are communicated with children by adults and society is explored with the help of socio-cultural and relational approaches to pictures. The article proposes the notion of dark visuality to highlight the critical potential of children's and young people's engagement with darkness through visual means and propose that their expressions can be understood as societal critique.Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council [VR DNR 2020-03095]</p
Sustainability-4-HRI, HRI-4-Sustainability
No full text”Sustainability-4-HRI, HRI-4-Sustainability” offers hands-on engagement with the HRI 2025 conference theme, ”Robots for a Sustainable World”. This workshop will explore the relationship between HRI and sustainable development and stimulate discussion on how we can make our own research practices more sustainable. We propose a full-day workshop, featuring morning discussions with sustainability experts and activists, and an afternoon hands-on activity aimed at understanding how robotics research can help in creating sustainable futures. We will broadly answer the following questions: How can we, as robotic researchers, help address sustainable development responsibly? Equally, how can we ensure that our HRI research practices minimises ecological footprints and operates within ethical and sustainable frameworks? We envision two practical outcomes of this workshop: a ”sustainability statement” that can be submitted together with future HRI research papers, and a paper gathering insights and reflections from the workshop. We welcome researchers and students at any career stage and from any subfield of HRI to attend and contribute
Lack of cellular prion protein causes Amyloid ß accumulation, increased extracellular vesicle abundance, and changes to exosome biogenesis proteins
No full textAlzheimer's disease (AD) progression is closely linked to the propagation of pathological Amyloid beta (A beta), a process increasingly understood to involve extracellular vesicles (EVs), namely exosomes. The specifics of A beta packaging into exosomes remain elusive, although evidence suggests an ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport)-independent origin to be responsible in spreading of AD pathogenesis. Intriguingly, PrPC, known to influence exosome abundance and bind oligomeric A beta (oA beta), can be released in exosomes via both ESCRT-dependent and ESCRT-independent pathways, raising questions about its role in oA beta trafficking. Thus, we quantified A beta levels within EVs, cell medium, and intracellularly, alongside exosome biogenesis-related proteins, following deletion or overexpression of PrPC. The same parameters were also evaluated in the presence of specific exosome inhibitors, namely Manumycin A and GW4869. Our results revealed that deletion of PrPC increases intracellular A beta accumulation and amplifies EV abundance, alongside significant changes in cellular levels of exosome biogenesis-related proteins Vps25, Chmp2a, and Rab31. In contrast, cellular expression of PrPC did not alter exosomal A beta levels. This highlights PrPC's influence on exosome biogenesis, albeit not in direct A beta packaging. Additionally, our data confirm the ESCRT-independent exosome release of A beta and we show a direct reduction in Chmp2a levels upon oA beta challenge. Furthermore, inhibition of opposite exosome biogenesis pathway resulted in opposite cellular PrPC levels. In conclusion, our findings highlight the intricate relationship between PrPC, exosome biogenesis, and A beta release. Specifically, they underscore PrPC's critical role in modulating exosome-associated proteins, EV abundance, and cellular A beta levels, thereby reinforcing its involvement in AD pathogenesis.Graphical abstractThere are two main exosome biogenesis pathways: ESCRT dependent and ESCRT independent. In this study, we explored the effect of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) on the release of Amyloid beta via exosomes. Our findings demonstrate that Amyloid beta mainly is released via an ESCRT-independent pathway, independent of PrPC. However, lack of PrPC resulted in upregulation of the ESCRT-dependent proteins Tsg101 and VPS25, a decrease in Chmp2a, and an overall increase in extracellular vesicles. Lack of PrPC also caused an accumulation of cellular, but not exosomal, Amyloid beta.Funding Agencies|Linkoping University; Swedish Research Council ("Vetenskapsradet") [2019-01016]; Swedish Alzheimer foundation ("Alzheimerfonden"); Swedish Brain Foundation ("Hjarnfonden"); Hans-Gabriel and Alice Trolle-Wachtmeister Foundation for Medical Research; Swedish Dementia Foundation ("Demensfonden"); Kurt and Helena Walldens research foundation; Linkoping University; Region Ostergotland; Lions research foundation; Eva Olsson's foundation; Health foundation; Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Project Grant; University of Calgary Eyes High Postdoctoral Recruitment Scholarships; CIHR; Banting fellowship through CIHR; Alberta Innovates Postdoctoral Scholarship</p
Respiratory reference values for bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) and its importance for conservation
No full textRespiratory disease is one of the main causes for morbidity and mortality in cetaceans, which highlights the importance of understanding normal lung function and how it may impede homeostasis, and diving capacity. In addition, the use of breathing frequency as a proxy for metabolic rate requires a better estimate of the normal range of tidal volume, respiratory flow, and breath durations. In the current study, we use data on clinically healthy bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) collected over a decade to define how lung function varies with body mass, age, and sex while in water or during voluntary beaching. The data show that tidal volume consistently varies with body mass both during spontaneous and forced breaths both in water and while beached. Both peak expiratory and inspiratory flow varies with body mass, but also in some circumstances with sex and age. Total and inspiratory breath durations only varied with body mass during forced breaths on land. Expired tidal volume varied with both body mass and either total or expiratory breath duration. These data provide baseline for respiratory function in healthy bottlenose dolphins and suggest that either total or expiratory breath duration provide a useful proxy for tidal volume.Funding Agencies|Atlantis Atlas Project 1 USD Contribution Programme; Six Flags-Animal Kingdom [N000141410563]</p