Publikationer från Linköpings universitet
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Children's health and digital media : A study of how digital media affect pupils' health
No full textI dagens samhälle är digitala medier en integrerad del i individers vardag, detta innefattar såväl vuxna som barn. I vår studie undersöker vi hur digitala medier påverkar elevers hälsa och liv, med särskilt fokus på den sociala hälsan och fritidshemselevernas egna perspektiv. Studien utgår från ett barndomssociologiskt perspektiv och ett salutogent perspektiv på hälsa. Syftet med studien är att synliggöra hur digitala medier kan bidra till elevers välbefinnande, och forskningsfrågorna fokuserar på elevernas relation till, motiv för och känslor kring digitala medier samt hur deras användning kan upplevas som hälsofrämjande. Den bakgrundslitteratur vi utgått ifrån visar på en spänning mellan läroplanens krav på digital kompetens och de praktiska begränsningarna i skolmiljön, såsom brist på resurser och kunskap. Texterna visar även att den digitala världen kan ha positiva effekter på elevernas relationskapande, vilket innefattar den sociala hälsan. Tidigare forskning och myndighetsrapporter pekar på ett vuxenperspektiv i diskussionen om barns medieanvändning, vilket motiverar behovet av att lyfta fram barnens egna röster. Datainsamlingen genomfördes genom semistrukturerade fokusgruppsintervjuer med totalt 15 elever i årskurs 1–3 på fyra fritidshem i två kommuner. Analysen genomfördes med tematisk analys, där fem centrala teman identifierades: elevers användning av digitala medier; vuxnas begränsningar; digitala relationer; risk och medvetenhet samt fritidshemmets digitala förutsättningar. Resultatet visar att digitala medier är en stor del i elevernas vardagliga liv och att användning främst är ett sätt för dem att skapa och upprätthålla relationer baserat på deras intressen. Vuxna begränsar elevernas användning baserat på deras uppfattningar och attityder kring ämnet utan att vara delaktiga eller närvarande i deras digitala värld eller att se till elevernas egna perspektiv. Studien visar på stor variation i elevernas erfarenheter och belyser vikten av att inkludera deras perspektiv i utvecklingen av digital pedagogik i fritidshemme
Students' Challenges in Grades 7-9 in Understanding and Using Tree Diagrams in Probability Theory
No full textDenna systematiska litteraturstudie undersöker de begreppsliga och kognitiva utmaningar som elever i årskurs 7–9 möter när de arbetar med träddiagram inom sannolikhetslära. Syftet är att identifiera vanliga missuppfattningar och att belysa didaktiska strategier och verktyg som kan stödja elevers förståelse. Forskningsartiklar valdes från databaser som ERIC, DIVA och Google Scholar och analyserades tematiskt. Resultaten visar att elever ofta har svårt att skilja mellan beroende och oberoende händelser, att korrekt tillämpa sannolikhetsregler vid sammansatta situationer och att förstå när ordning har betydelse. Dessa svårigheter grundar sig oftast i bristande begreppsförståelse snarare än i procedurkunskaper. Träddiagram används ofta som mekaniska hjälpmedel, utan att eleverna förstår deras syfte eller de samband de representerar. Samtidigt lyfter studien fram de pedagogiska möjligheterna med att använda träddiagram som visuella och undersökande verktyg särskilt i kombination med digitala simuleringar, verklighetsnära kontexter och reflekterande aktiviteter. Sådana tillvägagångssätt kan hjälpa elever att utveckla ett mer systematiskt sannolikhetstänkande. Studien konkluderar att framgångsrik sannolikhetsundervisning kräver ett långsiktigt, begreppsligt förankrat arbete. Läraren spelar en central roll i att skapa en lärandemiljö som främjar resonemang, utforskande och dialog. Framtida forskning bör fokusera på klassrumsbaserade interventioner och hur faktorer som språkförmåga, förkunskaper och undervisningsstrategier påverkar elevers sannolikhetsresonemang.This systematic literature review examines the conceptual and cognitive challenges that students in grades 7–9 face when working with tree diagrams in probability. The aim is to identify common misconceptions and highlight didactic strategies and tools that support students’ understanding. Research articles were selected from databases such as ERIC, DiVA, and Google Scholar and analyzed thematically. The findings show that students often struggle to differentiate between dependent and independent events, apply probability rules correctly in compound situations, and recognize when order is important. These difficulties are generally rooted in a lack of conceptual understanding rather than procedural ability. Tree diagrams are frequently used in a mechanical way, without insight into their function or the relationships they represent. However, the study also emphasizes the pedagogical potential of using tree diagrams as visual and exploratory tools—especially when integrated with digital simulations, real-life contexts, and reflective activities. Such methods can support the shift from intuitive to more systematic probabilistic reasoning. The review concludes that effective probability instruction requires a long-term, conceptually grounded approach. Teachers play key role in fostering a classroom environment that supports reasoning, exploration, and discussion. Future research should explore classroom-based interventions and examine how factors such as language skills, prior knowledge, and teaching strategies influence students’ probabilistic thinking
Reducering av koldioxid-utsläpp från k-means med representativa delmängder
No full textThe growing scale of data and the complexities of machine learning models have led to significant energy-related carbon emissions, which threaten ecosystems and communities worldwide, prompting the search for greener alternatives. Research regarding the energy consumption in machine learning has been biased towards large NLP models such as BERT and GPT, leaving a gap in understanding the sustainability implications of other fundamental algorithms. This thesis investigates how representative subsets can reduce carbon emissions on the example of the k-means algorithm without significantly compromising performance. Three well-known subset constructions are evaluated: Uniform sampling, the Lightweight Coreset and the Strong Coreset for Bregman clustering, along with two novel approaches designed to improve the construction time of the Strong Coreset: one replaces the k-means++ initialization in the Strong Coreset with the AFK-MC2 approximation, while the other reduces the dimension of the dataset with the Clarkson-Woodruff transform before the coreset construction. The experiments were run on 12 datasets of different sizes and complexities, testing two k values per dataset and six subset sizes. Performance was measured using Sum of Squared Distance (SSD) and Davis-Bouldin Score (DBS) along with measurements of execution time and energy consumption. Each combination of dataset, k value and subset size was also tested with the Kruskal-Wallis test to determine whether a significant difference existed between the methods for any of the measured metrics. When a Kruskal-Wallis test indicated a significant result, the Dunn’s-test was applied to identify which specific methods differed from each other. Results demonstrated that while in most cases there is a significantly different distribution between running k-means on the full dataset and using a coreset regarding the performance metrics SSD and DBS, the practical magnitude of these differences is minimal. A subset size of 5 percent typically remains less than 5 percent away of the same performance of running on the full dataset across the tested datasets and k values used in this thesis for the AFK-MC2, Lightweight, Strong Coresets. All combinations of datasets, subset sizes and k values have a significantly different distribution in execution time and energy consumption compared to the full data, with all of the results from representative subsets having a much lower median. A strong correlation between time and energy reduction was observed for every dataset with the lowest value of 0.966. However, the slope of this relationship varied depending on the dataset, k and sometimes also between representative subset methods. The Lightweight Coreset often outperformed the Strong Coresets in efficiency except in very specific configurations unlikely to occur in practice. Dimension reduction via the Clarkson-Woodruff Transform showed promising time and energy improvements for the Strong Coreset with benefits increasing for larger k values and subset sizes. Additional experiments on parallelization for the k-means algorithm with a k of 50 on small subsets of 397 and 1983 observations and 58 features, showed a significant reduction in energy consumption when running k-means in parallel. These findings suggest that representative subsets combined with algorithmic optimization offer an effective approach to reduce the carbon emissions of k-means clustering while maintaining high performance levels
Should We Trust AI to Cure Loneliness? : Ethical, Psychological, and Sociotechnical Perspectives
No full textWith the rise in AI usage and the gap of knowledge of how it may affect different groups of people,this thesis aimed to grow the body of research by performing a study that compared how differentusers were comfortable interacting with AI chatbots, based on how lonely they were. The studyused a survey to gather data, mainly collecting quantitative data. It used an adapted Almere modelto assess AI acceptance, the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale to access participants lonelinessscores and a scenario-based approach to measure participants comfort levels in different scenarios.The findings showed that severely lonely individuals were more comfortable asking AI chatbotsintimate and personal questions compared to non-lonely and moderately lonely individuals. Thisshow that when someone who is severely lonely feels the need for companionship or socialconnection, they may be more comfortable turning to an AI for emotional support, which, althoughpotentially offering short-term relief, may in the long-term lead to risks of forming emotionaldependency with AI, further exacerbating their condition
Ownerless Real Properties : A study of Real Property Law Issues Concerning Ownerless Real Property
No full textDet svenska fastighetsrättsliga systemet bygger på att en fastighet har en ägare. Trots detta finns det fastigheter som är ägarlösa, så kallade herrelösa fastigheter. Det föreligger således en paradox och flera rättsliga frågor uppstår. Denna studies huvudsakliga syfte är att belysa och utreda fastighetsrättsliga utmaningar som uppstår till följd av att en fastighet blir herrelös samt att analysera befintlig lagstiftning kopplad till dessa utmaningar. Frågeställningen som besvaras i denna studie är: Vilka fastighetsrättsliga utmaningar uppstår i situationer när en fastighet saknar ägare och hur regleras dessa utmaningar i svensk lagstiftning? För att kunna uppfylla studiens syfte och besvara studiens frågeställning tillämpas den rättsdogmatiska metoden, vilken innebär fastställande av gällande rätt genom användande av rättskällor. För att ge läsaren en bild av problemet med herrelösa fastigheter i praktiken, har även nyhetsartiklar och intervjuer med praktiker använts i viss utsträckning. I studien har följande slutsatser fastställts. Den första slutsatsen är att den främsta fastighetsrättsliga utmaningen förknippad med en herrelös fastighet är avsaknaden av ägare. Det uppstår då problematik i situationer där en fastighetsägare åläggs ansvar enligt lag, till exempel att underhålla fastigheten och att betala löpande kostnader hänförliga till fastighetsägandet. Den andra slutsatsen är att det föreligger en rättslig utmaning i form av brist på lagstiftning avseende herrelösa fastigheter. När en fastighet blir herrelös finns ingen konkret reglering som ålägger någon, en enskild eller det allmänna, att ansvara för fastigheten. Den sista slutsatsen är att expropriation av en herrelös fastighet fungerar i teorin men mindre bra i praktiken.The Swedish real property law system is based on the premise that a real property must have an owner. Despite this, there are properties that are ownerless. Thus, a paradox has occurred, which leads to several legal questions. The main purpose of this study is to highlight and investigate real property law challenges that arise as a result of real property becoming ownerless. Furthermore, the purpose is to analyse existing legislation linked to these challenges. In order to fulfil the purpose of the study the doctrinal method is applied, which involves determining current law, by using sources of law. To give the reader a better view of the issue with ownerless real properties, news articles as well as interviews with professionals have been used to some extent. As a result of the study, the authors reach three final conclusions. The first conclusion is that the main legal challenge is the lack of an owner, which causes problems as no one can be accountable for the real property in question. The law places responsibility on a real property owner in situations such as in maintenance of the property and payment of fees associated with real property ownership. The second conclusion is that a lack of legislation regarding these properties constitutes a legal challenge. There is currently no statutory law that places responsibility on neither an individual nor the government when a real property has become ownerless. The last conclusion is that expropriation of an ownerless real property works in theory but not as well in practice.
Industrial Symbiosis as a Driving Force in the Swedish Seaweed Industry : A Case Study within the Sotenäs Symbiotic Network
No full textSeaweed is a marine-based organism that is often found along coastlines - wet, slippery, and overlooked. Yet beneath its unassuming exterior lies significant potential as a sustainable resource. Rich in nutrients and with generally low requirements for cultivation, seaweed offers great promise in supporting food security, bioremediation, and the transition to a more circular bio-economy. Despite its benefits, the seaweed industry in Sweden remains underdeveloped, with limited infrastructure and high costs stopping its growth. The study's research area is to explore the integration of seaweed-based processes into Sweden's existing marine-based sectors, with particular focus on the Sotenäs Symbiotic Network (SSN) - an industrial symbiosis (IS) cluster on the West Coast of Sweden. The case of Sotenäs is interesting due to its established infrastructure and focus on marine-based synergies, offering a unique place for seaweed to be integrated. The integration of seaweed is investigated through so-called symbiosis opportunities, specific techniques, or synergies that focus on incorporating seaweed or improving the cost-effectiveness of seaweed-based processes. To answer the purpose of the study, a pre-study was conducted to identify symbiosis opportunities, supported by a literature overview providing theoretical frameworks, as well as qualitative interview study serving as the primary data collection method. Respondents to the interview study include seaweed producers, local industrial actors, and researchers focused on seaweed. Three analytical frameworks were applied to address the research questions: SWOT analysis to identify general barriers and opportunities; IS emergence theory to trace an eventual development of the symbioses; and IS role theory to understand necessary collaborative functions. The result of the interview study highlights several promising symbiosis opportunities for the local context including "residual heat in post-harvest processes", "shared facilities & services" and "cultivation in process water". The industry is in its early stages of development, so it is expected that the processes are largely considered to be in a budding stage - dependent on existing symbiotic efforts and highly dependent on local infrastructure and cooperation to emerge. In particular, residual heat symbiosis is shown to be contextually well suited to the Sotenäs context due to the collocation of marine and industrial actors, available heat, and supportive infrastructure. Shared facilities -though reliant on existing collaboration - are noted for their potential to scale beyond Sotenäs and be applied in other symbiosis networks. Despite their feasibility, progress is hindered by barriers such as high operational costs, lack of a market, and absence of committed "champions" - individuals who engage and drive symbiosis efforts forward - thereby making it a slow progress for all associated symbiosis opportunities. Alongside these champions, specialized competence and increased institutional support must emerge to help these symbiosis opportunities mature. The findings emphasize that while physical and infrastructure prerequisites may exist in Sotenäs, social and institutional drivers for seaweed-based processes are not yet there. Meanwhile, the research highlights potential for cost reduction through cross-sectoral collaboration. By adopting an IS perspective, the study lays a basis for reducing the costs of seaweed-based processes, thus enhancing their potential for a wider, more sustainable use.
From Aspirations to Implementation : The Promise of Participatory Budgeting in Swedish Rural Planning
No full textOver the past decade, Participatory Budgeting (PB) has emerged as a widely adopted process for enhancing democratic engagement and strengthening citizen involvement in planning and decision-making. In Sweden, the implementation of PB initiatives have remained relatively limited, with a few cases primarily in rural planning, as. The purpose of this thesis is to highlight this research void by investigating the role of PB in Swedish rural planning, focusing on its current use, evolution, impact on local democracy and planning process, and the key challenges and opportunities tied to its implementation. This is conducted through a case study of the five municipalities of Gislaved, Lund, Nässjö, Trelleborg, and Uppsala, and is carried out employing a multi-method approach that combines semi-structured interviews with civil servants, document analysis and descriptions from the municipalities in their documents and websites. The analysis is conducted through thematic coding, connecting the theoretical framework with the findings from across the five municipalities. To support this analysis, key concepts including the Theory of Change, the four principles for generating social change, and Empowered Participatory Governance (EPG), are applied to contextualize and interpret the results. The analysis reveals that despite political support and significant efforts to enhance meaningful participation and representation, challenges remain. For PB to fulfill its democratic potential, municipalities must improve inclusive outreach, transparent processes, and systematic evaluation. Furthermore, expanding PB to broader community involvement and integrating it with long-term planning strategies could enhance its effectiveness in addressing rural challenges and creating social change.
Säker radering: Säkerställande av konfidentialitet i digitala system
No full textSecure data deletion is a critical aspect of modern cybersecurity. We survey methods for secure data deletion in digital systems, with a particular focus on solid-state drives and their unique challenges compared to Hard Disk Drives. We investigate two realistic scenarios where data need to be securely erased. Focus is on state-of-the-art research into secure deletion and what methods exist to solve the inherent problems with flash memory. We identified three technical challenges with implementing secure data deletion and investigated potential methods for solving them. Existing methods were identified and mapped to how they solve the challenges with secure deletion. We found that most solutions require additions to low levels of firmware, making them difficult, if not im-possible, to implement for normal users. Ideas about how to make such methods more applicable in practicality are presented and require more low-level firmware knowledge and access. We found that most standards for data deletion are similar to each other and that they mostly cover the same areas. Furthermore, an empirical context was added to the study, giving real-world comparisons between the tools actually used. We found that there are inconsistencies in the deletion times and that some combination of cryptographic and block erase is necessary for sufficient security. Finally, based on the results of this study, recommendations regarding secure deletion on SSDs are given to Saab
Stakeholder Management in Private vs Public Sectors : A Qualitative Case Study of the European Central Bank and Equinix Company
No full textThis thesis examines stakeholder management in public projects compare to private projects, focusing on the European Central Bank’s Digital Euro initiative, with comparative insights from Equinix’s financial projects. Through a qualitative case study involving five semi-structured interviews, we identify the limitations of stakeholder management in both ECB and Equinix approach. To solve this gap, we propose Polycentric Governance Theory as a more effective framework. Findings highlight the ECB’s inclusive, public-oriented approach versus Equinix’s internal efficiency focus, emphasizing PGT’s potential to enhance collaboration, reduce disintermediation risks, and ensure CBDC project success. Practical strategies are suggested to improve stakeholder coordination for Central Banks