Publikationer från Linköpings universitet
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Tensions in Digital Transformation: How Prototype Work Links the Temporary and the Permanent
No full textDigital transformation projects often fail due to tensions that emerge between temporary project teams set to design digital transformation and the permanent organization where digital transformation is to be executed. As a potential organizational response to such tensions, we introduce the notion of prototype work; in other words, the actions and interactions facilitated by making prototypes. Through a real-time longitudinal study of a digital transformation project in a Swedish manufacturing firm we specify prototype work, addressing strategic tensions, temporal tensions, and cross-functional tensions at different loci of temporary-permanent interfaces and, in turn, how both temporary and permanent organizations are transitioned.Funding Agencies|Swedish Research School of Management and IT, Vinnova; Goteborgs nation in Uppsala</p
No robot is an island - what properties should an autonomous system have in order to be resilient?
No full textAutonomous systems are inherently designed to be self-sufficient onlyunder particular circumstances, for specific activities. the environmentneeds to be tailored to align with these design boundaries, ensuringthat technical systems operate as intended. this paper proposes thatinsights from resilience engineering can enhance the self-sufficiency ofso-called autonomous systems, consequently bolstering their adaptivecapacity in unforeseen or unpredicted scenarios. two cases of autono-mous systems are examined to illustrate how this enhancement can beachieved. the conclusion drawn is that the resilience envelope of a sys-tem can be augmented by enabling the system to adapt to multipledesign cases, by defining and prioritizing the core values of the system,and by designing the system to possess a framework for situationsrather than being confined to a singular situational frame. the implica-tions for the design of human-machine systems are also discussed.Funding Agencies|Swedish Transport Administration, through the UTM CITY project; Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software Program (WASP); Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation</p
There will probably always be hate : A grounded theory on the normalization of hate culture – youths' reproduction and resistance
No full textThis study examined how upper secondary school students in Sweden experienced and managed hate speech in their daily lives, as well as how they made sense of the phenomenon. The aim was to contribute to a deeper understanding of young people's own experiences of hate speech, its impact, and how they dealt with it. The study was conducted within the framework of a larger research project, using constructivist grounded theory as described by Charmaz (2014). Data were collected through 13 focus group interviews and one individual interview, involving a total of 59 students from five upper secondary schools in both small and large cities. This resulted in a grounded theory on the normalization of hate culture, comprising three categories: the iterative flow of hate, the consequences and defenses of hate, and the processes of rendering hate invisible. The findings showed that young people perceived hate speech as constantly present, something that affected their mental health and their freedom of expression. Participants managed this through various strategies such as adaptation, resistance, and normalization. The study concluded that hate speech has become part of young people’s everyday lives and emphasized the importance of initiatives that strengthen youth resilience and challenge destructive norms.Denna studie har undersökt hur gymnasieungdomar i Sverige upplevde och hanterade hatretorik i sin vardag, samt hur de begripliggjorde fenomenet. Syftet var att bidra med en djupare förståelse för ungdomars egna upplevelser kring hatretorik, dess påverkan och hur de bemötte det. Studien genomfördes inom ramen för ett större forskningsprojekt, och metoden som användes var konstruktivistisk grundad teori enligt Charmaz (2014). Datainsamlingen bestod av 13 fokusgruppsintervjuer och en individuell intervju med totalt 59 elever från fem gymnasieskolor i små och stora städer. Detta genererade en grundad teori om hatkulturens normalisering med tre kategorier: hatets iterativa flöde, hatets följder och försvar samt hatets osynliggörande processer. Resultaten visade att ungdomar upplevde hatretorik som ständigt närvarande, någonting som påverkade deras psykiska hälsa och frihet att uttrycka sig. Deltagarna hanterade detta genom olika strategier som anpassning, motstånd och normalisering. Slutsatsen från studien blev att hatretorik har blivit en del av ungdomars vardagliga liv och betonade vikten av insatser som stärker ungas motståndskraft och ifrågasätter destruktiva normer
Optimering av datarepresentationer för RAG-baserade chattbottar
No full textScattered technical documentation makes it difficult for developers and IT support to quickly and reliably find relevant information. This thesis investigates how Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) chatbots can be improved to better retrieve and generate accurate answers in such environments. The focus lies on optimizing table and text representations for retrieval, and identifying which automated evaluation metrics best reflect human judgment. To address this, a wide range of table and text formats were deliberately selected and compared, including simple, verbose, and structured styles such as and fixed-size chunking and representing tables as natural language sentences, JSON and Markdown formats. The methods were assessed using manual review and a diverse set of automated metrics. For text-related questions, fixed-size chunks achieved the most reliable performance. A sliding window approach using overlapping windows also performed well by preserving boundary context. For table-related questions, the Markdown format stood out when preserving full tables and sentences within a chunk, likely due to its addition of structural clarity and mapping of table header and cell values without adding verbosity, as well as LLMs usual familiarity with Markdown during training, such as from GitHub README files. In terms of evaluation, our custom LLM-as-a-judge method, named “Our-Judge“, presented in this paper achieved the highest alignment with human assessments, outperforming traditional metrics such as BLEU, ROUGE, and BERTScore. This alignment was likely also improved in comparison to other LLM-based metrics by the use of chain-of-thought prompting, which encouraged the model to reason more deliberately about correctness and completeness. The results show that combining clearly structured representations, particularly Markdown or JSON for tables and fixed-size chunking for text, with or without the addition of a small window overlap, in combination with reasoning-aware evaluation techniques utilizing chain-of-thought prompting, significantly improves the accuracy and assessment of RAG-based chatbots in technical documentation settings
REUSE OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION MATERIALS : A study of barriers, drivers and success factors in construction and real estate industry
No full textBygg- och fastighetssektorn påverkar miljön kraftigt genom utsläpp och avfall. Återbruk av bygg- och rivningsmaterial kan minska denna påverkan och främja cirkulärt byggande, men används fortfarande i begränsad omfattning. Studien undersöker hinder, drivkrafter och framgångsfaktorer för återbruk genom kvalitativa intervjuer med aktörer från olika delar av bygg- och fastighetsbranschen. Resultaten visar ett växande intresse för återbruk, men också flera utmaningar: negativa attityder, brist på kunskap och erfarenhet, samt praktiska, tekniska och ekonomiska hinder. Beställarens roll är central, och initiativ som återbrukshubbar och samarbeten med återbruksverksamheter ses som positiva steg. Drivkrafter inkluderar miljövinster, affärsfördelar och högt satta mål. Framgångsfaktorer är bland annat tidig planering, samverkan och praktiska samt tekniska lösningar
Cis enough to be Greek? (De)familiarizing with the coloniality of (non)pregnancies in Greece : Modestly modern and the (im)purity of desire.
No full textThis study looks into the embodiedness and embeddedness of (non) pregnant bodies in Greece, while the expectations and representations of the family-nation-culture as institutions are still regulated by the links of motherhood to nature(hood), of cis-normative parenthood and roles to heterosexual orientation and the construction of pure as opposed to impure pregnancies. The (non)pregnant body is approached as a site of colonial impact and addressed as both restricted by and resisting coloniality. These aims are explored through data extracted from YouTube towards habitual coloniality in speech, behaviour and experience. The study explores the potential of visibilizing concealed loci where coloniality functions and (de)familiarizes with how it constructs and manages the (non)reproductive embodiments, in view of a modestly modern body and the (im)purity of desire. The study navigates storytelling, standpoint feminism, sexual difference theory, but also decolonial feminism to successfully (de)familiarize with the aim and visibilize marginalised experiences. This includes the concepts of inter-focal (de)familiarization and phenomenology of desire to address how the (non)pregnant body is accommodated by but also accommodating power against coloniality
Comparing Radiance Cascades to Voxel Cone Tracing for Interactive Global Illumination in Dynamic Scenes
No full textThe importance of global illumination for photorealistic renderings in interactive applications drives the interest in algorithms that can efficiently calculate many-to-many light interactions in real time. This thesis explores Radiance Cascades, a new technique for global illumination, that aims to efficiently calculate and store light information in a hierarchical manner. This thesis implements and evaluates the performance of Radiance Cascades in an interactive application, and compares the visual results to those of the similar state-of-the-art technique Voxel Cone Tracing. This evaluation and comparison use different sampling resolutions, measured as the number of screen pixels between sample points, to look at a trade-off between performance and visual quality. The performance analysis shows an average render time of 5 ms, 20 ms and 30 ms for scenes of increasing size when sampling every fourth screen pixel. When sampling every other pixel, the average render times are 19 ms, 67 ms and 101 ms. Sampling every pixel yields too high render times to be feasible for real time applications. Although the render times are relatively stable, they each have a few significant large peaks. The visual comparison shows that the Radiance Cascades implementation suffers from light leaking at thin objects just like Voxel Cone Tracing, although to a lesser degree. Unlike Voxel Cone Tracing, the implementation also displays light leakage at depth discontinuities, visible individual rays around small light sources and flickering during object or camera movement. Additionally, the results indicate a trade-off between visual quality and render time as a function of the sampling resolution
First Language Teachers' Strategies for Supporting Multilingual Students' Learning
No full textNästan 30 % av eleverna i svenska skolor är uppvuxna med annat eller andra modersmål än svenska. För att en elev ska nå framgång i skolan behöver hen bemästra adekvat svenska på en akademisk nivå när det gäller såväl att läsa och skriva som att tala och lyssna. På lågstadiet etableras grundpelarna för elevens läs- och skrivutveckling oavsett elevens språkliga bakgrund. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att undersöka vilka strategier och arbetssätt förstaspråkslärare använder idag för att stödja flerspråkiga elevers lärande. Dessutom identifieras vilka utmaningar som kan finnas med att främja dessa elevers språkliga utveckling. Litteraturstudien fokuserar på elever i åldrarna 6 till 9 år vilket motsvarar lågstadieålder i svensk kontext. Resultatet är baserat på 14 nationella och internationella studier som ledde oss fram till 7 olika områden som ger svar på våra forskningsfrågor. Områdena är: Transspråkande arbetssätt, multimodala arbetssätt, förstaspråkets betydelse för andraspråkets utveckling, formativ bedömning och återkoppling, samarbete med hemmet, attityder och normer samt lärarkompetens och utbildning. En av de viktigaste slutsatserna som kan dras av denna litteraturstudie är att det finns gott om språkforskning som indikerar på att hela elevens språkliga repertoar kan användas framgångsrikt i inlärningen av ett nytt språk, men att det saknas kunskap om hur lärare kan applicera detta i undervisningen. Almost 30% of pupils in Swedish schools were raised with a mother tongue other than Swedish. In order for a pupil to succeed in school, they need to master Swedish adequately at an academic level in terms of both reading and writing as well as speaking and listening. In the Swedish primary school, the foundations for the pupils reading and writing development are established regardless of the pupils' linguistic background. The purpose of this literature review is to examine the strategies and approaches that first language teachers currently use to support multilingual students' learning. It also identifies the challenges that may exist in promoting these students' linguistic development. The literature study focuses on students aged 6 to 9, which corresponds to primary school age in the Swedish context. The results are based on 14 national and international studies that led us to 7 different areas that provide answers to our research questions. The areas are: Translingual working methods, multimodal working methods, the importance of the first language for the development of the second language, formative assessment and feedback, collaboration with the home, attitudes and norms, and teacher competence and training. One of the conclusions that can be drawn from this literature review is that there is plenty of language research that indicates that the student's entire linguistic repertoire can be used successfully in learning a new language, but that there is a lack of knowledge about how teachers can apply this in today teaching practice.
Fermi Problems for Sustainable Development : An Analysis of Swedish High School Students’ Work on Fermi Problems Connected to the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals
No full textI denna studie har svenska gymnasieelevers arbete med Fermiproblem kopplade till FN:s globala mål för hållbar utveckling analyserats. Två elevgruppers arbete med två Fermiproblem analyserades med särskilt fokus på vilken typ av lösningsstruktur och så kallade Fermiaktiviteter som grupperna använde sig av, samt på vilka olika sätt grupperna validerade sitt arbete. De båda gruppernas arbete med problemen spelades in och transkriberades för att sedan analyseras med hjälp av ett teoretiskt ramverk – Fermigrafer – för att studera gruppernas lösningsstruktur, och ett annat teoretiskt ramverk för att kategorisera olika typer av valideringsaktiviteter. Resultaten visar att båda elevgrupperna använde sig av en mängd olika Fermiaktiviteter och två huvudsakliga lösningsstrukturer i sitt arbete med Fermiproblemen, samt att båda grupperna validerade sitt arbete under hela lösningsprocessen. Den mest frekvent observerade valideringstypen var intuitiv validering av utom-matematematiska antaganden, uppskattningar, och (del-)resultat – medan den minst frekvent observerade valideringstypen var kunskapsbaserad validering av inom-matematiska diton. Resultaten antyder att Fermiproblem skulle kunna användas i matematikundervisning för att främja sådana förmågor som beskrivs som viktiga i relation till lärande för hållbar utveckling och de globala målen. Fler implikationer för lärare och förslag på vidare forskning diskuteras avslutningsvis.In this study Swedish high school students’ work on Fermi problems connected to the UN’s sustainable development goals has been analyzed. Two student groups’ work on two Fermi problems was analyzed with particular focus on how the solutions were structured and which so-called Fermi activities the groups used, as well as on how the groups validated their work. The work of both groups was recorded and transcribed, and later analyzed using a theoretical framework –Fermi graphs – to study how the groups’ solutions were structured, and another theoretical framework to categorize different types of validating activities. The results show that both student groups used a plethora of different Fermi activities as well as two primary solution structures while working on the Fermi problems, and that both groups validated their work throughout the solution process. The validation type most frequently observed was intuitive validation of extra-mathematical assumptions, estimations, and (partial) results – while the validation type that was least frequently observed was knowledge-based validation of inner-mathematical dittos. The results indicate that Fermi problems might be useful in mathematics education in order to foster such abilities that are described as important in relation to education for sustainable development and the sustainable development goals. Finally, further implications for teachers and suggestions for future research are discussed
Utveckling och utvärdering av en pålitlig och användarvänlig plattform för cykeluthyrning mellan studenter
No full textBicycles are the default vehicle for students who need affordable, flexible mobility. This thesis investigates how a peer-to-peer web platform can be designed, enabling stu- dents to rent bicycles to and from each other. The aim is to discover design choices that raise perceived trustworthiness and usability without demanding large budgets or expert resources. A mixed-methods process was followed. First, an online survey of 67 students at Linköping University mapped current renting habits and trust concerns. The insights, together with relevant theory formed the base for our implementation. The application was refined through a series of testing including think-aloud, questionnaire, and heuristic evaluation sessions with seven participants. The minimal viable product was then built with Flask, Bootstrap and SQLite. Transparent damage policies and a familiar map-based search proved critical for trust, raising average trustworthiness score from 3.67 to 4.84 and average user-friendliness score from 4.50 to 5.11 on a six-point Likert scale. Because the sample was small and entirely student-based, the findings cannot be generalized without caution. The study offers hands-on guidelines for small student teams, people like us who have more enthusiasm than resources. Start with clear vision, work continuously with proto- typing, and test with real users early. Further development of the platform should address user verification, customer support options and scalability beyond campus. Cykeln är det självklara färdmedlet för studenter som behöver ett prisvärt och flexibelt sätt att ta sig fram. Denna kandidatuppsats undersöker hur en webbaserad plattform för cykeluthyrning mellan studenter kan utformas. Målet är att identifiera designval som ökar den upplevda trovärdigheten och användbarheten utan att kräva stora budgetar eller experthjälp. Arbetet genomfördes med en blandad metodansats. En webbenkät med 67 studenter vid Linköpings universitet kartlade aktuella uthyrningsvanor och tillitsproblem. Dessa insikter, tillsammans med relevant teori, låg till grund för vår implementation. Applikatio- nen förfinades genom en serie tester med sju deltagare, däribland think-aloud-sessioner, enkäter och heuristiska utvärderingar. Därefter byggdes en minimal fungerande prototyp med Flask, Bootstrap och SQLite. Tydliga regler kring skador och en bekant, kartbaserad sökfunktion visade sig avgö- rande för tilliten. Den genomsnittliga tillitsbedömningen ökade från 3.67 till 4.84, och användbarheten från 4.50 till 5.11 på en sexgradig Likert-skala. Eftersom urvalet var litet och enbart bestod av studenter bör resultaten tolkas med försiktighet. Studien ger konkreta riktlinjer för små studentteam – personer som oss med mer en- gagemang än resurser. Börja med en tydlig vision, arbeta kontinuerligt med prototypande och testa tidigt med riktiga användare. Vidareutveckling av plattformen bör undersöka användarverifiering, alternativ för kundsupport samt plattformens skalbarhet utanför campus.